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Cortez-Lemus NA, Hermosillo-Ochoa E, Licea-Claverie Á. Effective End-Group Modification of Star-Shaped PNVCL from Xanthate to Trithiocarbonate Avoiding Chemical Crosslinking. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3677. [PMID: 34771233 PMCID: PMC8588085 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, six-arm star-shaped poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PNVCL) polymers prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization were subjected to aminolysis reaction using hexylamine. Chemically crosslinked gels or highly end-functionalized star polymers can be obtained depending mainly on the type of solvent used during the transformation of the RAFT functional group. An increase in the viscosity of the solution was observed when the aminolysis was carried out in THF. In contrast, when the reaction was conducted in dichloromethane, chain-end thiol (PNVCL)6 star polymers could be obtained. Moreover, when purified (PNVCL-SH)6 star polymers are in contact with THF, the gelation occurs in just a few minutes, with an obvious increase in viscosity, to form physical gels that become chemically crosslinked gels after 12 h. Interestingly, when purified (PNVCL-SH)6 star polymers were stirred in distilled water, even at high aqueous solution concentration (40 mg/mL), there was no increase in the viscosity or gelation, and no evident gels were observed. The analysis of the hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) by dynamic light scattering (DLS) did not detect quantifiable change even after 4 days of stirring in water. On the other hand, the thiol groups in the (PNVCL-SH)6 star polymers were easily transformed into trithiocarbonate groups by addition of CS2 followed by benzyl bromide as demonstrated by UV-Vis spectroscopical analysis and GPC. After the modification, the (PNVCL)6 star polymers exhibit an intense yellow color typical of the absorption band of trithiocarbonate group at 308 nm. To further demonstrate the highly effective new trithiocarbonate end-functionality, the PNVCL polymers were successfully chain extended with N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) to form six-arm star-shaped PNIPAM-b-PNVCL block copolymers. Moreover, the terminal thiol end-functionality in the (PNVCL-SH)6 star polymers was linked via disulfide bond formation to l-cysteine to further demonstrate its reactivity. Zeta potential analysis shows the pH-responsive behavior of these star polymers due to l-cysteine end-functionalization. By this using methodology and properly selecting the solvent, various environment-sensitive star polymers with different end-groups could be easily accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma A. Cortez-Lemus
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, A. P. 1166., Tijuana 22000, Mexico; (E.H.-O.); (Á.L.-C.)
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Belal K, Poitras-Jolicoeur S, Lyskawa J, Pembouong G, Cooke G, Woisel P, Stoffelbach F. A triple carboxylic acid-functionalized RAFT agent platform for the elaboration of well-defined telechelic 3-arm star PDMAc. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1847-50. [PMID: 26670290 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09684g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This communication describes the synthesis of a triple acid-functionalized RAFT agent and its use to prepare well-defined 3-arm star polymers of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAc). A simple esterification reaction allowed the convenient integration of three electron-rich naphthalene recognition units on the RAFT agent platform and subsequently the elaboration of a naphthalene end-decorated telechelic 3-arm star PDMAc. This functionalized star polymer was further exploited to build a hydrogel with a complementary homoditopic host unit featuring tetracationic macrocycle cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) units.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Belal
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8232, IPCM, Chimie des Polymères, 75005 Paris, France. and Université de Lille, ENSCL, Unité des Matériaux et Transformations, UMR CNRS 8207, Equipe Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères (ISP), 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - S Poitras-Jolicoeur
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8232, IPCM, Chimie des Polymères, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - J Lyskawa
- Université de Lille, ENSCL, Unité des Matériaux et Transformations, UMR CNRS 8207, Equipe Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères (ISP), 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - G Pembouong
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8232, IPCM, Chimie des Polymères, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - G Cooke
- Glasgow Centre for Physical Organic Chemistry, WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - P Woisel
- Université de Lille, ENSCL, Unité des Matériaux et Transformations, UMR CNRS 8207, Equipe Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères (ISP), 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - F Stoffelbach
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8232, IPCM, Chimie des Polymères, 75005 Paris, France.
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Demetriou M, Krasia-Christoforou T. Well-defined diblock copolymers possessing fluorescent and metal chelating functionalities as novel macromolecular sensors for amines and metal ions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Roth PJ, Boyer C, Lowe AB, Davis TP. RAFT Polymerization and Thiol Chemistry: A Complementary Pairing for Implementing Modern Macromolecular Design. Macromol Rapid Commun 2011; 32:1123-43. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Harvison MA, Roth PJ, Davis TP, Lowe AB. End Group Reactions of RAFT-Prepared (Co)Polymers. Aust J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/ch11152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the chemistry of thiocarbonylthio groups with an emphasis on chemistry conducted at ω or α and ω chain-ends in copolymers prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization. We begin by giving a general overview of reactions associated with the thiocarbonylthio groups, followed by examples associated with macromolecular thiols.
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Shen W, Qiu Q, Wang Y, Miao M, Li B, Zhang T, Cao A, An Z. Hydrazine as a Nucleophile and Antioxidant for Fast Aminolysis of RAFT Polymers in Air. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010; 31:1444-8. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Zhang BY, He WD, Li LY, Sun XL, Li WT, Zhang KR. Reducibly degradable hydrogels of PNIPAM and PDMAEMA: Synthesis, stimulus-response and drug release. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Dietrich M, Glassner M, Gruendling T, Schmid C, Falkenhagen J, Barner-Kowollik C. Facile conversion of RAFT polymers into hydroxyl functional polymers: a detailed investigation of variable monomer and RAFT agent combinations. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9py00273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chen M, Moad G, Rizzardo E. Thiocarbonylthio end group removal from RAFT‐synthesized polymers by a radical‐induced process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Future Manufacturing Flagship, CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- Future Manufacturing Flagship, CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Ezio Rizzardo
- Future Manufacturing Flagship, CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
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Paulusse JMJ, Amir RJ, Evans RA, Hawker CJ. Free radical polymers with tunable and selective bio- and chemical degradability. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:9805-12. [PMID: 19555103 DOI: 10.1021/ja903245p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A versatile synthetic strategy has been developed which enables the facile incorporation of cleavable functional groups, i.e., esters, thioesters, and disulfides, into the carbon-carbon backbone of vinyl-based polymers. Through the synthesis of novel cyclic monomers, RAFT-mediated radical ring-opening copolymerizations with traditional vinyl monomers such as methyl methacrylate, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate lead to the introduction of controlled degradability into these widely used vinyl copolymer systems. An additional benefit of this strategy is the inherent versatility available through the incorporation of cyclic monomers containing diverse functional groups such as esters, thioesters, disulfides, and silyl ether units that allow degradation under basic/acidic, reductive, or enzymatic conditions. By integrating multiple, orthogonal cyclic monomers into linear copolymer backbones, well-defined systems with programmable degradation profiles are obtained which allows for tunable, selective, and stepwise degradation of the vinyl polymer backbones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos M J Paulusse
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, USA
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Xu J, Tao L, Liu J, Bulmus V, Davis TP. Synthesis of Functionalized and Biodegradable Hyperbranched Polymers from Novel AB2 Macromonomers Prepared by RAFT Polymerization. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma901290a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering and School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Lei Tao
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering and School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jingquan Liu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering and School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Volga Bulmus
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering and School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering and School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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Gruendling T, Dietrich M, Barner-Kowollik C. A Novel One-Pot Procedure for the Fast and Efficient Conversion of RAFT Polymers into Hydroxy-Functional Polymers. Aust J Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1071/ch09080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report on the successful quantitative transformation of methacrylate and acrylate-type polymers prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization carrying a dithioester-end-group into hydroxy-functional polymers. The simple reaction procedure involves stirring a solution of the dithioester-capped polymer and an azo-initiator in tetrahydrofuran at elevated temperatures (T = 60°C) in the presence of air. This reaction quantitatively yields hydroperoxide functionalities that can be efficiently reduced to hydroxy groups in a one-pot procedure using triphenylphosphine. Size exclusion chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry was employed to monitor the progress of the reaction. The new backbone-linked hydroxy group provides a versatile anchor for chemical end-group conversions and conjugation reactions with prepared RAFT polymers, which alleviates problems with the rather limited ability of the dithioester-end-group to undergo non-radical transformations.
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Moad G, Rizzardo E, Thang SH. Living Radical Polymerization by the RAFT Process - A Second Update. Aust J Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1071/ch09311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 811] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a second update to the review of reversible deactivation radical polymerization achieved with thiocarbonylthio compounds (ZC(=S)SR) by a mechanism of reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) that was published in June 2005 (Aust. J. Chem. 2005, 58, 379–410). The first update was published in November 2006 (Aust. J. Chem. 2006, 59, 669–692). This review cites over 500 papers that appeared during the period mid-2006 to mid-2009 covering various aspects of RAFT polymerization ranging from reagent synthesis and properties, kinetics and mechanism of polymerization, novel polymer syntheses and a diverse range of applications. Significant developments have occurred, particularly in the areas of novel RAFT agents, techniques for end-group removal and transformation, the production of micro/nanoparticles and modified surfaces, and biopolymer conjugates both for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Gruendling T, Pickford R, Guilhaus M, Barner-Kowollik C. Degradation of RAFT polymers in a cyclic ether studied via high resolution ESI-MS: Implications for synthesis, storage, and end-group modification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Demetriou M, Krasia‐Christoforou T. Synthesis and characterization of well‐defined block and statistical copolymers based on lauryl methacrylate and 2‐(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate using RAFT‐controlled radical polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Seo M, Beck BJ, Paulusse JMJ, Hawker CJ, Kim SY. Polymeric Nanoparticles via Noncovalent Cross-Linking of Linear Chains. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma8009678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myungeun Seo
- Department of Chemistry and School of Molecular Science (BK21), KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea, and Materials Research Laboratory and Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Benjamin J. Beck
- Department of Chemistry and School of Molecular Science (BK21), KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea, and Materials Research Laboratory and Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Jos M. J. Paulusse
- Department of Chemistry and School of Molecular Science (BK21), KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea, and Materials Research Laboratory and Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Department of Chemistry and School of Molecular Science (BK21), KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea, and Materials Research Laboratory and Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Sang Youl Kim
- Department of Chemistry and School of Molecular Science (BK21), KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea, and Materials Research Laboratory and Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
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Kim E, Shin C, Ahn H, Ryu DY, Bang J, Hawker CJ, Russell TP. Size control and registration of nano-structured thin films by cross- units. SOFT MATTER 2008; 4:475-479. [PMID: 32907208 DOI: 10.1039/b717903k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermoset thin films via directed self-assembly, where benzocyclobutene (BCB) groups are incorporated selectively into the one block, have been prepared from cross-linkable block copolymers in a simple process, which allows size controllability and the registration of oriented microdomains in multi-layer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Changhak Shin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Hyungju Ahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Du Yeol Ryu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Joona Bang
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Craig J Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93016, USA
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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So YH, Hahn SF, Li Y, Reinhard MT. Styrene 4-vinylbenzocyclobutene copolymer for microelectronic applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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