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Fallon KJ, Bronstein H. Indolonaphthyridine: A Versatile Chromophore for Organic Electronics Inspired by Natural Indigo Dye. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:182-193. [PMID: 33297676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Organic electronics is an exciting field of research offering innovative technologies from roll-to-roll inkjet-printed solar cells to foldable displays for cellphones and televisions. These functional devices exploit the flexible nature of conjugated organic materials, both polymeric and molecular, to absorb and emit light and to facilitate transport of charge carriers. A major driving force of development within the field is the creation of novel high-performance building blocks, providing a fruitful and ever-growing library of materials for tailored applications. Most of these building blocks contain chromophores that are entirely synthetic, yet there exist many naturally occurring building blocks, which have been relatively overlooked, despite their innate high stability and inexpensive nature. Indigo is the most produced dye worldwide and has one of the richest histories of all known textile dyes, dating before 4000 BC. Indigo's superior photostability has been linked to fast, favorable deactivation pathways following light absorption. But through one straightforward reaction, the chromophore of indigo can be transformed to a new chromophore with remarkable optoelectronic properties.In this Account, we discuss this chromophore, indolonaphthyridine, and give an overview of our research into the synthesis and optoelectronics properties of functional organic electronic materials derived from it. The unit's strong, fused planar construction contains bis-imide functional groups in similarity to the field-favorite diketopyrrolopyrrole, and similarly requires solubilizing with long alkyl chains, the installation of which is nontrivial and achieved using a protecting group strategy. Our solubilized indolonaphthyridine monomer allows us to copolymerize it with simple archetypal comonomers (thiophene, benzothiadiazole, etc.), in contrast to the other research groups working on the chromophore, who employ complex alkylated comonomer units. We discovered materials with extraordinary performance in organic photovoltaics, affording power conversion efficiencies up to 4.1% in the near-IR region of the spectrum. In organic field-effect transistors, the copolymers exhibited ambipolar transport and notable n-type mobilities up to 3.1 cm2/(V s), well above the benchmark set by silicon (1 cm2/(V s)). The strong absorption in the near-IR allowed us to explore the use of the polymers as contrast agents in photoacoustic imaging, an emerging technique capable of achieving deep tissue penetration without the need for ionizing radiation, while maintaining high contrast and high accuracy responses. Finally, we discuss an exciting aspect of the photophysics of molecular indolonaphthyridine: its ability to undergo singlet fission. Moreover, most singlet fission materials exhibit poor ambient stability; however our molecular indolonaphthyridines exhibit superior stability. It is our hope that this Account showcases the remarkable potential of this relatively unexplored, versatile chromophore and leads to wider adoption in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kealan J. Fallon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Hugo Bronstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
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Liu Z, Ran Y, Xi J, Wang J. Polymeric hybrid aerogels and their biomedical applications. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:9160-9175. [PMID: 32851389 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01261k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aerogels are a class of porous materials that possess extremely high specific surface area, high pore volume, high porosity, and variable chemical structures. They have been widely applied in the fields of aerospace, chemical engineering, construction, electrotechnics, and biomedicine. In recent years a great boom in aerogels has been observed, where various new aerogels with novel physicochemical properties and functions have been synthesized. Nevertheless, native aerogels with a single component normally face severe problems such as low mechanical strength and lack of functions. One strategy to solve the problems is to construct hybrid aerogels. In this study, a comprehensive review on polymer based hybrid aerogels is presented, including polymer-polymer, polymer-carbon material, and polymer-inorganic hybrid aerogels, which will be introduced and discussed in view of their chemical structures and hybrid structures. Most importantly, polymeric hybrid aerogels are classified into three different composition levels, which are molecular-level, molecular-aggregate-level, and aggregate-level, due to the fact that hybrid aerogels with the same chemical structures but with different composition levels might show quite different functions or properties. The biomedical applications of these hybrid aerogels will also be reviewed and discussed, where the polymeric components in the hybrid aerogels provide the main contribution. This review would provide creative design principles for aerogels by considering both their chemical and physical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongjian Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, P. R. China.
| | - Yuanyuan Ran
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, P. R. China.
| | - Jianing Xi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, P. R. China.
| | - Jin Wang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China. and Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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3
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Jarosz T, Gebka K, Stolarczyk A. Recent Advances in Conjugated Graft Copolymers: Approaches and Applications. Molecules 2019; 24:E3019. [PMID: 31434298 PMCID: PMC6721028 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24163019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of this mini review is to summarise the most recent progress in the field of conjugated graft copolymers featuring conjugation across the main chain, across side chains or across both. The main approaches to the synthesis of conjugated graft copolymers are highlighted, and the various trends in the development of new copolymer materials and the intended directions of their applications are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Jarosz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 9 Strzody Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 6 Krzywoustego Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Karolina Gebka
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 9 Strzody Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Stolarczyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 9 Strzody Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
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Horatz K, Ditte K, Prenveille T, Zhang K, Jehnichen D, Kiriy A, Voit B, Lissel F. Amorphous Conjugated Polymers as Efficient Dual‐Mode MALDI Matrices for Low‐Molecular‐Weight Analytes. Chempluschem 2019; 84:1338-1345. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Horatz
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstraße 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Kristina Ditte
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstraße 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Thomas Prenveille
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstraße 01062 Dresden Germany
- Arkema S.A, Colombes, France
| | - Ke‐Nan Zhang
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstraße 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Dieter Jehnichen
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Anton Kiriy
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstraße 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Franziska Lissel
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstraße 01062 Dresden Germany
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5
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Bhardwaj D, Shahjad, Gupta S, Yadav P, Bhargav R, Patra A. All Conjugated Poly(3-hexylthiophene)-block
-poly(hexyl-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Copolymers. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Bhardwaj
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-National Physical Laboratory Campus, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg; New Delhi- 110012 India
- Flexible Organic Energy Devices, Advanced Materials and Devices; CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg; New Delhi- 110012 India
| | - Shahjad
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-National Physical Laboratory Campus, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg; New Delhi- 110012 India
- Flexible Organic Energy Devices, Advanced Materials and Devices; CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg; New Delhi- 110012 India
| | - Sonal Gupta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-National Physical Laboratory Campus, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg; New Delhi- 110012 India
- Flexible Organic Energy Devices, Advanced Materials and Devices; CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg; New Delhi- 110012 India
| | - Preeti Yadav
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-National Physical Laboratory Campus, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg; New Delhi- 110012 India
- Flexible Organic Energy Devices, Advanced Materials and Devices; CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg; New Delhi- 110012 India
| | - Ranoo Bhargav
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-National Physical Laboratory Campus, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg; New Delhi- 110012 India
- Flexible Organic Energy Devices, Advanced Materials and Devices; CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg; New Delhi- 110012 India
| | - Asit Patra
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-National Physical Laboratory Campus, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg; New Delhi- 110012 India
- Flexible Organic Energy Devices, Advanced Materials and Devices; CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg; New Delhi- 110012 India
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6
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Nübling F, Komber H, Sommer M. All-Conjugated, All-Crystalline Donor–Acceptor Block Copolymers P3HT-b-PNDIT2 via Direct Arylation Polycondensation. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Nübling
- Makromolekulare
Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut
für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Makromolekulare
Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Institut
für interaktive Materialien und bioinspirierte Technologien, Georges-Koehler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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7
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Schroot R, Jäger M, Schubert US. Synthetic approaches towards structurally-defined electrochemically and (photo)redox-active polymer architectures. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:2754-2798. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00811a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review details synthetic strategies leading to structurally-defined electrochemically and (photo)redox-active polymer architectures,e.g.block, graft and end functionalized (co)polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schroot
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Michael Jäger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)
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8
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Smith KA, Lin YH, Mok JW, Yager KG, Strzalka J, Nie W, Mohite AD, Verduzco R. Molecular Origin of Photovoltaic Performance in Donor-block-Acceptor All-Conjugated Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kendall A. Smith
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100
Main St., Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Yen-Hao Lin
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100
Main St., Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jorge W. Mok
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100
Main St., Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Kevin G. Yager
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-ray
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Wanyi Nie
- Materials
Physics and Applications (MPA) Division, Mail Stop: K771, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - Aditya D. Mohite
- Materials
Physics and Applications (MPA) Division, Mail Stop: K771, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100
Main St., Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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9
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Bridges CR, Yan H, Pollit AA, Seferos DS. Controlled Synthesis of Fully π-Conjugated Donor-Acceptor Block Copolymers Using a Ni(II) Diimine Catalyst. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:671-674. [PMID: 35590766 DOI: 10.1021/mz500314p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We use a Ni(II) diimine catalyst to prepare the first examples of the controlled synthesis of electron-rich/electron-deficient all-conjugated diblock copolymers. These catalysts are able to control polymerizations of both electron-rich and electron-deficient monomers, which we attribute to strong association to both monomer types. Block copolymers are prepared by controlled chain extension, and their structure is verified by gel permeation chromatography, 1H NMR, electrochemistry, calorimetry, and atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R. Bridges
- Department of Chemistry,
Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Han Yan
- Department of Chemistry,
Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Adam A. Pollit
- Department of Chemistry,
Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department of Chemistry,
Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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