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Tripathi AK, Tsavalas JG. A surprisingly gentle approach to cavity containing spherocylindrical microparticles from ordinary polymer dispersions in flow. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2808-2815. [PMID: 34605843 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01108a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate a facile approach to fully transform spherical polymeric microparticles to elongated spherocylinders containing an internal cavity under ambient and mild stirring conditions. Critical to the process is to deform the amorphous and non-crosslinked particles under glassy conditions for an unusually long time; 120 hours for the poly(styrene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) microparticles discussed in greatest detail. Larger particles in the 5 micron and greater range were markedly more susceptible to the shear imposed by stirring the aqueous dispersion. The resulting morphology is robust and kinetically frozen yet reverts to the original spherical shape if annealed above the glass transition temperature with suitable temperature or plasticizer. The volume fraction of the internal void can be modulated by particle composition and process conditions and is irregular in shape we believe as a result of a cavitation event during plastic deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - John G Tsavalas
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
- Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
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2
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Su D, Li N, Liu Y, Wang M, Su X. Ratiometric fluorescence strategy for p53 gene assay by using nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots and berberine as fluorescence reporters. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1084:78-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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3
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Effects of shell composition, dosage and alkali type on the morphology of polymer hollow microspheres. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-018-2012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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4
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Lasio J, Allgeier AM, Chan CD, Londono JD, Najafi E, Woerner FJ. Control of Mechanical Stability of Hollow Silica Particles, and Its Measurement by Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:4666-4674. [PMID: 28438018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hollow silica particles (HSPs) have become the focus of interest in many laboratories recently, because of their versatility, stemming from the ability to control their size and shape, as well as surface functionalization. Determining the mechanical stability of hollow particles is essential for their use, both in applications in which they need to retain their structure, as well as those in which they need to break down. We have synthesized a series of HSPs (inner diameter of 231 nm) with increasing wall thickness (7-25 nm), using a template approach. Their mechanical stability was measured using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), which represents the novel application of the technique for these materials. The samples with complete shells break at progressively higher pressures, and samples with wall thickness ≥21 nm remain stable to the highest pressure applied (414 MPa). Other characterization methods, namely microscopy, gas adsorption, and small-angle X-ray scattering, shed light on the size parameters of the particles, as well as the porosity of the silica walls. By varying the amount of silica precursor used in the template coating step, we were able to produce hollow silicas with variable stability, thereby allowing for control of their mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Lasio
- Experimental Station, Chemours Titanium Technologies , Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Alan M Allgeier
- DuPont Corporate Center for Analytical Sciences, E. I. DuPont De Nemours and Co., Experimental Station , Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Christopher D Chan
- DuPont Corporate Center for Analytical Sciences, E. I. DuPont De Nemours and Co., Experimental Station , Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - J David Londono
- DuPont Corporate Center for Analytical Sciences, E. I. DuPont De Nemours and Co., Experimental Station , Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Ebrahim Najafi
- Experimental Station, Chemours Titanium Technologies , Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Francis J Woerner
- Experimental Station, Chemours Titanium Technologies , Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
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5
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Abstract
Herein, the basic principles, such as the definitions, classifications, and properties, of hollow polymer particles (HPPs) are critically investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ros Azlinawati Ramli
- Material Technology Program
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP)
- Kuantan
- Malaysia
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6
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Karakaya E, Mavis B, Gündüz G. Synthesis of opaque and colored hollow polymer pigments. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekin Karakaya
- Kimya Mühendisliği Bölümü; Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi; Ankara Turkey
| | - Bora Mavis
- Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü; Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Beytepe; Ankara Turkey
| | - Güngör Gündüz
- Kimya Mühendisliği Bölümü; Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi; Ankara Turkey
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7
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Wang Z, Hong Q, Shi Y, Zhang J, Song Y, Wu S, Yang B. Formation of porous and Hollow polymer particles by urea treatment. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090415070064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Huang X, Li L, Xu M, Xu J, Jiang Y, Kan C. Self film-forming and opaque hollow latexes fabricated via seeded emulsion polymerization followed by alkali post-treatment. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 People's Republic of China
| | - Lingxiao Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyou Kan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 People's Republic of China
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9
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Yuan T, Shao Q, Hu J, Wang F, Tu W. Effect of the intermediate layer-core ratio on the morphology and opacity ability of hollow latex particles. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 Guangdong China
| | - Qinghui Shao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 Guangdong China
| | - Jianqing Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 Guangdong China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 Guangdong China
| | - Weiping Tu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 Guangdong China
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10
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Effect of the shell crosslinking level and Core/Shell ratio on the morphology of latex particles in the preparation of hollow latexes. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-014-1387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Jiang YM, Li BT, Deng W, Li XY, Kan CY. Effect of monomer feeding mode on the preparation of hollow latexes with high MAA content in the core latex preparation. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-014-1391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Efthimiadou E, Tziveleka LA, Bilalis P, Kordas G. Novel PLA modification of organic microcontainers based on ring opening polymerization: Synthesis, characterization, biocompatibility and drug loading/release properties. Int J Pharm 2012; 428:134-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Deng W, Ji W, Jiang Y, Kan C. Influence of unsaturated acid monomer on the morphology of latex particles in the preparation of hollow latex via the alkali post-treatment. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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15
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Nguyen D, Such C, Hawkett B. Polymer-TiO2 composite nanorattles via RAFT-mediated emulsion polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.25038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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16
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17
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Chitosan hollow nanospheres fabricated from biodegradable poly-d,l-lactide-poly(ethylene glycol) nanoparticle templates. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2010; 76:376-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Revised: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Towards high water retention of proton exchange membranes at elevated temperature via hollow nanospheres. J Memb Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Deng W, Li R, Zhang M, Gong L, Kan C. Influences of MAA on the porous morphology of P(St–MAA) latex particles produced by batch soap-free emulsion polymerization followed by stepwise alkali/acid post-treatment. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 349:122-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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21
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Preparation of magnetite and tumor dual-targeting hollow polymer microspheres with pH-sensitivity for anticancer drug-carriers. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Optical detection of the morphology of hollow polymer particles prepared from seeded emulsions in the presence of n-octanol. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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CAO ZH, CUI QM, SHAN GR. INFLUENCES OF N-ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE ON THE MORPHOLOGIES OF NANOCAPSULES PREPARED BY MINIEMULSION POLYMERIZATION. ACTA POLYM SIN 2009. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2007.01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Zhang Q, Yang Z, Zhan X, Chen F. Preparation and structure control of hollow polymer particles: Influence of seeded emulsion polymerization and alkalization treatment process. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Yang X, Chen L, Huang B, Bai F, Yang X. Synthesis of pH-sensitive hollow polymer microspheres and their application as drug carriers. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Synthesis of photo- and pH-responsive composite nanoparticles using a two-step controlled radical polymerization method. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Lv H, Lin Q, Zhang K, Yu K, Yao T, Zhang X, Zhang J, Yang B. Facile fabrication of monodisperse polymer hollow spheres. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:13736-13741. [PMID: 18954151 DOI: 10.1021/la802782w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This article reports the facile synthesis of monodisperse polymer hollow spheres by seeded emulsion polymerization without additional treatment. In this method, P(St-MMA-MAA) copolymer latex particles were first prepared by emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization and then used as seeds to carry out emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), divinyl benzene (DVB), and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) with potassium persulfate (KPS) as initiator at 80 degrees C. The void of hollow spheres was readily adjusted by changing the monomer/seed weight ratio, and it could be enlarged while the diameters of hollow spheres changed little after etching by dimethyl formamide (DMF). The effects of synthetic parameters including the monomer composition and the properties of seeds on the morphology of hollow spheres were investigated in detail. On the basis of the experimental results, it seemed reasonable to conclude that the formation of hollow spheres was due to the "dissolution" of seeds in monomers and phase separation between the constituent polymers. As a thermodynamic factor, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) would allow the preparation of solid particles depending on its level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Supramolecular Structure & Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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28
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Li G, Yang X, Wang B, Wang J, Yang X. Monodisperse temperature-responsive hollow polymer microspheres: Synthesis, characterization and biological application. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Zhang Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Zhao J, Wu C. Facile preparation of pH-responsive gelatin-based core–shell polymeric nanoparticles at high concentrations via template polymerization. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Shevchuk O, Tokarev V, Bukartyk N, Voronov S. Formation of Hollow Polymeric Microspheres with Functionalized Surface on the Basis of Latex Particles with Multilayered Structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200750839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Li RL, Kan CY, Li ZP, Du Y, Cui YN. Preparation of multihollow P(St–MAA) particles by sequence soap-free/soap emulsion polymerization and followed by stepwise alkali/acid posttreatment. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2007.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Liu WJ, Zhang ZC, He WD, Zheng C, Ge XW, Li J, Liu HR, Jiang H. Novel method for the preparation of core–shell nanoparticles with movable Ag core and polystyrene loop shell. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2006.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Ni KF, Shan GR, Weng ZX. Synthesis of Hybrid Nanocapsules by Miniemulsion (Co)polymerization of Styrene and γ-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma052061t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Fan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Polymer Reaction Engineering Division, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Guo-Rong Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Polymer Reaction Engineering Division, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhi-Xue Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Polymer Reaction Engineering Division, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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34
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Pavlyuchenko VN, Primachenko ON, Sorochinskaya OV, Ivanchev SS. New Possibilities for Controlling the Morphology of Core-Shell Latex Particles During Emulsion Polymerization. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11167-006-0016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Beach E, Keefe M, Heeschen W, Rothe D. Cross-sectional analysis of hollow latex particles by focused ion beam–scanning electron microscopy. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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He XD, Ge XW, Wang MZ, Zhang ZC. Morphology control of hollow polymer latex particle preparation. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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37
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Zhang K, Zhang X, Chen H, Chen X, Zheng L, Zhang J, Yang B. Hollow titania spheres with movable silica spheres inside. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:11312-11314. [PMID: 15595751 DOI: 10.1021/la047736k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a flexible method for preparing hollow TiO2 nanospheres with movable silica nanoparticles inside (HTNMSNs). In this method, we used monodisperse silica--polystyrene core--shell nanospheres (SiO2-PS-CSNs) sulfonated as templates and prepared the composite shell consisting of TiO2 and sulfonated polystyrene (SPS) through adsorbing or depositing tetrabutyl titanate gel into the SPS shell. Finally the HTNMSNs were obtained after removal of all polymers in the composite nanospheres by dissolution or calcinations. We investigated the dependence of the morphologies of HTNMSNs on the thickness of PS shells and the size of SiO2 cores and prepared rare earth doped HTNMSNs by a sol-gel process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure & Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 10 # Qianwei Road, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Huang H, Kowalewski T, Wooley KL. Nanodroplets of polyisoprene fluid contained within poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) shells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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Chen MQ, Kaneko T, Chen CH, Akashi M. Preparation of “Confetti” Particles by Dispersion Copolymerization of Acrylonitrile/Styrene with Poly(ethylene glycol) Macromonomer. CHEM LETT 2001. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2001.1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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