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Mariani A, Malucelli G. Polymer Hydrogels and Frontal Polymerization: A Winning Coupling. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4242. [PMID: 37959922 PMCID: PMC10647350 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer hydrogels are 3D networks consisting of hydrophilic crosslinked macromolecular chains, allowing them to swell and retain water. Since their invention in the 1960s, they have become an outstanding pillar in the design, development, and application of engineered polymer systems suitable for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications (such as drug or cell delivery, the regeneration of hard and soft tissues, wound healing, and bleeding prevention, among others). Despite several well-established synthetic routes for developing polymer hydrogels based on batch polymerization techniques, about fifteen years ago, researchers started to look for alternative methods involving simpler reaction paths, shorter reaction times, and lower energy consumption. In this context, frontal polymerization (FP) has undoubtedly become an alternative and efficient reaction model that allows for the conversion of monomers into polymers via a localized and propagating reaction-by means of exploiting the formation and propagation of a "hot" polymerization front-able to self-sustain and propagate throughout the monomeric mixture. Therefore, the present work aims to summarize the main research outcomes achieved during the last few years concerning the design, preparation, and application of FP-derived polymeric hydrogels, demonstrating the feasibility of this technique for the obtainment of functional 3D networks and providing the reader with some perspectives for the forthcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mariani
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, INSTM, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, INSTM, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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Suslick BA, Hemmer J, Groce BR, Stawiasz KJ, Geubelle PH, Malucelli G, Mariani A, Moore JS, Pojman JA, Sottos NR. Frontal Polymerizations: From Chemical Perspectives to Macroscopic Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3237-3298. [PMID: 36827528 PMCID: PMC10037337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and processing of most thermoplastics and thermoset polymeric materials rely on energy-inefficient and environmentally burdensome manufacturing methods. Frontal polymerization is an attractive, scalable alternative due to its exploitation of polymerization heat that is generally wasted and unutilized. The only external energy needed for frontal polymerization is an initial thermal (or photo) stimulus that locally ignites the reaction. The subsequent reaction exothermicity provides local heating; the transport of this thermal energy to neighboring monomers in either a liquid or gel-like state results in a self-perpetuating reaction zone that provides fully cured thermosets and thermoplastics. Propagation of this polymerization front continues through the unreacted monomer media until either all reactants are consumed or sufficient heat loss stalls further reaction. Several different polymerization mechanisms support frontal processes, including free-radical, cat- or anionic, amine-cure epoxides, and ring-opening metathesis polymerization. The choice of monomer, initiator/catalyst, and additives dictates how fast the polymer front traverses the reactant medium, as well as the maximum temperature achievable. Numerous applications of frontally generated materials exist, ranging from porous substrate reinforcement to fabrication of patterned composites. In this review, we examine in detail the physical and chemical phenomena that govern frontal polymerization, as well as outline the existing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Suslick
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Julie Hemmer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Brecklyn R Groce
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 United States
| | - Katherine J Stawiasz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Philippe H Geubelle
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alberto Mariani
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Mariani A, Nuvoli L, Sanna D, Alzari V, Nuvoli D, Rassu M, Malucelli G. Semi-interpenetrating polymer networks based on crosslinked poly(N
-isopropyl acrylamide) and methylcellulose prepared by frontal polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mariani
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Sassari, and INSTM, via Vienna 2; Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Luca Nuvoli
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Sassari, and INSTM, via Vienna 2; Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Davide Sanna
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Sassari, and INSTM, via Vienna 2; Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Valeria Alzari
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Sassari, and INSTM, via Vienna 2; Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Daniele Nuvoli
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Sassari, and INSTM, via Vienna 2; Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Mariella Rassu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Sassari, and INSTM, via Vienna 2; Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology; Local INSTM Unit, Viale T. Michel 5; Alessandria 15121 Italy
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Nuvoli D, Alzari V, Nuvoli L, Rassu M, Sanna D, Mariani A. Synthesis and characterization of poly(2-hydroxyethylacrylate)/β-cyclodextrin hydrogels obtained by frontal polymerization. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 150:166-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Illescas J, Ramírez-Fuentes YS, Zaragoza-Galán G, Porcu P, Mariani A, Rivera E. PEGDA-based luminescent polymers prepared by frontal polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Illescas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Circuito Exterior Ciudad Universitaria C.P. 04510 México D.F. México
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia; Università di Sassari and Local INSTM Unit; 07100 Sassari Italy
| | - Yessica S. Ramírez-Fuentes
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Circuito Exterior Ciudad Universitaria C.P. 04510 México D.F. México
| | - Gerardo Zaragoza-Galán
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Circuito Exterior Ciudad Universitaria C.P. 04510 México D.F. México
| | - Pasquale Porcu
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Circuito Exterior Ciudad Universitaria C.P. 04510 México D.F. México
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia; Università di Sassari and Local INSTM Unit; 07100 Sassari Italy
| | - Alberto Mariani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia; Università di Sassari and Local INSTM Unit; 07100 Sassari Italy
| | - Ernesto Rivera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Circuito Exterior Ciudad Universitaria C.P. 04510 México D.F. México
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Caicedo C, Zaragoza-Galán G, Crusats J, El-Hachemi Z, Martínez A, Rivera E. Design of novel luminescent porphyrins bearing donor–acceptor groups. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424613501083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of a novel series of porphyrins, some of them bearing donor-acceptor groups. meso-substituted free-base porphyrins:5-(4-amino-phenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin (TPPNH2) and 5-(4-acetamidophenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin (TPPNHAc), as well as their tribromo (Br3TPPNH2 and Br3TPPNHAc) and trimethylsilyl-substituted homologs (TMS3TPPNH2 and TMS3TPPNHAc were synthesized and characterized. The optical properties of all compounds have been studied by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Theoretical calculations were performed in order to recognize the optimized geometry and the correlation with the optical properties. On the other hand, an azobenzene containing porphyrin (TPPN2PhC14H29) was also prepared to study the influence of the trans-cis photoisomerization on its optical properties. Almost all porphyrin derivatives exhibited a Soret band at ca. λ = 419–422 nm followed by four Q-bands in the range between 500–700 nm. Besides, these porphyrins showed two emission bands located at ca. λ = 654 nm and 714 nm with different intensities, depending on the substituents. The relative quantum yields were calculated for these compounds with respect to the most emissive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Caicedo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510 D.F. México, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Zaragoza-Galán
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510 D.F. México, Mexico
| | - Joaquim Crusats
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Institute of Cosmos Science, University of Barcelona, c. Martí i Franquès 1, 08028-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Zoubir El-Hachemi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Institute of Cosmos Science, University of Barcelona, c. Martí i Franquès 1, 08028-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510 D.F. México, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Rivera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510 D.F. México, Mexico
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Hernandez-Marin E, Caicedo C, Rivera E, Martínez A. Theoretical study of novel azo-tetraphenylporphyrins: potential photovoltaic materials. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:197-207. [PMID: 24350909 DOI: 10.1021/jp408194c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A density functional theory study was performed to analyze the electron donor-acceptor properties of the cis and trans isomers of a novel azobenzene-containing tetraphenylporphyrin (TPPN2PhC14H29) with different substituents (Br or TMS). In general, the trans isomers are better electron acceptors than the correspondent cis homologues. Their UV-vis spectra were also obtained and a comparison with available experimental results is included. According to these results, the azo compounds reported here are promising materials for the elaboration of dye-sensitized solar cells because their HOMO-LUMO gaps are close to 2 eV. Moreover, the energy of the high intensity absorption bands also fulfills the requirements needed for the operation of a solar cell built with TiO2 and the I(-)/I3(-) pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hernandez-Marin
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Circuito Exterior SN. Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510 Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico
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