1
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Franco FC. Tuning the optoelectronic properties of oligothiophenes for solar cell applications by varying the number of cyano and fluoro substituents for solar cell applications: A theoretical study. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1747519819893884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modifications through substitution are observed to be effective in controlling the optoelectronic properties of various polymers for different applications. In this study, density functional theory–based calculations are employed to investigate the optoelectronic properties of several oligothiophenes based on poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) by varying the number of fluoro and cyano substituents attached. The resulting structures of the polymer derivatives are affected by the electrostatic interactions between the cyano or fluoro groups and the adjacent thiophene unit. Of the two, cyano substitution results in much lower frontier orbital energies for the same number of substituents. It was observed that a decrease in the highest occupied molecule orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies correlates very strongly with the number of cyano and fluoro substituents. The effect of the cyano and fluoro groups on the frontier orbitals is also demonstrated and observed to correlate strongly with a lowering of the highest occupied molecule orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies as the number of substituents is varied. The predicted solar cell characteristics reveal that most cyano and fluoro derivatives will have improved characteristics compared to unsubstituted poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl). This theoretical study shows that by varying the number of electron-withdrawing substituents, the optoelectronic properties may be tuned for solar cell applications.
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2
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Xu X, Zhang G, Li Y, Peng Q. The recent progress of wide bandgap donor polymers towards non-fullerene organic solar cells. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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3
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Tan J, Yudin AK. Borylated reagents for multicomponent reactions. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2018; 29:51-60. [PMID: 30471674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, there has been an increasing interest in the therapeutic potential of organoboron reagents due to the discovery of bortezomib (Velcade). This has motivated synthetic chemists to develop novel routes for the preparation of heteroatom-rich boron-containing molecules (BCMs). In particular, the development of borylated building blocks has provided facile access to difficult-to-access heteroatom-rich BCMs. In this review, we will discuss the methods used to prepare boron-containing molecules of biological relevance from multicomponent reactions with borylated building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Tan
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Andrei K Yudin
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
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4
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5
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Takagi K, Kouchi R, Kawai J. Regioselective halogen–magnesium exchange reaction of a bithiophene derivative bearing methoxy and pyridine groups at the β-position and Kumada coupling polymerization. Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2017.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Shao W, Kaldas SJ, Yudin AK. 3-Cyanoallyl boronates are versatile building blocks in the synthesis of polysubstituted thiophenes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4431-4436. [PMID: 28936329 PMCID: PMC5590094 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00831g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the preparation of hitherto unprecedented 3-cyanoallyl boronates using condensation of the parent α-boryl aldehyde and nitriles. The resulting allyl boronates have been used to generate a wide range of borylated thiophenes, which represent a valuable class of heterocycles in modern drug discovery. Subsequent Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling enabled the synthesis of pharmaceutically important 3,5-disubstituted aminothiophenes. Moreover, late stage functionalization gave access to borylated bromothiophene and thieno[2,3-b]pyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Shao
- Davenport Research Laboratories , Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George St. , Toronto , ON M5S 3H6 , Canada .
| | - Sherif J Kaldas
- Davenport Research Laboratories , Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George St. , Toronto , ON M5S 3H6 , Canada .
| | - Andrei K Yudin
- Davenport Research Laboratories , Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George St. , Toronto , ON M5S 3H6 , Canada .
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7
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Synthesis of polythiophene derivative bearing methoxy and pyridine groups at the β-position and formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bonding through the polymer reaction. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Gobalasingham NS, Pankow RM, Thompson BC. Synthesis of random poly(hexyl thiophene-3-carboxylate) copolymers via oxidative direct arylation polymerization (oxi-DArP). Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxi-DArP is utilized for the simple, mild, and atom economical synthesis of two families of random P3HET copolymers without any preactivation of the monomers, demonstrating the compatibility of this emerging synthetic method with copolymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemal S. Gobalasingham
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Robert M. Pankow
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
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9
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Yang W, Yu Z, Liu W, Li CZ, Chen H. Aqueous solution-processed NiOx
anode buffer layers applicable for polymer solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhikai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
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10
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Noh S, Gobalasingham NS, Thompson BC. Facile Enhancement of Open-Circuit Voltage in P3HT Analogues via Incorporation of Hexyl Thiophene-3-carboxylate. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangtaik Noh
- Department of Chemistry and
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Nemal S. Gobalasingham
- Department of Chemistry and
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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11
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Howard JB, Ekiz S, Cuellar De Lucio AJ, Thompson BC. Investigation of Random Copolymer Analogues of a Semi-Random Conjugated Polymer Incorporating Thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna B. Howard
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Seyma Ekiz
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Alejandro J. Cuellar De Lucio
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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12
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Homyak PD, Liu Y, Harris JD, Liu F, Carter KR, Russell TP, Coughlin EB. Systematic Fluorination of P3HT: Synthesis of P(3HT-co-3H4FT)s by Direct Arylation Polymerization, Characterization, and Device Performance in OPVs. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Homyak
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jared D. Harris
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Feng Liu
- Materials
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Carter
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - E. Bryan Coughlin
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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13
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Gobalasingham NS, Noh S, Thompson BC. Palladium-catalyzed oxidative direct arylation polymerization (Oxi-DArP) of an ester-functionalized thiophene. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01973g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed dehydrogenative polycondensation is reported, resulting in high quality polymers from an unsymmetrical ester-containing monomer without preactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemal S. Gobalasingham
- Department of Chemistry and the Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Sangtaik Noh
- Department of Chemistry and the Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and the Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
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14
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Rudenko AE, Khlyabich PP, Thompson BC. Random poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐
co
‐3‐cyanothiophene‐
co
‐3‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophene) copolymers with high open‐circuit voltage in polymer solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey E. Rudenko
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles California90089‐1661
| | - Petr P. Khlyabich
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles California90089‐1661
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles California90089‐1661
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15
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Howard JB, Noh S, Beier AE, Thompson BC. Fine Tuning Surface Energy of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) by Heteroatom Modification of the Alkyl Side Chains. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:725-730. [PMID: 35596496 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has pointed to polymer miscibility and surface energy as key figures of merit in the formation of organic alloys and synergistic behavior between components in ternary blend solar cells. Here, we present a simple model system and first report of poly(3-hexylthiophene)-based random copolymers featuring either a semifluoroalkyl (P3HT-co-FHT) or oligoether (P3HT-co-MET) side chain, prepared via Stille polycondensation. Water drop contact angle measurements demonstrated that P3HT-co-FHT polymers reached a minimum surface energy of 14.2 mN/m at 50% composition of comonomers, while in contrast, P3HT-co-MET polymers increased as high as 27.0 mN/m at 50% composition, compared to P3HT at 19.9 mN/m. Importantly, the surface energy of the copolymers was found to vary regularly with comonomer composition and exhibited fine-tuning. Optical and electronic properties of the polymers are found to be composition independent as determined by UV-vis and CV measurements; HOMO energy levels ranged from 5.25 to 5.30 eV; and optical band gaps all measured 1.9 eV. Following this model, surface energy modification of state-of-the-art polymers, without altering desirable electronic and optical properties, is proposed as a useful tool in identifying and exploiting more alloying polymer pairs for ternary blend solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna B. Howard
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Sangtaik Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Alejandra E. Beier
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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16
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Livi F, Gobalasingham NS, Bundgaard E, Thompson BC. Influence of functionality on direct arylation of model systems as a route toward fluorinated copolymers via direct arylation polymerization (DArP). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Livi
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute; University of Southern California; Los Angeles California 90089-1661
- DTU Energy; Technical University of Denmark; Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde Denmark
| | - Nemal S. Gobalasingham
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute; University of Southern California; Los Angeles California 90089-1661
| | - Eva Bundgaard
- DTU Energy; Technical University of Denmark; Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde Denmark
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute; University of Southern California; Los Angeles California 90089-1661
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17
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Benzodithiophene-based low band-gap polymers with deep HOMO levels: synthesis, characterization, and photovoltaic performance. Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2015.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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18
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Rudenko AE, Thompson BC. The effect of amide solvent structure on the direct arylation polymerization (DArP) of 2-Bromo-3-hexylthiophene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey E. Rudenko
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute; University of Southern California; Los Angeles California 90089-1661
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute; University of Southern California; Los Angeles California 90089-1661
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19
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Rudenko AE, Latif AA, Thompson BC. Minimization of the auxiliary reagent loading for direct arylation polymerization (DArP) of 2‐bromo‐3‐hexylthiophene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey E. Rudenko
- Department of ChemistryLoker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles California90089‐1661
| | - Alia A. Latif
- Department of ChemistryLoker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles California90089‐1661
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of ChemistryLoker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles California90089‐1661
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20
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Xu B, Noh S, Thompson BC. Fine Tuning of Polymer Properties by Incorporating Strongly Electron-Donating 3-Hexyloxythiophene Units into Random and Semi-random Copolymers. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5012107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, and Center for Energy Nanoscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Sangtaik Noh
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, and Center for Energy Nanoscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, and Center for Energy Nanoscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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21
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Rudenko AE, Khlyabich PP, Thompson BC. Random Poly(3-hexylthiophene- co-3-cyanothiophene) Copolymers via Direct Arylation Polymerization (DArP) for Organic Solar Cells with High Open-Circuit Voltage. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:387-392. [PMID: 35590751 DOI: 10.1021/mz5001652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A family of four poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) based copolymers containing 5, 10, 15, and 20% of 3-cyanothiophene (CNT) incorporated in a random fashion with a regioregular linkage pattern (P3HT-CNT) were successfully synthesized via direct arylation polymerization (DArP). Unique reaction conditions, previously reported for P3HT, were used, which employ very low loadings of Pd(OAc)2 as a catalyst and an inexpensive bulky carboxylic acid (neodecanoic acid) as an essential part of the palladium catalytic center. The chemical structures and optoelectronic properties of DArP P3HT-CNT polymers were found to be similar to those of previously investigated P3HT-CNT polymers synthesized via Stille polycondensation. All polymers are semicrystalline with high hole mobilities and UV-vis absorption profiles that resemble P3HT, while the polymer highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level decreases with increasing content of cyanothiophene in both DArP and Stille P3HT-CNT polymers. In photovoltaic devices with a PC61BM acceptor, DArP P3HT-CNT copolymers showed slightly lower open-circuit voltages (Voc) than their Stille P3HT-CNT analogues but similar fill factors (FF) and significantly enhanced short-circuit current densities (Jsc), leading to overall power conversion efficiencies for the DArP polymers that rivaled or exceeded those of the Stille polymers. This work further emphasizes the generality and relevance of DArP for the synthesis of conjugated polymers for use in organic solar cells and the attractive simplicity and ease of synthesis of random conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey E. Rudenko
- Department of Chemistry and
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Petr P. Khlyabich
- Department of Chemistry and
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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