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Amin MF, Anwar A, Gnida P, Jarząbek B. Polymers Containing Phenothiazine, Either as a Dopant or as Part of Their Structure, for Dye-Sensitized and Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2309. [PMID: 39204529 PMCID: PMC11360421 DOI: 10.3390/polym16162309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Potential photovoltaic technology includes the newly developed dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. Owing to their diverse qualities, polymers can be employed in third-generation photovoltaic cells to specifically alter their device elements and frameworks. Polymers containing phenothiazine, either as a part of their structure or as a dopant, are easy and economical to synthesize, are soluble in common organic solvents, and have the potential to acquire desired electrochemical and photophysical properties by mere tuning of their chemical structures. Such polymers have therefore been used either as photosensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells, where they have produced power conversion efficiency (PCE) values as high as 5.30%, or as donor or acceptor materials in bulk heterojunction solar cells. Furthermore, they have been employed to prepare liquid-free polymer electrolytes for dye-sensitized and bulk heterojunction solar cells, producing a PCE of 8.5% in the case of DSSCs. This paper reviews and analyzes almost all research works published to date on phenothiazine-based polymers and their uses in dye-sensitized and bulk heterojunction solar cells. The impacts of their structure and molecular weight and the amount when used as a dopant in other polymers on the absorption, photoluminescence, energy levels of frontier orbitals, and, finally, photovoltaic parameters are reviewed. The advantages of phenothiazine polymers for solar cells, the difficulties in their actual implementation and potential remedies are also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faisal Amin
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
- Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Amna Anwar
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Paweł Gnida
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Bożena Jarząbek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
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Ghorpade RV, Thorave AK, Rajan CR, Chavan NN, Ponrathnam S. Synthesis and characterization of thermally stable polyimides with a pendent phenothiazine unit based on new diamine 10-(3,5-diaminobenzoyl)phenothiazine. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008314568877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel diamine 10-(3,5-diaminobenzoyl)phenothiazine (DBPT) with a side chain containing phenothiazine unit was synthesized. A new family of polyimides (PIs) containing phenothiazine unit in the side chains has been successfully synthesized by direct polycondensation of DBPT with pyromellitic dianhydride, 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tertacarboxylic dianhydride, and 4,4′-oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODA) via a conventional two-step chemical imidization process. The yield of polymers was good enough, which were soluble in most organic solvents. The molecular orbital energy gaps, thermal stability, and crystallinity of PIs were investigated by molecular modeling, thermogravimetric analysis, and wide-angle X-ray scattering, respectively. Thermal properties of polymers were good enough to permit the use of these PIs in various applications; only 49% weight loss is detected at 900°C in nitrogen atmosphere. X-Ray diffraction clearly reveals the amorphous nature of PIs. A quantum modeling study (density functional theory) has shown the influence of dianhydride structure on the energy difference of highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra V. Ghorpade
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Asmita K. Thorave
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - C. R. Rajan
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nayaku N. Chavan
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - S. Ponrathnam
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Tan Z, Imae I, Ooyama Y, Komaguchi K, Ohshita J, Harima Y. Low bandgap polymers with benzodithiophene and bisthienylacrylonitrile units for photovoltaic applications. Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Elkassih SA, Sista P, Magurudeniya HD, Papadimitratos A, Zakhidov AA, Biewer MC, Stefan MC. Phenothiazine Semiconducting Polymer for Light-Emitting Diodes. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Patra D, Sahu D, Padhy H, Kekuda D, Chu CW, Wei KH, Lin HC. Fine Tuning of HOMO Energy Levels for Low-Band-Gap Photovoltaic Copolymers Containing Cyclopentadithienopyrrole and Bithiazole Units. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sahu D, Padhy H, Patra D, Huang JH, Chu CW, Lin HC. Synthesis and characterization of novel low-bandgap triphenylamine-based conjugated polymers with main-chain donors and pendent acceptors for organic photovoltaics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Patra D, Sahu D, Padhy H, Kekuda D, Chu CW, Lin HC. Synthesis and applications of 2,7-carbazole-based conjugated main-chain copolymers containing electron deficient bithiazole units for organic solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Padhy H, Huang JH, Sahu D, Patra D, Kekuda D, Chu CW, Lin HC. Synthesis and applications of low-bandgap conjugated polymers containing phenothiazine donor and various benzodiazole acceptors for polymer solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Beaupré S, Boudreault PLT, Leclerc M. Solar-energy production and energy-efficient lighting: photovoltaic devices and white-light-emitting diodes using poly(2,7-fluorene), poly(2,7-carbazole), and poly(2,7-dibenzosilole) derivatives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:E6-E27. [PMID: 20217800 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200903484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
World energy needs grow each year. To address global warming and climate changes the search for renewable energy sources with limited greenhouse gas emissions and the development of energy-efficient lighting devices are underway. This Review reports recent progress made in the synthesis and characterization of conjugated polymers based on bridged phenylenes, namely, poly(2,7-fluorene)s, poly(2,7-carbazole)s, and poly(2,7-dibenzosilole)s, for applications in solar cells and white-light-emitting diodes. The main strategies and remaining challenges in the development of reliable and low-cost renewable sources of energy and energy-saving lighting devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Beaupré
- Department of Chemistry, Université Laval Quebec, Qc, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Kim J, Park SH, Cho S, Jin Y, Kim J, Kim I, Lee JS, Kim JH, Woo HY, Lee K, Suh H. Low-bandgap poly(4H-cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene) derivatives with 4,7-dithienyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole unit for photovoltaic cells. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Liang TC, Chiang IH, Yang PJ, Kekuda D, CHU CW, Lin HC. Supramolecular assembly of H-bonded side-chain polymers containing conjugated pyridyl H-acceptor pendants and various low-band-gap H-donor dyes bearing cyanoacrylic acid groups for organic solar cell applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang WW, Mao WL, Hu YX, Tian ZQ, Wang ZL, Meng QJ. Phenothiazine−Anthraquinone Donor−Acceptor Molecules: Synthesis, Electronic Properties and DFT-TDDFT Computational Study. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:9997-10004. [PMID: 19705823 DOI: 10.1021/jp903390v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 P.R. China
| | - Wei-Li Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 P.R. China
| | - Yun-Xia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 P.R. China
| | - Zi-Qi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 P.R. China
| | - Qing-Jin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 P.R. China
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Jin Y, Lee M, Kim SH, Song S, Kim I, Woo HY, Lee K, Suh H. Synthesis of novel conjugated polymer based on cyclopenta[def
]phenanthrene and vinylene with strong interchain interaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Synthesis and characterization of low bandgap copolymers based on indenofluorene and thiophene derivative. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Jiang Z, Zhang W, Yao H, Yang C, Cao Y, Qin J, Yu G, Liu Y. Copolyfluorenes containing bridged triphenylamine or triphenylamine: Synthesis, characterization, and optoelectronic properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wan M, Wu W, Sang G, Zou Y, Liu Y, Li Y. Poly(thienylene-vinylene-thienylene) with cyano substituent: Synthesis and application in field-effect transistor and polymer solar cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chen RT, Chen SH, Hsieh BY, Chen Y. Synthesis, photophysics, and electroluminescent performance of stable blue-light-emitting copoly(9,9-diarylfluorene)s. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Li KC, Hsu YC, Lin JT, Yang CC, Wei KH, Lin HC. Soluble narrow-band-gap copolymers containing novel cyclopentadithiophene units for organic photovoltaic cell applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chen H, Lu Y, Ong TT, Hu X, Ng SC. Synthesis, characterization, and properties of regioregular conjugated polymers containing quaterthiophene and an acceptor repeating units. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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