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Allam T, Balderston DE, Chahal MK, Hilton KLF, Hind CK, Keers OB, Lilley RJ, Manwani C, Overton A, Popoola PIA, Thompson LR, White LJ, Hiscock JR. Tools to enable the study and translation of supramolecular amphiphiles. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6892-6917. [PMID: 37753825 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00480e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
This tutorial review focuses on providing a summary of the key techniques used for the characterisation of supramolecular amphiphiles and their self-assembled aggregates; from the understanding of low-level molecular interactions, to materials analysis, use of data to support computer-aided molecular design and finally, the translation of this class of compounds for real world application, specifically within the clinical setting. We highlight the common methodologies used for the study of traditional amphiphiles and build to provide specific examples that enable the study of specialist supramolecular systems. This includes the use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, X-ray scattering techniques (small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering and single crystal X-ray diffraction), critical aggregation (or micelle) concentration determination methodologies, machine learning, and various microscopy techniques. Furthermore, this review provides guidance for working with supramolecular amphiphiles in in vitro and in vivo settings, as well as the use of accessible software programs, to facilitate screening and selection of druggable molecules. Each section provides: a methodology overview - information that may be derived from the use of the methodology described; a case study - examples for the application of these methodologies; and a summary section - providing methodology specific benefits, limitations and future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Allam
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Dominick E Balderston
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Mandeep K Chahal
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Kira L F Hilton
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Charlotte K Hind
- Research and Evaluation, UKHSA, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Olivia B Keers
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Rebecca J Lilley
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Chandni Manwani
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Alix Overton
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Precious I A Popoola
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Lisa R Thompson
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Lisa J White
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Jennifer R Hiscock
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
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Metallo-Supramolecular Complexation Behavior of Terpyridine- and Ferrocene-Based Polymers in Solution-A Molecular Hydrodynamics Perspective. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050944. [PMID: 35267767 PMCID: PMC8912760 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution deals with the synthesis of the poly(methacrylate)-based copolymers, which contain ferrocene and/or terpyridine moieties in the side chains, and the subsequent analysis of their self-assembly behavior upon supramolecular/coordination interactions with Eu3+ and Pd2+ ions in dilute solutions. Both metal ions provoke intra and inter molecular complexation that results in the formation of large supra-macromolecular assembles of different conformation/shapes. By applying complementary analytical approaches (i.e., sedimentation-diffusion analysis in the analytical ultracentrifuge, dynamic light scattering, viscosity and density measurements, morphology studies by electron microscopy), a map of possible conformational states/shapes was drawn and the corresponding fundamental hydrodynamic and macromolecular characteristics of metallo-supramolecular assemblies at various ligand-to-ion molar concentration ratios (M/L) in extremely dilute polymer solutions (c[η]≈0.006) were determined. It was shown that intramolecular complexation is already detected at (L≈0.1), while at M/L>0.5 solution/suspension precipitates. Extreme aggregation/agglomeration behavior of such dilute polymer solutions at relatively “high” metal ion content is explained from the perspective of polymer-solvent and charge interactions that will accompany the intramolecular complexation due to the coordination interactions.
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Brzeziński M, Kacprzak A, Calderón M, Seiffert S. Metallo-Polymer Chain Extension Controls the Morphology and Release Kinetics of Microparticles Composed of Terpyridine-Capped Polylactides and their Stereocomplexes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Brzeziński
- Polish Academy of Sciences; Department of Polymer Chemistry; Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies; Sienkiewicza, 112 90-363 Lodz Poland
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustr. 3 D-14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Anna Kacprzak
- Polish Academy of Sciences; Department of Polymer Chemistry; Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies; Sienkiewicza, 112 90-363 Lodz Poland
| | - Marcelo Calderón
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustr. 3 D-14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastian Seiffert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 D-55128 Mainz Germany
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Winter A, Schubert US. Synthesis and characterization of metallo-supramolecular polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:5311-57. [PMID: 27218823 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00182c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of metal centers into the backbone of polymers has led to the development of a broad range of organometallic and coordination compounds featuring properties that are relevant for potential applications in diverse areas of research, ranging from energy storage/conversion to bioactive or self-healing materials. In this review, the basic concepts and synthetic strategies leading to these types of materials as well as the scope of available characterization techniques will be summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Winter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Chattopadhyay S, Heine E, Mourran A, Richtering W, Keul H, Möller M. Waterborne physically crosslinked antimicrobial nanogels. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01566a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene imine) functionalized with decyl- and azetidinium groups form physically cross-linked antimicrobial nanogels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabeth Heine
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Ahmed Mourran
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- D-52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Helmut Keul
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Martin Möller
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
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Yang L, Tan X, Wang Z, Zhang X. Supramolecular Polymers: Historical Development, Preparation, Characterization, and Functions. Chem Rev 2015; 115:7196-239. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500633b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 906] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liulin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinxin Tan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Raev MB, Khramtsov PV, Bochkova MS. Investigation into size distribution of carbon nanoparticles covalently functionalized with proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995078015010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Brassinne J, Fustin CA, Gohy JF. Polymer Gels Constructed Through Metal–Ligand Coordination. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-012-9757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Wandrey C, Hasegawa U, van der Vlies AJ, O'Neil C, Angelova N, Hubbell JA. Analytical ultracentrifugation to support the development of biomaterials and biomedical devices. Methods 2010; 54:92-100. [PMID: 21146611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) primarily serves to investigate hydrodynamic and thermodynamic properties of natural and synthetic macromolecules and colloids in solution, dispersion or suspension. Beside such more conventional use, AUC can support materials development particularly by combining different optical systems, if the AUC is equipped with such, or using complementary data evaluation approaches. In this context, an Optima XL-I equipped with absorbance (AO) and interference optics (IO) was used alone or complementary to study the success of conjugation of biopolymers, to evaluate the completeness of the incorporation of macromolecules into micelles and vesicles, and to analyze the composition and homogeneity of macromolecular assemblies. The combination of AO and IO proved covalent binding of concanavalin A to dextran without macromolecular degradation as well as the formation of mixed micelles composed of two types of block copolymers. Further, AUC contributed to analyze the homogeneity, purity, size and size distribution of carbon monoxide-releasing macromolecular assemblies. These case studies revealed that the application possibilities of AUC are by far not completely discovered but can still be extended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wandrey
- Institute of Bioengineering (IBI) and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
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Development and use of iron oxide nanoparticles (Part 1): Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles for MRI. Biomed Imaging Interv J 2010; 6:e12. [PMID: 21611034 PMCID: PMC3097763 DOI: 10.2349/biij.6.2.e12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrast agents, such as iron oxide, enhance MR images by altering the relaxation times of tissues in which the agent is present. They can also be used to label targeted molecular imaging probes. Unfortunately, no molecular imaging probe is currently available on the clinical MRI market. A promising platform for MRI contrast agent development is nanotechnology, where superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONS) are tailored for MR contrast enhancement, and/or for molecular imaging. SPIONs can be produced using a range of methods and the choice of method will be influenced by the characteristics most important for a particular application. In addition, the ability to attach molecular markers to SPIONS heralds their application in molecular imaging.There are many reviews on SPION synthesis for MRI; however, these tend to be targeted to a chemistry audience. The development of MRI contrast agents attracts experienced researchers from many fields including some researchers with little knowledge of medical imaging or MRI. This situation presents medical radiation practitioners with opportunities for involvement, collaboration or leadership in research depending on their level of commitment and their ability to learn. Medical radiation practitioners already possess a large portion of the understanding, knowledge and skills necessary for involvement in MRI development and molecular imaging. Their expertise in imaging technology, patient care and radiation safety provides them with skills that are directly applicable to research on the development and application of SPIONs and MRI.In this paper we argue that MRI SPIONs, currently limited to major research centres, will have widespread clinical use in the future. We believe that knowledge about this growing area of research provides an opportunity for medical radiation practitioners to enhance their specialised expertise to ensure best practice in a truly multi-disciplinary environment. This review outlines how and why SPIONs can be synthesised and examines their characteristics and limitations in the context of MR imaging.
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Pavlov GM, Perevyazko I, Schubert US. Velocity Sedimentation and Intrinsic Viscosity Analysis of Polystyrene Standards with a Wide Range of Molar Masses. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200900602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Pavlov GM, Amorós D, Ott C, Zaitseva II, Garcia de la Torre J, Schubert US. Hydrodynamic Analysis of Well-Defined Flexible Linear Macromolecules of Low Molar Mass. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma901027u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georges M. Pavlov
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience,Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Departments of Physics, St. Petersburg University, Ulianovskaya Str. 1, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Diego Amorós
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Universidad de Murcia, 30071, Murcia, Spain
| | - Christina Ott
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience,Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Inna I. Zaitseva
- Departments of Physics, St. Petersburg University, Ulianovskaya Str. 1, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience,Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Jamison JA, Krueger KM, Mayo JT, Yavuz CT, Redden JJ, Colvin VL. Applying analytical ultracentrifugation to nanocrystal suspensions. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:355702. [PMID: 19671976 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/35/355702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
While applied frequently in physical biochemistry to the study of protein complexes, the quantitative use of analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) for nanocrystal analysis is relatively rare. Its application in nanoscience is potentially very powerful as it provides a measure of nanocrystal density, size and structure directly in the solution phase. Towards that end, this paper examines the best practices for applying data collection and analysis methods for AUC, geared towards the study of biomolecules, to the unique problems of nanoparticle analysis. Using uniform nanocrystals of cadmium selenide, we compared several schemes for analyzing raw sedimentation data. Comparable values of the mean sedimentation coefficients (s-value) were found using several popular analytical approaches; however, the distribution in sample s-values is best captured using the van Holde-Weischt algorithm. Measured s-values could be reproducibly collected if sample temperature and concentration were controlled; under these circumstances, the variability for average sedimentation values was typically 5%. The full shape of the distribution in s-values, however, is not easily subjected to quantitative interpretation. Moreover, the selection of the appropriate sedimentation speed is crucial for AUC of nanocrystals as the density of inorganic nanocrystals is much larger than that of solvents. Quantitative analysis of sedimentation properties will allow for better agreement between experimental and theoretical models of nanocrystal solution behavior, as well as providing deeper insight into the hydrodynamic size and solution properties of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Jamison
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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Jamison JA, Krueger KM, Yavuz CT, Mayo JT, LeCrone D, Redden JJ, Colvin VL. Size-dependent sedimentation properties of nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2008; 2:311-319. [PMID: 19206632 DOI: 10.1021/nn700144m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Centrifugation is an increasingly important technique for nanomaterial processing. Here, we examine this process for gold, cadmium selenide, and iron oxide nanocrystals using an analytical ultracentrifuge. Such data provide an accurate measure of the sedimentation coefficients for these materials, and we find that this parameter has a significant dependence on the size and surface coating. Conventional models for particle sedimentation cannot capture the behavior of these nanocrystals unless the density of the nanocrystals is described by a size-dependent term that accounts for both the inorganic core and the organic coating. Using this modification in the particle sedimentation framework, it is possible to estimate sedimentation coefficients from information about the nanocrystal core and surface coating dimensions. Such data are useful in choosing the speeds for a centrifugation process and are particularly important when bimodal nanocrystal distributions are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Jamison
- Department of Chemistry, MS-60, 6100 Main Street, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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Metallo-homopolymer and metallo-copolymers containing light-emitting poly(fluorene/ethynylene/(terpyridyl)zinc(II)) backbones and 1,3,4-oxadiazole (OXD) pendants. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Chen YY, Lin HC. Synthesis and characterization of light-emitting main-chain metallo-polymers containing bis-terpyridyl ligands with various lateral substituents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Klapper M, Clark Jr CG, Müllen K. Application-directed syntheses of surface-functionalized organic and inorganic nanoparticles. POLYM INT 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bronstein LM, Khotina IA, Chernyshov DM, Valetsky PM, Timofeeva GI, Dubrovina LV, Stein B, Karlinsey R, Triolo A, Weidenmann A, Lo Celso F, Triolo R, Khokhlov AR. Morphology of hybrid polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) micelles: Analytical ultracentrifugation and SANS studies. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 299:944-52. [PMID: 16574140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Morphology and structure of aqueous block copolymer solutions based on polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) of two different compositions, a cationic surfactant, cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC), and either platinic acid (H2PtCl6.6H2O) or Pt nanoparticles were studied using a combination of analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and small angle neutron scattering (SANS). These studies combining methods contributing supplemental and analogous structural information allowed us to comprehensively characterize the complex hybrid systems and to discover an isotope effect when H2O was replaced with D2O. In particular, TEM shows formation of both micelles and larger aggregates after incorporation of platinic acid, yet the amount of aggregates depends on the H2PtCl6.6H2O concentration. AUC reveals the presence of micelles and micellar clusters in the PS-b-PEO block copolymers solution and even larger (supermicellar) aggregates in hybrids (with CPC). Conversely, SANS applied to D2O solutions of the similar species indicates that micelles are spherical and no other micellar species are found in block copolymer solutions. To reconcile the SANS and AUC data, we carried out AUC examination of the corresponding D2O block copolymer solutions. These measurements demonstrate a pronounced isotope effect on micelle aggregation and micelle size, i.e., no micelle aggregation in D2O solutions, revealing good agreement of AUC and SANS data.
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Raşa M, Schubert US. Progress in the characterization of synthetic (supramolecular) polymers by analytical ultracentrifugation. SOFT MATTER 2006; 2:561-572. [PMID: 32680235 DOI: 10.1039/b601666a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) is the leading technique for determining the molar mass, state of association in solution, and association constants of biological macromolecules. Even though it is little used for supramolecular polymers, this technique has already been shown to represent one of the best options in the characterization of these systems. The use of supramolecular assemblies in the field of nanotechnology requires the arrangement of such systems on surfaces, from solution. Therefore, the control and investigation of solution properties is of major importance. In this contribution we highlight the applicability and advantages of using AUC by presenting a summary of the results of the past few years on the characterization of various types of synthetic polymers and supramolecular polymer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mircea Raşa
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology and Dutch Polymer Institute, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology and Dutch Polymer Institute, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Mayer G, Vogel V, Weyermann J, Lochmann D, van den Broek JA, Tziatzios C, Haase W, Wouters D, Schubert US, Zimmer A, Kreuter J, Schubert D. Oligonucleotide-protamine-albumin nanoparticles: Protamine sulfate causes drastic size reduction. J Control Release 2006; 106:181-7. [PMID: 16002173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2004] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles prepared by self-assembly from oligonucleotides (ONs), protamine free base, and human serum albumin ("ternary proticles") are spheres of diameters around 200 nm. Substitution of the protamine free base by protamine sulfate leads to proticles of only around 40 nm in diameter with otherwise unchanged properties. The availability of drug delivery systems of very similar composition but grossly different size may be advantageous when dealing with cells which show size-dependent particle uptake. These nanoparticles are promising candidates for ON delivery to cells because of the following reasons: (1) They are stable for several hours in solutions of up to physiological ionic strength; (2) they are efficiently taken up by cells; (3) after cellular uptake, they easily release the ONs even when these are present as phosphorothioates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gottfried Mayer
- Institut für Biophysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 74, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Vogel V, Lochmann D, Weyermann J, Mayer G, Tziatzios C, van den Broek JA, Haase W, Wouters D, Schubert US, Kreuter J, Zimmer A, Schubert D. Oligonucleotide-protamine-albumin nanoparticles: preparation, physical properties, and intracellular distribution. J Control Release 2005; 103:99-111. [PMID: 15710504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Revised: 11/19/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oligodesoxynucleotides (ODNs) or the corresponding phosphorothioates (PTOs) spontaneously form spherical nanoparticles ("proticles") with protamine in aqueous solutions. The proticles can cross cellular membranes and release the ODNs within the cells. Thus, they represent a potential drug delivery system. The major disadvantages of this system are a lack of stability in salt solutions and its inability to also release PTOs. The present study shows, using PTOs and protamine free base, that these shortcomings can be eliminated by the addition of human serum albumin (HSA) as a third component to the starting mixture. The "ternary" proticles thus obtained contain maximally a few percent of the HSA that was originally present. Nevertheless, they differ from the previously studied "binary" proticles: (1) They are stable in salt solutions for at least several hours. (2) They show a high cellular uptake into murine fibroblasts, and they readily release the PTOs after uptake. The ternary proticles therefore represent a considerable improvement over binary proticles for use as drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitali Vogel
- Institut für Biophysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 74, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Bootz A, Vogel V, Schubert D, Kreuter J. Comparison of scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and analytical ultracentrifugation for the sizing of poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2004; 57:369-75. [PMID: 15018998 DOI: 10.1016/s0939-6411(03)00193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2003] [Revised: 10/10/2003] [Accepted: 10/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles represent promising carriers for controlled drug delivery. This work focuses on the size and molecular mass characterization of polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles formed by anionic emulsion polymerization of butylcyanoacrylate in the presence of poloxamer 188 as a stabilizer. Three different methods were used to determine the size and size distribution of the particle populations: scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and analytical ultracentrifugation (ANUC). SEM on freeze-dried and Au-shadowed samples showed a relatively narrow distribution of virtually spherical particles with a mean diameter of 167 nm. DLS yielded a monomodal distribution with hydrodynamic diameters around 199 nm (in the absence of additional stabilizer) or 184 nm (in the presence of 1% poloxamer 188). The size distribution determined by ANUC using sedimentation velocity analysis was somewhat more complex, the size of the most abundant particles being around 184 nm. Molar particle mass distributions centered around 2.3x10(9) g/mol. The advantages and disadvantages of the three sizing techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bootz
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
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Mayer G, Vogel V, Lohmeijer BGG, Gohy JF, Van Den Broek JA, Haase W, Schubert US, Schubert D. Metallo-supramolecular block copolymer micelles: Improved preparation and characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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