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Fiandra EF, Shaw L, Starck M, McGurk CJ, Mahon CS. Designing biodegradable alternatives to commodity polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8085-8105. [PMID: 37885416 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00556a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The development and widespread adoption of commodity polymers changed societal landscapes on a global scale. Without the everyday materials used in packaging, textiles, construction and medicine, our lives would be unrecognisable. Through decades of use, however, the environmental impact of waste plastics has become grimly apparent, leading to sustained pressure from environmentalists, consumers and scientists to deliver replacement materials. The need to reduce the environmental impact of commodity polymers is beyond question, yet the reality of replacing these ubiquitous materials with sustainable alternatives is complex. In this tutorial review, we will explore the concepts of sustainable design and biodegradability, as applied to the design of synthetic polymers intended for use at scale. We will provide an overview of the potential biodegradation pathways available to polymers in different environments, and highlight the importance of considering these pathways when designing new materials. We will identify gaps in our collective understanding of the production, use and fate of biodegradable polymers: from identifying appropriate feedstock materials, to considering changes needed to production and recycling practices, and to improving our understanding of the environmental fate of the materials we produce. We will discuss the current standard methods for the determination of biodegradability, where lengthy experimental timescales often frustrate the development of new materials, and highlight the need to develop better tools and models to assess the degradation rate of polymers in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuella F Fiandra
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Lloyd Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Matthieu Starck
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | | | - Clare S Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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Gangolphe L, Leon-Valdivieso CY, Nottelet B, Déjean S, Bethry A, Pinese C, Bossard F, Garric X. Electrospun microstructured PLA-based scaffolds featuring relevant anisotropic, mechanical and degradation characteristics for soft tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 129:112339. [PMID: 34579931 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrospun scaffolds combine suitable structural characteristics that make them strong candidates for their use in tissue engineering. These features can be tailored to optimize other physiologically relevant attributes (e.g. mechanical anisotropy and cellular affinity) while ensuring adequate degradation rates of the biomaterial. Here, we present the fabrication of microstructured scaffolds by using a combination of micropatterned electrospinning collectors (honeycomb- or square-patterned) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based copolymers (linear or star-shaped). The resulting materials showed appropriate macropore size and fiber alignment that were key parameters to enhance their anisotropic properties in protraction. Moreover, their elastic modulus, which was initially similar to that of soft tissues, gradually changed in hydrolytic conditions, matching the degradation profile in a 2- to 3-month period. Finally, honeycomb-structured scaffolds exhibited enhanced cellular proliferation compared to standard electrospun mats, while cell colonization was shown to be guided by the macropore contour. Taking together, these results provide new insight into the rational design of microstructured materials that can mimic the progressive evolution of properties in soft tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Gangolphe
- Department of Polymers for Health and Biomaterials, Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules (IBMM), UMR CNRS 5247, University of Montpellier, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christopher Y Leon-Valdivieso
- Department of Polymers for Health and Biomaterials, Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules (IBMM), UMR CNRS 5247, University of Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Nottelet
- Department of Polymers for Health and Biomaterials, Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules (IBMM), UMR CNRS 5247, University of Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Déjean
- Department of Polymers for Health and Biomaterials, Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules (IBMM), UMR CNRS 5247, University of Montpellier, France
| | - Audrey Bethry
- Department of Polymers for Health and Biomaterials, Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules (IBMM), UMR CNRS 5247, University of Montpellier, France
| | - Coline Pinese
- Department of Polymers for Health and Biomaterials, Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules (IBMM), UMR CNRS 5247, University of Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Bossard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Xavier Garric
- Department of Polymers for Health and Biomaterials, Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules (IBMM), UMR CNRS 5247, University of Montpellier, France.
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Girard E, Chagnon G, Moreau‐Gaudry A, Letoublon C, Favier D, Dejean S, Trilling B, Nottelet B. Evaluation of a biodegradable
PLA–PEG–PLA
internal biliary stent for liver transplantation: in vitro degradation and mechanical properties. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 109:410-419. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Girard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, CHU Grenoble Alpes, TIMC‐IMAG Grenoble France
- Département de chirurgie digestive et de l'urgence Centre Hospitalier Grenoble‐Alpes Grenoble France
| | - Grégory Chagnon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC‐IMAG Grenoble France
| | - Alexandre Moreau‐Gaudry
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, CHU Grenoble Alpes, TIMC‐IMAG Grenoble France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC‐IMAG Grenoble France
| | - Christian Letoublon
- Département de chirurgie digestive et de l'urgence Centre Hospitalier Grenoble‐Alpes Grenoble France
| | - Denis Favier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC‐IMAG Grenoble France
| | - Stéphane Dejean
- IBMM Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM Montpellier France
| | - Bertrand Trilling
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, CHU Grenoble Alpes, TIMC‐IMAG Grenoble France
- Département de chirurgie digestive et de l'urgence Centre Hospitalier Grenoble‐Alpes Grenoble France
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Blackwell CJ, Haernvall K, Guebitz GM, Groombridge M, Gonzales D, Khosravi E. Enzymatic Degradation of Star Poly( ε-Caprolactone) with Different Central Units. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10111266. [PMID: 30961191 PMCID: PMC6401846 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Four-arm star poly(ε-caprolactone) with a central poly(ethylene glycol) PEG unit bridged with 2,2-bis(methyl) propionic acid, (PCL)2-b-PEG-b-(PCL)2, and six-arm star PCL homopolymer with a central dipentaerythritol units were hydrolysed using a lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia and the Thermobifida cellulosilytica cutinase Thc_Cut1. For comparative analysis, Y-shaped copolymers containing methylated PEG bridged with bisMPA, MePEG-(PCL)2, and linear triblock copolymers PCL-b-PEG-b-PCL were also subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis. The hydrophilic nature of the polymers was determined using contact angle analysis, showing that a higher PEG content exhibited a lower contact angle and higher surface wettability. Enzymatic hydrolysis was monitored by % mass loss, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A higher rate of mass loss was found for lipase catalysed hydrolysis of those polymers with the highest PEG content, leading to significant surface erosion and increase in crystallinity within the first two days. Liquid chromatography (LC) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) of samples incubated with the cutinase showed a significant decrease in molecular weight, increase in dispersity, and release of ε-CL monomer units after 6 h of incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karolina Haernvall
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Michael Groombridge
- Procter & Gamble, Cobalt 12A, Silver Fox Way, Cobalt Business Park, Newcastle upon Tyne NE27 0QW, UK.
| | - Denis Gonzales
- Procter & Gamble, Cobalt 12A, Silver Fox Way, Cobalt Business Park, Newcastle upon Tyne NE27 0QW, UK.
| | - Ezat Khosravi
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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7
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Mei F, Peng Y, Lu S, Sun F, Zhang Y, Ge C, Zhang Y, Gu H, Wang Y, Zhao X, Wang G. Synthesis and Characterization of Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid). J MACROMOL SCI B 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2014.1002325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zhu W, Song Z, Wei P, Meng N, Teng F, Yang F, Liu N, Feng R. Y-shaped biotin-conjugated poly (ethylene glycol)–poly (epsilon-caprolactone) copolymer for the targeted delivery of curcumin. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 443:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Song Z, Zhu W, Song J, Wei P, Yang F, Liu N, Feng R. Linear-dendrimer type methoxy-poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly (ɛ-caprolactone) copolymer micelles for the delivery of curcumin. Drug Deliv 2014; 22:58-68. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.901436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Zhao XY, Sun L, Wang MZ, Sun ZY, Xie J. Review of crosslinked and non-crosslinked copolyesters for tissue engineering and drug delivery. POLYM INT 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiong-Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base − Hebei Key Province Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs; Shijiazhuang 050018 People's Republic of China
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Hebei University of Science and Technology; Shijiazhuang 050018 People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Sun
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Hebei University of Science and Technology; Shijiazhuang 050018 People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Zhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base − Hebei Key Province Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs; Shijiazhuang 050018 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Ying Sun
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Hebei University of Science and Technology; Shijiazhuang 050018 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Xie
- Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS); Beijing 100080 People's Republic of China
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Nagahama K, Shimizu K, Ichimura S, Takahashi A, Ouchi T, Ohya Y. Biodegradable stereocomplex materials of polylactide-grafted dextran exhibiting soft and tough properties in dry and wet states. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Synthesis and characterization of star-shaped poly (lactide-co-glycolide) and its drug-loaded microspheres. Polym Bull (Berl) 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-011-0516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Izzo L, Pappalardo D. “Tree-Shaped” Copolymers Based on Poly(ethylene glycol) and Atactic or Isotactic Polylactides: Synthesis and Characterization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zhang X, Cheng J, Wang Q, Zhong Z, Zhuo R. Miktoarm Copolymers Bearing One Poly(ethylene glycol) Chain and Several Poly(ε-caprolactone) Chains on a Hyperbranched Polyglycerol Core. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100653u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Juan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Qingrong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhenlin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Renxi Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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16
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Gautier E, Fuertes P, Cassagnau P, Pascault JP, Fleury E. Synthesis and rheology of biodegradable poly(glycolic acid) prepared by melt ring-opening polymerization of glycolide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Nakayama Y, Ishikawa A, Sato R, Uchida K, Kambe N. Photodimerization and Polymerization of PEG Derivatives through Radical Coupling using Photochemistry of Dithiocarbamate. Polym J 2008. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.pj2008132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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