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Nifant’ev IE, Korchagina SA, Chinova MS, Tavtorkin AN. Polyisobutylenes with Controlled Molecular Weight and Chain-End Structure: Synthesis and Actual Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3415. [PMID: 37631472 PMCID: PMC10460079 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymerization of isobutylene allows us to obtain a wide spectrum of polyisobutylenes (PIBs) which differ in their molecular weight characteristics and the chemical structure of chain-end groups. The bulk of the PIBs manufactured worldwide are highly reactive polyisobutylenes (HRPIBs) with -C(Me)=CH2 end-groups and low-molecular weights (Mn < 5 kDa). HRPIBs are feedstocks that are in high demand in the manufacturing of additives for fuels and oils, adhesives, detergents, and other fine chemicals. In addition, HRPIBs and CMe2Cl-terminated PIBs are intensively studied with the aim of finding biomedical applications and for the purpose of developing new materials. Both chain control (molecular weight and dispersity) and chemoselectivity (formation of exo-olefinic or -CMe2Cl groups) should be achieved during polymerization. This review highlights the fundamental issues in the mechanisms of isobutylene polymerization and PIB analysis, examines actual catalytic approaches to PIBs, and describes recent studies on the functionalization and applications of HRPIBs and halogen-terminated PIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya E. Nifant’ev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.K.); (M.S.C.); (A.N.T.)
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Abstract
Polyisobutylenes (PIB) constitute a versatile family of polymer materials that have been used mainly as fuel and lubricant additives. Particularly, the current commercial demand for highly reactive polyisobutylene (HR-PIB) products motivates the development of new processes and procedures to produce PIBs with high polymer yields, narrow molar mass distributions and high vinyl contents. For this reason, a bibliometric survey is presented here to map and discuss important technical aspects and technological trends in the field of solution cationic polymerization of isobutylenes. It is shown that investigations in this field are concentrated mainly on developed countries and that industrial initiatives indicate high commercial interest and significant investments in the field. It is also shown that use of catalyst systems based on AlCl3 and ether cocatalysts can be very beneficial for PIB and HR-PIB manufacture. Finally, it is shown that investigations search for cheaper and environmentally friendly catalysts and solvents that can be employed at moderate temperatures, particularly for the production of HR-PIB.
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Riddlestone IM, Kraft A, Schaefer J, Krossing I. Die Schöne (WCA) und das (kationische) Biest: Neues aus der Chemie von und mit schwach koordinierenden Anionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Riddlestone
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Anne Kraft
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Julia Schaefer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
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Riddlestone IM, Kraft A, Schaefer J, Krossing I. Taming the Cationic Beast: Novel Developments in the Synthesis and Application of Weakly Coordinating Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13982-14024. [PMID: 29266644 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This Review gives a comprehensive overview of the most topical weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) and contains information on WCA design, stability, and applications. As an update to the 2004 review, developments in common classes of WCA are included. Methods for the incorporation of WCAs into a given system are discussed and advice given on how to best choose a method for the introduction of a particular WCA. A series of starting materials for a large number of WCA precursors and references are tabulated as a useful resource when looking for procedures to prepare WCAs. Furthermore, a collection of scales that allow the performance of a WCA, or its underlying Lewis acid, to be judged is collated with some advice on how to use them. The examples chosen to illustrate WCA developments are taken from a broad selection of topics where WCAs play a role. In addition a section focusing on transition metal and catalysis applications as well as supporting electrolytes is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Riddlestone
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Kraft
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Schaefer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Shiman DI, Vasilenko IV, Kostjuk SV. Cationic polymerization of isobutylene catalyzed by iBuAlCl2 in the presence of ethers: Effect of catalyst pre-activation and mixture of two ethers. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yang XJ, Guo AR, Xu HC, Wu YX. Direct synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylenes via cationic polymerization of isobutylene co-initiated with TiCl 4in nonpolar hydrocarbon media. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - An-ru Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Hui-chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yi-xian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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Kigoshi S, Kanazawa A, Kanaoka S, Aoshima S. In situ and readily prepared metal catalysts and initiators for living cationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether: dual-purpose salphen as a ligand framework for ZrCl4and an initiating proton source. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01012d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A well-defined catalyst, generated quantitativelyin situsimply by mixing ZrCl4and a salphen ligand was shown to induce the living cationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sensho Kigoshi
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Arihiro Kanazawa
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Shokyoku Kanaoka
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Sadahito Aoshima
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
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Lichtenthaler MR, Maurer S, Mangan RJ, Stahl F, Mönkemeyer F, Hamann J, Krossing I. Univalent Gallium Complexes of Simple andansa-Arene Ligands: Effects on the Polymerization of Isobutylene. Chemistry 2014; 21:157-65. [PMID: 25382015 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Lichtenthaler
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg (Germany)
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Lichtenthaler MR, Maurer S, Mangan RJ, Stahl F, Mönkemeyer F, Hamann J, Krossing I. Univalent Gallium Complexes of Simple and ansa-Arene Ligands: Effects on the Polymerization of Isobutylene. Chemistry 2014:n/a-n/a. [PMID: 25376094 DOI: 10.1002/chem.404833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Using [Ga(C6 H5 F)2 ]+ [Al(ORF )4 ]- (1) (RF =C(CF3 )3 ) as starting material, we isolated bis- and tris-η6 -coordinated gallium(I) arene complex salts of p-xylene (1,4-Me2 C6 H4 ), hexamethylbenzene (C6 Me6 ), diphenylethane (PhC2 H4 Ph), and m-terphenyl (1,3-Ph2 C6 H4 ): [Ga(1,4-Me2 C6 H4 )2.5 ]+ (2+ ), [Ga(C6 Me6 )2 ]+ (3+ ), [Ga(PhC2 H4 Ph)]+ (4+ ) and [(C6 H5 F)Ga(μ-1,3-Ph2 C6 H4 )2 Ga(C6 H5 F)]2+ (52+ ). 4+ is the first structurally characterized ansa-like bent sandwich chelate of univalent gallium and 52+ the first binuclear gallium(I) complex without a GaGa bond. Beyond confirming the structural findings by multinuclear NMR spectroscopic investigations and density functional calculations (RI-BP86/SV(P) level), [Ga(PhC2 H4 Ph)]+ [Al(ORF )4 ]- (4) and [(C6 H5 F)Ga(μ-1,3-Ph2 C6 H4 )2 Ga(C6 H5 F)]2+ {[Al(ORF )4 ] - }2 (5), featuring ansa-arene ligands, were tested as catalysts for the synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylene (HR-PIB). In comparison to the recently published 1 and the [Ga(1,3,5-Me3 C6 H3 )2 ]+ [Al(ORF )4 ]- salt (6) (1,3,5-Me3 C6 H3 =mesitylene), 4 and 5 gave slightly reduced reactivities. This allowed for favorably increased polymerization temperatures of up to +15 °C, while yielding HR-PIB with high contents of terminal olefinic double bonds (α-contents=84-93 %), low molecular weights (Mn =1000-3000 g mol-1 ) and good monomer conversions (up to 83 % in two hours). While the chelate complexes delivered more favorable results than 1 and 6, the reaction kinetics resembled and thus concurred with the recently proposed coordinative polymerization mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Lichtenthaler
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg (Germany)
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Shiman DI, Vasilenko IV, Kostjuk SV. Cationic polymerization of isobutylene by complexes of alkylaluminum dichlorides with diisopropyl ether: An activating effect of water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy I. Shiman
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems; Belarusian State University; 14 Leningradskaya St. 220030 Minsk Belarus
| | - Irina V. Vasilenko
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems; Belarusian State University; 14 Leningradskaya St. 220030 Minsk Belarus
| | - Sergei V. Kostjuk
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems; Belarusian State University; 14 Leningradskaya St. 220030 Minsk Belarus
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Vasilenko IV, Shiman DI, Kostjuk SV. Alkylaluminum dichloride–ether complexes which are fully soluble in hydrocarbons as catalysts for the synthesis of exo-olefin terminated polyisobutylene at room temperature. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00069b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly reactive polyisobutylenes with a desirable low Mn were obtained with RAlCl2 × OiPr2 initiating systems with high monomer concentrations at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Vasilenko
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University
- 220030 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Dmitriy I. Shiman
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University
- 220030 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sergei V. Kostjuk
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University
- 220030 Minsk, Belarus
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Lichtenthaler MR, Higelin A, Kraft A, Hughes S, Steffani A, Plattner DA, Slattery JM, Krossing I. Univalent Gallium Salts of Weakly Coordinating Anions: Effective Initiators/Catalysts for the Synthesis of Highly Reactive Polyisobutylene. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om4005516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin R. Lichtenthaler
- Institut für
Anorganische und Analytische
Chemie, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Institute
for Advanced Studies (FRIAS) Section Soft Matter Science, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Higelin
- Institut für
Anorganische und Analytische
Chemie, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Institute
for Advanced Studies (FRIAS) Section Soft Matter Science, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Kraft
- Institut für
Anorganische und Analytische
Chemie, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Institute
for Advanced Studies (FRIAS) Section Soft Matter Science, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alberto Steffani
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar A. Plattner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - John M. Slattery
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für
Anorganische und Analytische
Chemie, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Institute
for Advanced Studies (FRIAS) Section Soft Matter Science, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Guo AR, Yang XJ, Yan PF, Wu YX. Synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylenes with exo-olefin terminals via controlled cationic polymerization with H2
O/FeCl3
/i
PrOH initiating system in nonpolar hydrocarbon media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- An-Ru Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Ministry of Education); Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiao-Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Ministry of Education); Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Peng-Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Ministry of Education); Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yi-Xian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Ministry of Education); Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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Kostjuk SV, Yeong HY, Voit B. Cationic polymerization of isobutylene at room temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yeong HY, Li Y, Kühn FE, Voit B. The role of solvent-ligated metal(II) complexes incorporating (fluoroalkoxy)aluminates as weakly coordinating anions in isobutylene polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Li Y, Cokoja M, Kühn FE. Inorganic/organometallic catalysts and initiators involving weakly coordinating anions for isobutene polymerisation. Coord Chem Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Liu Q, Wu Y, Yan P, Zhang Y, Xu R. Polyisobutylene with High exo-Olefin Content via β-H Elimination in the Cationic Polymerization of Isobutylene with H2O/FeCl3/Dialkyl Ether Initiating System. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1027017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of carbon fiber and functional polymers (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yixian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of carbon fiber and functional polymers (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pengfei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of carbon fiber and functional polymers (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of carbon fiber and functional polymers (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Riwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of carbon fiber and functional polymers (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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18
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Diebl BE, Yeong HY, Cokoja M, Herdtweck E, Voit B, Kühn FE. Synthesis and catalytic application of monometallic molybdenum(IV) nitrile complexes. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Li Y, Yeong HY, Herdtweck E, Voit B, Kühn FE. Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Nitrile‐Ligated Zinc(II) Complexes Incorporating (Fluoroalkoxy)aluminates. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201000724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Molecular Catalysis, Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany, Fax: +49‐89‐289‐13473
| | - Hui Yee Yeong
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, e. V. Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany, Fax: +49‐351‐4658565
| | - Eberhardt Herdtweck
- Molecular Catalysis, Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany, Fax: +49‐89‐289‐13473
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, e. V. Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany, Fax: +49‐351‐4658565
| | - Fritz E. Kühn
- Molecular Catalysis, Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany, Fax: +49‐89‐289‐13473
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