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Clothier GKK, Guimarães TR, Thompson SW, Rho JY, Perrier S, Moad G, Zetterlund PB. Multiblock copolymer synthesis via RAFT emulsion polymerization. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:3438-3469. [PMID: 37093560 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00115b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
A multiblock copolymer is a polymer of a specific structure that consists of multiple covalently linked segments, each comprising a different monomer type. The control of the monomer sequence has often been described as the "holy grail" of synthetic polymer chemistry, with the ultimate goal being synthetic access to polymers of a "perfect" structure, where each monomeric building block is placed at a desired position along the polymer chain. Given that polymer properties are intimately linked to the microstructure and monomer distribution along the constituent chains, it goes without saying that there exist seemingly endless opportunities in terms of fine-tuning the properties of such materials by careful consideration of the length of each block, the number and order of blocks, and the inclusion of monomers with specific functional groups. The area of multiblock copolymer synthesis remains relatively unexplored, in particular with regard to structure-property relationships, and there are currently significant opportunities for the design and synthesis of advanced materials. The present review focuses on the synthesis of multiblock copolymers via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization implemented as aqueous emulsion polymerization. RAFT emulsion polymerization offers intriguing opportunities not only for the advanced synthesis of multiblock copolymers, but also provides access to polymeric nanoparticles of specific morphologies. Precise multiblock copolymer synthesis coupled with self-assembly offers material morphology control on length scales ranging from a few nanometers to a micrometer. It is imperative that polymer chemists interact with physicists and material scientists to maximize the impact of these materials of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn K K Clothier
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Thiago R Guimarães
- MACROARC, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Steven W Thompson
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Julia Y Rho
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Per B Zetterlund
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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2
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Precision Polymer Synthesis by Controlled Radical Polymerization: Fusing the progress from Polymer Chemistry and Reaction Engineering. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Kandelhard F, Schuldt K, Schymura J, Georgopanos P, Abetz V. Model‐Assisted Optimization of RAFT Polymerization in Micro‐Scale Reactors—A Fast Screening Approach. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.202000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kandelhard
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Institute of Membrane Research Max‐Planck‐Str. 1 Geesthacht 21502 Germany
| | - Karina Schuldt
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Institute of Membrane Research Max‐Planck‐Str. 1 Geesthacht 21502 Germany
| | - Juliane Schymura
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Institute of Membrane Research Max‐Planck‐Str. 1 Geesthacht 21502 Germany
| | - Prokopios Georgopanos
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Institute of Membrane Research Max‐Planck‐Str. 1 Geesthacht 21502 Germany
| | - Volker Abetz
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Institute of Membrane Research Max‐Planck‐Str. 1 Geesthacht 21502 Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry University of Hamburg Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6 Hamburg 20146 Germany
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Bernat R, Maksym P, Tarnacka M, Szelwicka A, Bielas R, Wojtyniak M, Balin K, Hachuła B, Chrobok A, Paluch M, Kamiński K. Hard confinement systems as effective nanoreactors for in situ photo-RAFT: towards control over molecular weight distribution and morphology. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01651a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein an alternative strategy to tune polymer dispersity and morphology was developed for photoiniferter-mediated RAFT giving well-defined ionic and non-ionic nanomaterials.
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Guimarães TR, Bong YL, Thompson SW, Moad G, Perrier S, Zetterlund PB. Polymerization-induced self-assembly via RAFT in emulsion: effect of Z-group on the nucleation step. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01311k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It is demonstrated that the nature of the Z-group of trithiocarbonate RAFT agents can have a major effect on the nucleation step of aqueous RAFT PISA performed as emulsion polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago R. Guimarães
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Y. Loong Bong
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Steven W. Thompson
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship
- Clayton South
- Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
- Warwick Medical School
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
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6
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Devlaminck DJG, Van Steenberge PHM, Reyniers MF, D'hooge DR. Modeling of Miniemulsion Polymerization of Styrene with Macro-RAFT Agents to Theoretically Compare Slow Fragmentation, Ideal Exchange and Cross-Termination Cases. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E320. [PMID: 30960304 PMCID: PMC6419184 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-dimensional Smith-Ewart based model is developed to understand differences for reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) miniemulsion polymerization with theoretical agents mimicking cases of slow fragmentation, cross-termination, and ideal exchange while accounting for chain length and monomer conversion dependencies due to diffusional limitations. The focus is on styrene as a monomer, a water soluble initiator, and a macro-RAFT agent to avoid exit/entry of the RAFT leaving group radical. It is shown that with a too low RAFT fragmentation rate coefficient it is generally not afforded to consider zero-one kinetics (for the related intermediate radical type) and that with significant RAFT cross-termination the dead polymer product is dominantly originating from the RAFT intermediate radical. To allow the identification of the nature of the RAFT retardation it is recommended to experimentally investigate in the future the impact of the average particle size (dp) on both the monomer conversion profile and the average polymer properties for a sufficiently broad dp range, ideally including the bulk limit. With decreasing particle size both a slow RAFT fragmentation and a fast RAFT cross-termination result in a stronger segregation and thus rate acceleration. The particle size dependency is different, allowing further differentiation based on the variation of the dispersity and end-group functionality. Significant RAFT cross-termination is specifically associated with a strong dispersity increase at higher average particle sizes. Only with an ideal exchange it is afforded in the modeling to avoid the explicit calculation of the RAFT intermediate concentration evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dries J G Devlaminck
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Paul H M Van Steenberge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Françoise Reyniers
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Dagmar R D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 907, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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Zetterlund PB, Thickett SC, Perrier S, Bourgeat-Lami E, Lansalot M. Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization in Dispersed Systems: An Update. Chem Rev 2015; 115:9745-800. [PMID: 26313922 DOI: 10.1021/cr500625k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Per B Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Stuart C Thickett
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Elodie Bourgeat-Lami
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), LCPP group, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, 43, Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), LCPP group, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, 43, Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
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9
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Chakrabarty A, Singha NK. Tunable Morphology and Hydrophobicity of Polyfluoroacrylate/Clay Nanocomposite Prepared by In Situ RAFT Polymerization in Miniemulsion. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Chakrabarty
- Rubber Technology Centre; Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Nikhil K Singha
- Rubber Technology Centre; Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302 India
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Hlalele L, D’hooge DR, Dürr CJ, Kaiser A, Brandau S, Barner-Kowollik C. RAFT-Mediated ab Initio Emulsion Copolymerization of 1,3-Butadiene with Acrylonitrile. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500055q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lebohang Hlalele
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dagmar R. D’hooge
- Laboratory
for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Chemical Engineering
and Technical Chemistry, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Zwijnaarde (Gent), Belgium
| | - Christoph J. Dürr
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kaiser
- Lanxess Emulsion
Rubber, BP 7-Z.I. Rue du Ried, 67610 La Wantzenau, France
| | - Sven Brandau
- Lanxess Emulsion
Rubber, BP 7-Z.I. Rue du Ried, 67610 La Wantzenau, France
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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11
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Chakrabarty A, Singha NK. Tailor-made polyfluoroacrylate and its block copolymer by RAFT polymerization in miniemulsion; improved hydrophobicity in the core–shell block copolymer. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 408:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Luo Y, Wang X, Li BG, Zhu S. Toward Well-Controlled ab Initio RAFT Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene Mediated by 2-(((Dodecylsulfanyl)carbonothioyl)sulfanyl)propanoic Acid. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102378w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingwu Luo
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zhe Da Road, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Xiaoguang Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zhe Da Road, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Bo-Geng Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zhe Da Road, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Shiping Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
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13
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Pepels MPF, Holdsworth CI, Pascual S, Monteiro MJ. RAFT-Mediated Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene with Low Reactive Xanthate Agents: Microemulsion-like Behavior. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101237u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. F. Pepels
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering, Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Clovia I. Holdsworth
- Centre for Organic Electronics, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Sagrario Pascual
- UCO2M-UMR CNRS6011, LCOM-Chimie des Polymères, Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
| | - Michael J. Monteiro
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering, Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
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Sogabe A, Flores JD, McCormick CL. Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization in an Inverse Microemulsion: Partitioning of Chain Transfer Agent (CTA) and Its Effects on Polymer Molecular Weight. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1008463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Altarawneh IS, Gomes VG, Srour MH. Polymer chain extension in semibatch emulsion polymerization with RAFT-based transfer agent: The influence of reaction conditions on polymerization rate and product properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Sogabe A, McCormick CL. Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization in an Inverse Microemulsion System: Homopolymerization, Chain Extension, and Block Copolymerization†Paper no. 140 in a series on Water-Soluble Polymers. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900715c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sogabe
- Department of Polymer Science
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
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Zetterlund PB, Kagawa Y, Okubo M. Controlled/living radical polymerization in dispersed systems. Chem Rev 2008; 108:3747-94. [PMID: 18729519 DOI: 10.1021/cr800242x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per B Zetterlund
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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19
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Altarawneh IS, Gomes VG, Srour MS. The Influence of Xanthate-Based Transfer Agents on Styrene Emulsion Polymerization: Mathematical Modeling and Model Validation. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.200700030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Luo Y, Liu B, Wang Z, Gao J, Li B. Butyl acrylate RAFT polymerization in miniemulsion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang Z, Zhang W, Zhu X, Cheng Z, Zhu J. “Living”/controlled free radical polymerization of MMA in the presence of cobalt(II) 2-ethylhexanoate: A switch from RAFT to ATRP mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Guo TY, Tang D, Song M, Zhang B. Copolymerizations of butyl methacrylate and fluorinated methacrylates via RAFT miniemulsion polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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