1
|
Xu J, Guan G, Ye Z, Zhang C, Guo Y, Ma Y, Lu C, Lei L, Zhang XB, Song G. Enhancing lipid peroxidation via radical chain transfer reaction for MRI guided and effective cancer therapy in mice. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:636-647. [PMID: 38158292 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation (LPO), the process of membrane lipid oxidation, is a potential new form of cell death for cancer treatment. However, the radical chain reaction involved in LPO is comprised of the initiation, propagation (the slowest step), and termination stages, limiting its effectiveness in vivo. To address this limitation, we introduce the radical chain transfer reaction into the LPO process to target the propagation step and overcome the sluggish rate of lipid peroxidation, thereby promoting endogenous lipid peroxidation and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Firstly, radical chain transfer agent (CTA-1)/Fe nanoparticles (CTA-Fe NPs-1) was synthesized. Notably, CTA-1 convert low activity peroxyl radicals (ROO·) into high activity alkoxyl radicals (RO·), creating the cycle of free radical oxidation and increasing the propagation of lipid peroxidation. Additionally, CTA-1/Fe ions enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, consume glutathione (GSH), and thereby inactivate GPX-4, promoting the initiation stage and reducing termination of free radical reaction. CTA-Fe NPs-1 induce a higher level of peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipid membranes, leading to highly effective treatment in cancer cells. In addition, CTA-Fe NPs-1 could be enriched in tumors inducing potent tumor inhibition and exhibit activatable T1-MRI contrast of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In summary, CTA-Fe NPs-1 can enhance intracellular lipid peroxidation by accelerating initiation, propagation, and inhibiting termination step, promoting the cycle of free radical reaction, resulting in effective anticancer outcomes in tumor-bearing mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Guoqiang Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhifei Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yibo Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Chang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Lingling Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Guosheng Song
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Siqueira JS, Crosley M, Reed WF. Observation and Modeling of a Sharp Oxygen Threshold in Aqueous Free Radical and RAFT Polymerization. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10933-10947. [PMID: 36520675 PMCID: PMC9806832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It is known that oxygen (O2) stops radical polymerization (RP). Here, it was found that the reaction turn-off occurs abruptly at a threshold concentration of O2, [O2]t, for both free RP and reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization (RAFT). In some reactions, there was a spontaneous re-start of conversion. Three cases were investigated: RP of (i) acrylamide (Am) and (ii) sodium styrene sulfonate (SS) and (iii) Am RAFT polymerization. A controlled flow of O2 into the reactor was employed. An abrupt turn-off was observed in all cases, where polymerization stops sharply at [O2]t and remains stopped when [O2] > [O2]t. In (i), Am acts as a catalytic radical-transfer agent during conversion plateau, eliminating excess [O2], and polymerization spontaneously resumes at [O2]t. In no reaction, the initiator alone was capable of eliminating O2. N2 purge was needed to re-start reactions (ii) and (iii). For (i) and (ii), while [O2] < [O2]t, O2 acts a chain termination agent, reducing the molecular weight (Mw) and reduced viscosity (RV). O2 acts as an inhibitor for [O2] > [O2]t in all cases. The radical-transfer rates from Am* and SS* to O2 are >10,000× higher than the initial chain propagation step rates for Am and SS, which causes [O2]t at very low [O2].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wayne F. Reed
- Tulane
University, New Orleans, Louisiana70118, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Robles Grana AL, Maldonado-Textle H, Torres-Lubián JR, St Thomas C, Díaz de León R, Olivares-Romero JL, Valencia L, Enríquez-Medrano FJ. Controlled (Co)Polymerization of Methacrylates Using a Novel Symmetrical Trithiocarbonate RAFT Agent Bearing Diphenylmethyl Groups. Molecules 2021; 26:4618. [PMID: 34361771 PMCID: PMC8347122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report a novel type of symmetrical trithiocarbonate chain transfer agent (CTA) based diphenylmethyl as R groups. The utilization of this CTA in the Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) process reveals an efficient control in the polymerization of methacrylic monomers and the preparation of block copolymers. The latter are obtained by the (co)polymerization of styrene or butyl acrylate using a functionalized macro-CTA polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) previously synthesized. Data show low molecular weight dispersity values (Đ < 1.5) particularly in the polymerization of methacrylic monomers. Considering a typical RAFT mechanism, the leaving groups (R) from the fragmentation of CTA should be able to re-initiate the polymerization (formation of growth chains) allowing an efficient control of the process. Nevertheless, in the case of the polymerization of MMA in the presence of this symmetrical CTA, the polymerization process displays an atypical behavior that requires high [initiator]/[CTA] molar ratios for accessing predictable molecular weights without affecting the Đ. Some evidence suggests that this does not completely behave as a common RAFT agent as it is not completely consumed during the polymerization reaction, and it needs atypical high molar ratios [initiator]/[CTA] to be closer to the predicted molecular weight without affecting the Đ. This work demonstrates that MMA and other methacrylic monomers can be polymerized in a controlled way, and with "living" characteristics, using certain symmetrical trithiocarbonates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Leonel Robles Grana
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Enrique Reyna Hermosillo, No. 140, Col. San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (A.L.R.G.); (H.M.-T.); (J.R.T.-L.); (R.D.d.L.)
| | - Hortensia Maldonado-Textle
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Enrique Reyna Hermosillo, No. 140, Col. San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (A.L.R.G.); (H.M.-T.); (J.R.T.-L.); (R.D.d.L.)
| | - José Román Torres-Lubián
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Enrique Reyna Hermosillo, No. 140, Col. San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (A.L.R.G.); (H.M.-T.); (J.R.T.-L.); (R.D.d.L.)
| | - Claude St Thomas
- CONACyT-Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Enrique Reyna Hermosillo, No. 140, Col. San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico;
| | - Ramón Díaz de León
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Enrique Reyna Hermosillo, No. 140, Col. San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (A.L.R.G.); (H.M.-T.); (J.R.T.-L.); (R.D.d.L.)
| | - José Luis Olivares-Romero
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Campus III, Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa 91073, Mexico;
| | - Luis Valencia
- Biofiber Tech Sweden AB, Norrsken Hourse, Birger Jarlsgatan 57 C, SE-113 56 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Francisco Javier Enríquez-Medrano
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Enrique Reyna Hermosillo, No. 140, Col. San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (A.L.R.G.); (H.M.-T.); (J.R.T.-L.); (R.D.d.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu C, Jung K, Ma Y, Liu W, Boyer C. Unravelling an oxygen-mediated reductive quenching pathway for photopolymerisation under long wavelengths. Nat Commun 2021; 12:478. [PMID: 33473121 PMCID: PMC7817663 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20640-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photomediated-reversible-deactivation radical polymerisation (photo-RDRP) has a limited scope of available photocatalysts (PCs) due to multiple stringent requirements for PC properties, limiting options for performing efficient polymerisations under long wavelengths. Here we report an oxygen-mediated reductive quenching pathway (O-RQP) for photoinduced electron transfer reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerisation. The highly efficient polymerisations that are performed in the presence of ambient air enable an expanded scope of available PCs covering a much-broadened absorption spectrum, where the oxygen tolerance of PET-RAFT allows high-quality polymerisation by preventing the existence of O2 in large amounts and efficient O-RQP is permitted due to its requirement for only catalytic amounts of O2. Initially, four different porphyrin dyes are investigated for their ability to catalyse PET-RAFT polymerisation via an oxidative quenching pathway (OQP), reductive quenching pathway (RQP) and O-RQP. Thermodynamic studies with the aid of (time-dependent) density functional theory calculations in combination with experimental studies, enable the identification of the thermodynamic constraints within the OQP, RQP and O-RQP frameworks. This knowledge enables the identification of four phthalocyanine photocatalysts, that were previously thought to be inert for PET-RAFT, to be successfully used for photopolymerisations via O-RQP. Well-controlled polymerisations displaying excellent livingness are performed at wavelengths in the red to near-infrared regions. The existence of this third pathway O-RQP provides an attractive pathway to further expand the scope of photocatalysts compatible with the PET-RAFT process and facile access to photopolymerisations under long wavelengths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Wu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Kenward Jung
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Yongtao Ma
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Song Y, Kim Y, Noh Y, Singh VK, Behera SK, Abudulimu A, Chung K, Wannemacher R, Gierschner J, Lüer L, Kwon MS. Organic Photocatalyst for ppm-Level Visible-Light-Driven Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain-Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization with Excellent Oxygen Tolerance. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
| | - Youngmu Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
| | - Yeonjin Noh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
| | - Varun Kumar Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
| | - Santosh Kumar Behera
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Abasi Abudulimu
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kyeongwoon Chung
- 3D Printing Materials Center, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, South Korea
| | - Reinhold Wannemacher
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Larry Lüer
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alagi P, Hadjichristidis N, Gnanou Y, Feng X. Fast and Complete Neutralization of Thiocarbonylthio Compounds Using Trialkylborane and Oxygen: Application to Their Removal from RAFT-Synthesized Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:664-669. [PMID: 35619521 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and efficient method to remove thiocarbonylthio end groups from polymers prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) is described. The elimination process is obtained in less than 1 min by treating the solution of RAFT-synthesized polymers with 5 equiv of trialkylborane (TAB) in the presence of oxygen under an ambient temperature. The versatility of this method was checked on the most relevant families of thiocarbonylthio chain transfer agents (CTA), including dithioesters, trithiocarbonates, dithiocarbamates, and xanthates, carried by the corresponding RAFT-synthesized polymers. UV, NMR, and MALDI-TOF MS characterization results all confirm the complete removal of their terminal CTA groups.
Collapse
|
7
|
Yu L, Wei Y, Tu Y, Lin S, Huang Z, Hu J, Chen Y, Qiao H, Zou W. An oxygen-tolerant photo-induced metal-free reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; People's Republic of China
- The University of the Chinese Academy of Science; Beijing People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Materials for Electronics; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlong Wei
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Materials for Electronics; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Tu
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Materials for Electronics; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Shudong Lin
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; People's Republic of China
- The University of the Chinese Academy of Science; Beijing People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Materials for Electronics; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhu Huang
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Materials for Electronics; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Hu
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; People's Republic of China
- The University of the Chinese Academy of Science; Beijing People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Materials for Electronics; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Chen
- Suzhou Nuclear Power Research Institute; Suzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Qiao
- Suzhou Nuclear Power Research Institute; Suzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zou
- Suzhou Nuclear Power Research Institute; Suzhou People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Yeow J, Chapman R, Gormley AJ, Boyer C. Up in the air: oxygen tolerance in controlled/living radical polymerisation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4357-4387. [PMID: 29718038 PMCID: PMC9857479 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00587c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The requirement for deoxygenation in controlled/living radical polymerisation (CLRP) places significant limitations on its widespread implementation by necessitating the use of large reaction volumes, sealed reaction vessels as well as requiring access to specialised equipment such as a glove box and/or inert gas source. As a result, in recent years there has been intense interest in developing strategies for overcoming the effects of oxygen inhibition in CLRP and therefore remove the necessity for deoxygenation. In this review, we highlight several strategies for achieving oxygen tolerant CLRP including: "polymerising through" oxygen, enzyme mediated deoxygenation and the continuous regeneration of a redox-active catalyst. In order to provide further clarity to the field, we also establish some basic parameters for evaluating the degree of "oxygen tolerance" that can be achieved using a given oxygen scrubbing strategy. Finally, we propose some applications that could most benefit from the implementation of oxygen tolerant CLRP and provide a perspective on the future direction of this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Robert Chapman
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Adam J. Gormley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stace SJ, Fellows CM, Moad G, Keddie DJ. Effect of the Z- and Macro-R-Group on the Thermal Desulfurization of Polymers Synthesized with Acid/Base “Switchable” Dithiocarbamate RAFT Agents. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800228. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Stace
- School of Science and Technology; University of New England; Armidale NSW 2350 Australia
| | - Christopher M. Fellows
- School of Science and Technology; University of New England; Armidale NSW 2350 Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing; Bag 10 Clayton South VIC 3169 Australia
| | - Daniel J. Keddie
- School of Science and Technology; University of New England; Armidale NSW 2350 Australia
- School of Sciences; Faculty of Science and Engineering; University of Wolverhampton; Wulfruna Street Wolverhampton WV1 1LY UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical
Engineering, and ‡Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical
Engineering, and ‡Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical
Engineering, and ‡Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ng G, Yeow J, Xu J, Boyer C. Application of oxygen tolerant PET-RAFT to polymerization-induced self-assembly. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00442g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of molecular oxygen in PET-RAFT polymerization can be overcome by the addition of singlet oxygen quenchers. This oxygen tolerant approach is compatible with a range of organic solvents and can be used to synthesize nanoparticles according to a PISA process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gervase Ng
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang Z, Pan P, Bao Y. Solution and aqueous miniemulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride mediated by a fluorinated xanthate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University; 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Pengju Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University; 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Yongzhong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University; 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abel BA, McCormick CL. Mechanistic Insights into Temperature-Dependent Trithiocarbonate Chain-End Degradation during the RAFT Polymerization of N-Arylmethacrylamides. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brooks A. Abel
- Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Moad G. Mechanism and Kinetics of Dithiobenzoate-Mediated RAFT Polymerization - Status of the Dilemma. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering; Bag 10 Clayton South VIC 3169 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Faber M, Hofman AH, Polushkin E, van Ekenstein GA, Seitsonen J, Ruokolainen J, Loos K, ten Brinke G. Hierarchical Self-Assembly in Supramolecular Double-Comb Diblock Copolymer Complexes. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma302295v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Faber
- Department of Polymer Chemistry,
Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anton H. Hofman
- Department of Polymer Chemistry,
Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny Polushkin
- Department of Polymer Chemistry,
Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Alberda van Ekenstein
- Department of Polymer Chemistry,
Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jani Seitsonen
- Molecular Materials, Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University (formerly
Helsinki University of Technology), Puumiehenkuja 2, 02015 Espoo,
Finland
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Molecular Materials, Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University (formerly
Helsinki University of Technology), Puumiehenkuja 2, 02015 Espoo,
Finland
| | - Katja Loos
- Department of Polymer Chemistry,
Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit ten Brinke
- Department of Polymer Chemistry,
Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Moad G, Rizzardo E, Thang SH. Living Radical Polymerization by the RAFT Process – A Third Update. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 825] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a third update to the review of reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) achieved with thiocarbonylthio compounds (ZC(=S)SR) by a mechanism of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) that was published in June 2005 (Aust. J. Chem. 2005, 58, 379). The first update was published in November 2006 (Aust. J. Chem. 2006, 59, 669) and the second in December 2009 (Aust. J. Chem. 2009, 62, 1402). This review cites over 700 publications that appeared during the period mid 2009 to early 2012 covering various aspects of RAFT polymerization which include reagent synthesis and properties, kinetics and mechanism of polymerization, novel polymer syntheses, and a diverse range of applications. This period has witnessed further significant developments, particularly in the areas of novel RAFT agents, techniques for end-group transformation, the production of micro/nanoparticles and modified surfaces, and biopolymer conjugates both for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
Collapse
|
18
|
Li C, He J, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Yang Y. Probing the RAFT Process Using a Model Reaction between Alkoxyamine and Dithioester. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A small-molecular model reaction was designed to probe the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) process. In this reaction, alkoxyamine releases radicals that react in situ with dithioester through the RAFT process, generating new radicals through the fragmentation of the intermediate radical. The new radicals can be trapped by free 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinyl-N-oxyl radicals (TEMPO) from homolysis of alkoxyamine. The overall reaction is the crossover of the leaving groups between alkoxyamine and dithioester. The advantage of this model as a probe of the RAFT process is that it does not involve polymerization-related elementary reactions such as initiation, propagation, and chain length dependent termination. The kinetics of the model reaction were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography, and then fitted by Monte Carlo simulation to estimate rate coefficients. The obtained rate coefficients of addition for various dithioesters fell into a narrow range of 107–108 L mol–1 s–1, whereas the rate coefficient of fragmentation was model-dependent. It was also found that a significant fraction of the dithioester was consumed by an unspecified additional mechanism. A tentative explanation is proposed in which the intermediate radical undergoes a secondary RAFT reaction with dithioesters, forming a secondary intermediate that serves as a radical reservoir.
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhou Y, He J, Li C, Hong L, Yang Y. Dependence of Thermal Stability on Molecular Structure of RAFT/MADIX Agents: A Kinetic and Mechanistic Study. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201570f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanwu Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junpo He
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Changxi Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Linxiang Hong
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuliang Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Harvison MA, Roth PJ, Davis TP, Lowe AB. End Group Reactions of RAFT-Prepared (Co)Polymers. Aust J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/ch11152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the chemistry of thiocarbonylthio groups with an emphasis on chemistry conducted at ω or α and ω chain-ends in copolymers prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization. We begin by giving a general overview of reactions associated with the thiocarbonylthio groups, followed by examples associated with macromolecular thiols.
Collapse
|