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Gao S, Holkar A, Srivastava S. Protein-Polyelectrolyte Complexes and Micellar Assemblies. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1097. [PMID: 31261765 PMCID: PMC6680422 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we highlight the recent progress in our understanding of the structure, properties and applications of protein-polyelectrolyte complexes in both bulk and micellar assemblies. Protein-polyelectrolyte complexes form the basis of the genetic code, enable facile protein purification, and have emerged as enterprising candidates for simulating protocellular environments and as efficient enzymatic bioreactors. Such complexes undergo self-assembly in bulk due to a combined influence of electrostatic interactions and entropy gains from counterion release. Diversifying the self-assembly by incorporation of block polyelectrolytes has further enabled fabrication of protein-polyelectrolyte complex micelles that are multifunctional carriers for therapeutic targeted delivery of proteins such as enzymes and antibodies. We discuss research efforts focused on the structure, properties and applications of protein-polyelectrolyte complexes in both bulk and micellar assemblies, along with the influences of amphoteric nature of proteins accompanying patchy distribution of charges leading to unique phenomena including multiple complexation windows and complexation on the wrong side of the isoelectric point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Advait Holkar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Samanvaya Srivastava
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Sedlák M. A novel approach to controlled self-assembly of pH-responsive thermosensitive homopolymer polyelectrolytes into stable nanoparticles. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 232:57-69. [PMID: 26792020 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses the recent research progress in introducing and elaborating a novel approach to controlled polymer self-assembly into stable nanoparticles using pH-responsive thermosensitive homopolymer polyelectrolytes. Interesting aspect of this approach is that stable polymeric nanoparticles are formed from homopolymers of one type only and without any assembly-triggering additives. The process of their formation can be monitored online e.g. by light scattering and particle size can be finely custom tuned. Obtained nanoparticles have interesting properties and are very stable over long periods of time and over a broad range of salt concentrations including physiological conditions. Much effort was devoted not only to finding optimum experimental protocols and to characterizing resulting nanoparticles in detail, but also to understanding physical processes behind these successful protocols.
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Wu FG, Jiang YW, Chen Z, Yu ZW. Folding Behaviors of Protein (Lysozyme) Confined in Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelle. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:3655-3664. [PMID: 27022665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The folding/unfolding behavior of proteins (enzymes) in confined space is important for their properties and functions, but such a behavior remains largely unexplored. In this article, we reported our finding that lysozyme and a double hydrophilic block copolymer, methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)5K-block-poly(l-aspartic acid sodium salt)10 (mPEG(5K)-b-PLD10), can form a polyelectrolyte complex micelle with a particle size of ∼30 nm, as verified by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The unfolding and refolding behaviors of lysozyme molecules in the presence of the copolymer were studied by microcalorimetry and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Upon complex formation with mPEG(5K)-b-PLD10, lysozyme changed from its initial native state to a new partially unfolded state. Compared with its native state, this copolymer-complexed new folding state of lysozyme has different secondary and tertiary structures, a decreased thermostability, and significantly altered unfolding/refolding behaviors. It was found that the native lysozyme exhibited reversible unfolding and refolding upon heating and subsequent cooling, while lysozyme in the new folding state (complexed with the oppositely charged PLD segments of the polymer) could unfold upon heating but could not refold upon subsequent cooling. By employing the heating-cooling-reheating procedure, the prevention of complex formation between lysozyme and polymer due to the salt screening effect was observed, and the resulting uncomplexed lysozyme regained its proper unfolding and refolding abilities upon heating and subsequent cooling. Besides, we also pointed out the important role the length of the PLD segment played during the formation of micelles and the monodispersity of the formed micelles. Furthermore, the lysozyme-mPEG(5K)-b-PLD10 mixtures prepared in this work were all transparent, without the formation of large aggregates or precipitates in solution as frequently observed in other protein-polyelectrolyte systems. Hence, the present protein-PEGylated poly(amino acid) mixture provides an ideal water-soluble model system to study the important role of electrostatic interaction in the complexation between proteins and polymers, leading to important new knowledge on the protein-polymer interactions. Moreover, the polyelectrolyte complex micelle formed between protein and PEGylated polymer may provide a good drug delivery vehicle for therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Gen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yao-Wen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhi-Wu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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Pippa N, Karayianni M, Pispas S, Demetzos C. Complexation of cationic-neutral block polyelectrolyte with insulin and in vitro release studies. Int J Pharm 2015; 491:136-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Gao GH, Park MJ, Li Y, Im GH, Kim JH, Kim HN, Lee JW, Jeon P, Bang OY, Lee JH, Lee DS. The use of pH-sensitive positively charged polymeric micelles for protein delivery. Biomaterials 2012; 33:9157-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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6
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Tang Y, Duan J, Wu J. A laser light scattering study of complex formation between soybean peroxidase and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-sodium styrene sulfonate). Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Amphiphilic block copolymers by a combination of anionic polymerization and selective post-polymerization functionalization. Eur Polym J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Karayianni M, Pispas S, Chryssikos GD, Gionis V, Giatrellis S, Nounesis G. Complexation of lysozyme with poly(sodium(sulfamate-carboxylate)isoprene). Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:1697-706. [PMID: 21410146 DOI: 10.1021/bm200066t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The complexation between hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) and a novel pH-sensitive and intrinsically hydrophobic polyelectrolyte poly(sodium(sulfamate-carboxylate)isoprene) (SCPI), was investigated by means of dynamic, static, and electrophoretic light scattering and isothermal titration calorimetry measurements. The complexation process was studied at both pH 7 and 3 (high and low charge density of the SCPI, respectively) and under low ionic strength conditions for two polyelectrolyte samples of different molecular weights. The solution behavior, structure, and effective charge of the formed complexes proved to be dependent on the pH, the [-]/[+] charge ratio, and the molecular weight of the polyelectrolyte. Increasing the ionic strength of the solution led to vast aggregation and eventually precipitation of the complexes. The interaction between HEWL and SCPI was found to be mainly electrostatic, associated with an exothermic enthalpy change. The structural investigation of the complexed protein by fluorescence, infrared, circular dichroism spectroscopic, and differential scanning calorimetric measurements revealed no signs of denaturation upon complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karayianni
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
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Zhao J, Zhang G, Pispas S. Thermoresponsive brush copolymers with poly(propylene oxide-ran-ethylene oxide) side chains via metal-free anionic polymerization “grafting from” technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Papagiannopoulos A, Karayianni M, Mountrichas G, Pispas S, Radulescu A. Self-Assembled Nanoparticles from a Block Polyelectrolyte in Aqueous Media: Structural Characterization by SANS. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:7482-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1009912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aristeidis Papagiannopoulos
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece, Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 87 Avenue du Docteur Albert Schweitzer, 33608 Pessac Cedex, France, and Institut für Festkörperforschung, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at FRM II, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Maria Karayianni
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece, Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 87 Avenue du Docteur Albert Schweitzer, 33608 Pessac Cedex, France, and Institut für Festkörperforschung, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at FRM II, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Grigoris Mountrichas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece, Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 87 Avenue du Docteur Albert Schweitzer, 33608 Pessac Cedex, France, and Institut für Festkörperforschung, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at FRM II, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece, Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 87 Avenue du Docteur Albert Schweitzer, 33608 Pessac Cedex, France, and Institut für Festkörperforschung, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at FRM II, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Aurel Radulescu
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece, Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 87 Avenue du Docteur Albert Schweitzer, 33608 Pessac Cedex, France, and Institut für Festkörperforschung, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at FRM II, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
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Gao G, Yan Y, Pispas S, Yao P. Sustained and Extended Release with Structural and Activity Recovery of Lysozyme from Complexes with Sodium (Sulfamate Carboxylate) Isoprene/Ethylene Oxide Block Copolymer. Macromol Biosci 2010; 10:139-46. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200900186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Lefèvre N, Fustin CA, Gohy JF. Polymeric Micelles Induced by Interpolymer Complexation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009; 30:1871-88. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Meristoudi A, Pispas S. Polymer mediated formation of corona-embedded gold nanoparticles in block polyelectrolyte micelles. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Voets IK, de Keizer A, Cohen Stuart MA. Complex coacervate core micelles. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 147-148:300-18. [PMID: 19038373 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this review we present an overview of the literature on the co-assembly of neutral-ionic block, graft, and random copolymers with oppositely charged species in aqueous solution. Oppositely charged species include synthetic (co)polymers of various architectures, biopolymers - such as proteins, enzymes and DNA - multivalent ions, metallic nanoparticles, low molecular weight surfactants, polyelectrolyte block copolymer micelles, metallo-supramolecular polymers, equilibrium polymers, etcetera. The resultant structures are termed complex coacervate core/polyion complex/block ionomer complex/interpolyelectrolyte complex micelles (or vesicles); i.e., in short C3Ms (or C3Vs) and PIC, BIC or IPEC micelles (and vesicles). Formation, structure, dynamics, properties, and function will be discussed. We focus on experimental work; theory and modelling will not be discussed. Recent developments in applications and micelles with heterogeneous coronas are emphasized.
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Uchman M, Procházka K, Stepánek M, Mountrichas G, Pispas S, Spírková M, Walther A. pH-dependent self-assembly of polystyrene-block-poly((sulfamate-carboxylate)isoprene) copolymer in aqueous media. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:12017-12025. [PMID: 18816020 DOI: 10.1021/la8025842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The amphiphilic polystyrene- block-poly((sulfamate-carboxylate)isoprene) (PS-PISC) diblock copolymer was synthesized from the precursor diblock copolymer polystyrene- block-isoprene by reaction with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate. The structure and behavior of self-assembled PS-PISC nanoparticles was studied in alkaline and acidic aqueous solutions by a combination of static and dynamic light scattering, analytical ultracentrifugation, atomic force and cryogenic transmission electron microscopies, NMR spectroscopy, potentiometric titration, and fluorometry using pyrene as a polarity-sensitive fluorescent probe. It was found that PS-PISC exists in aqueous solutions in the form of micellar aggregates. The aggregation tendency increases with decreasing effective charge density in the shell, that is, with decreasing pH of the solution, and aggregates found in alkaline aqueous media have much smaller molar masses than those formed in acidic media. The latter are dense, collapsed structures with immobile PISC domains in which most of the COOH and NH 2 (+)SO 3 (-) groups are buried inside of the nanoparticles. The swelling of PISC domains and disentanglement of PISC chains after addition of a base are slow processes occurring on the time scale of days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Uchman
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 12840 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Bucholz TL, Loo YL(L. Polar Aprotic Solvents Disrupt Interblock Hydrogen Bonding and Induce Microphase Separation in Double Hydrophilic Block Copolymers of PEGMA and PAAMPSA. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800649x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L. Bucholz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C0400, Austin, Texas 78712, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, A217 Engineering Quadrangle, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - Yueh-Lin (Lynn) Loo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C0400, Austin, Texas 78712, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, A217 Engineering Quadrangle, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
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Kelarakis A, Castelletto V, Krysmann MJ, Havredaki V, Viras K, Hamley IW. Interactions of Bovine Serum Albumin with Ethylene Oxide/Butylene Oxide Copolymers in Aqueous Solution. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:1366-71. [DOI: 10.1021/bm800046m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Kelarakis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Panepistimiopolis, 157 71 Athens, Greece, and School of Chemistry, The University of Reading, Post Office Box 224, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Castelletto
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Panepistimiopolis, 157 71 Athens, Greece, and School of Chemistry, The University of Reading, Post Office Box 224, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Marta J. Krysmann
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Panepistimiopolis, 157 71 Athens, Greece, and School of Chemistry, The University of Reading, Post Office Box 224, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Vasiliki Havredaki
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Panepistimiopolis, 157 71 Athens, Greece, and School of Chemistry, The University of Reading, Post Office Box 224, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriakos Viras
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Panepistimiopolis, 157 71 Athens, Greece, and School of Chemistry, The University of Reading, Post Office Box 224, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian W. Hamley
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Panepistimiopolis, 157 71 Athens, Greece, and School of Chemistry, The University of Reading, Post Office Box 224, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
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Gao G, Yao P. Structure and activity transition of lysozyme on interacting with and releasing from polyelectrolyte with different hydrophobicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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