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Suslick BA, Hemmer J, Groce BR, Stawiasz KJ, Geubelle PH, Malucelli G, Mariani A, Moore JS, Pojman JA, Sottos NR. Frontal Polymerizations: From Chemical Perspectives to Macroscopic Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3237-3298. [PMID: 36827528 PMCID: PMC10037337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and processing of most thermoplastics and thermoset polymeric materials rely on energy-inefficient and environmentally burdensome manufacturing methods. Frontal polymerization is an attractive, scalable alternative due to its exploitation of polymerization heat that is generally wasted and unutilized. The only external energy needed for frontal polymerization is an initial thermal (or photo) stimulus that locally ignites the reaction. The subsequent reaction exothermicity provides local heating; the transport of this thermal energy to neighboring monomers in either a liquid or gel-like state results in a self-perpetuating reaction zone that provides fully cured thermosets and thermoplastics. Propagation of this polymerization front continues through the unreacted monomer media until either all reactants are consumed or sufficient heat loss stalls further reaction. Several different polymerization mechanisms support frontal processes, including free-radical, cat- or anionic, amine-cure epoxides, and ring-opening metathesis polymerization. The choice of monomer, initiator/catalyst, and additives dictates how fast the polymer front traverses the reactant medium, as well as the maximum temperature achievable. Numerous applications of frontally generated materials exist, ranging from porous substrate reinforcement to fabrication of patterned composites. In this review, we examine in detail the physical and chemical phenomena that govern frontal polymerization, as well as outline the existing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Suslick
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Julie Hemmer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Brecklyn R Groce
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 United States
| | - Katherine J Stawiasz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Philippe H Geubelle
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alberto Mariani
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Miyake Y, Marushima Y, Takahashi H, Akai N, Shibuya K, Kawai A. Rate constant measurements for initial addition reactions of radicals at the propagation step of photo-polymerization as studied by pulsed EPR spectroscopy. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 H89, Ohokayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Yutaka Marushima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 H89, Ohokayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Hirona Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 H89, Ohokayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Akai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 H89, Ohokayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Naka-cho Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Shibuya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 H89, Ohokayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Akio Kawai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 H89, Ohokayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
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Lalevée J, Allonas X, Fouassier JP, Ingold KU. Absolute Rate Constants for Some Intermolecular Reactions of α-Aminoalkylperoxyl Radicals. Comparison with Alkylperoxyls. J Org Chem 2008; 73:6489-96. [DOI: 10.1021/jo800925g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Lalevée
- Département de Photochimie Générale, UMR 7525 CNRS, Université de Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France, and National Research Council, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Département de Photochimie Générale, UMR 7525 CNRS, Université de Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France, and National Research Council, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Jean-Pierre Fouassier
- Département de Photochimie Générale, UMR 7525 CNRS, Université de Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France, and National Research Council, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - K. U. Ingold
- Département de Photochimie Générale, UMR 7525 CNRS, Université de Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France, and National Research Council, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
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Kilambi H, Stansbury JW, Bowman CN. Enhanced reactivity of monovinyl acrylates characterized by secondary functionalities toward photopolymerization and Michael addition: Contribution of intramolecular effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harini Kilambi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309‐0424
| | - Jeffrey W. Stansbury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309‐0424
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045‐0508
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309‐0424
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045‐0508
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