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Abstract
Many structures in nature look symmetric, but this is not completely accurate, because absolute symmetry is close to death. Chirality (handedness) is one form of living asymmetry. Chirality has been extensively investigated at different levels. Many rules were coined in attempts made for many decades to have control over the selection of handedness that seems to easily occur in nature. It is certain that if good control is realized on chirality, the roads will be ultimately open towards numerous developments in pharmaceutical, technological, and industrial applications. This tutorial review presents a report on chirality from single molecules to supramolecular assemblies. The realized functions are still in their infancy and have been scarcely converted into actual applications. This review provides an overview for starters in the chirality field of research on concepts, common methodologies, and outstanding accomplishments. It starts with an introductory section on the definitions and classifications of chirality at the different levels of molecular complexity, followed by highlighting the importance of chirality in biological systems and the different means of realizing chirality and its inversion in solid and solution-based systems at molecular and supramolecular levels. Chirality-relevant important findings and (bio-)technological applications are also reported accordingly.
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Urushima A, Taura D, Tanaka M, Horimoto N, Tanabe J, Ousaka N, Mori T, Yashima E. Enantiodifferentiating Photodimerization of a 2,6‐Disubstituted Anthracene Assisted by Supramolecular Double‐Helix Formation with Chiral Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akio Urushima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Daisuke Taura
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Makoto Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Naomichi Horimoto
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Junki Tanabe
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Naoki Ousaka
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka University 2-1 Yamada-oka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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Urushima A, Taura D, Tanaka M, Horimoto N, Tanabe J, Ousaka N, Mori T, Yashima E. Enantiodifferentiating Photodimerization of a 2,6‐Disubstituted Anthracene Assisted by Supramolecular Double‐Helix Formation with Chiral Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7478-7486. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akio Urushima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Daisuke Taura
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Makoto Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Naomichi Horimoto
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Junki Tanabe
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Naoki Ousaka
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka University 2-1 Yamada-oka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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Tanabe J, Taura D, Ousaka N, Yashima E. Chiral Template-Directed Regio-, Diastereo-, and Enantioselective Photodimerization of an Anthracene Derivative Assisted by Complementary Amidinium-Carboxylate Salt Bridge Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7388-7398. [PMID: 28485968 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of optically active amidine dimers composed of m-terphenyl backbones joined by a variety of linkers, such as achiral and chiral p-phenylene and chiral amide linkers, were synthesized and used as templates for the regio- (head-to-tail (HT) or head-to-head (HH)), diastereo- (anti or syn), and enantioselective [4 + 4] photocyclodimerization of an achiral m-terphenyl-based carboxylic acid monomer bearing a prochiral 2-substituted anthracene at one end (1) through complementary amidinium-carboxylate salt bridges. The amidine dimers linked by p-phenylene linkages almost exclusively afforded the chiral syn-HT and anti-HH dimers at 25 °C, while those joined by amide linkers produced all four dimers. The p-phenylene-linked templates tended to enhance the syn-HT-photodimer formation at high temperatures with no significant changes in the product enantiomeric excess (ee), while the anti-HH-photodimer formation remarkably increased with the decreasing temperature accompanied by a significant enhancement of the product ee up to -86% at -50 °C. Temperature-dependent inversion of the chirality of the anti-HH dimer was observed when the chiral phenylene-linked amidine dimer was used and the product ee was changed from 22% at 50 °C to -86% at -50 °C. A similar enhancement of the enantioselectivity of the anti-HH dimer was also observed for the chiral amide-linked template, producing the anti-HH dimer with up to -88% ee at -50 °C. The observed difference in the regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivities due to the difference in the linker structures of the amidine dimers during the template-directed photodimerization of 1 was discussed on the basis of a reversible conformational change in the amidine dimers complexed with 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junki Tanabe
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Daisuke Taura
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Naoki Ousaka
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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Pothanagandhi N, Sivaramakrishna A, Vijayakrishna K. Chiral anion-triggered helical poly(ionic liquids). Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py02012g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anion-triggered chirality and helicity in PILs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kari Vijayakrishna
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Advanced Sciences
- VIT University
- Vellore-632014
- India
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Yashima E, Ousaka N, Taura D, Shimomura K, Ikai T, Maeda K. Supramolecular Helical Systems: Helical Assemblies of Small Molecules, Foldamers, and Polymers with Chiral Amplification and Their Functions. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13752-13990. [PMID: 27754649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1198] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we describe the recent advances in supramolecular helical assemblies formed from chiral and achiral small molecules, oligomers (foldamers), and helical and nonhelical polymers from the viewpoints of their formations with unique chiral phenomena, such as amplification of chirality during the dynamic helically assembled processes, properties, and specific functionalities, some of which have not been observed in or achieved by biological systems. In addition, a brief historical overview of the helical assemblies of small molecules and remarkable progress in the synthesis of single-stranded and multistranded helical foldamers and polymers, their properties, structures, and functions, mainly since 2009, will also be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Naoki Ousaka
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Daisuke Taura
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kouhei Shimomura
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ikai
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Maeda
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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Maeda K, Miyagawa T, Furuko A, Onouchi H, Yashima E. Dual Memory of Enantiomeric Helices in Poly(phenylacetylene)s Induced by a Single Enantiomer through Helix Inversion and Dual Storage of the Enantiomeric Helicity Memories. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Maeda
- Department
of Molecular Design
and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Toyoharu Miyagawa
- Department
of Molecular Design
and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Akira Furuko
- Department
of Molecular Design
and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hisanari Onouchi
- Department
of Molecular Design
and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department
of Molecular Design
and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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Makiguchi W, Tanabe J, Yamada H, Iida H, Taura D, Ousaka N, Yashima E. Chirality- and sequence-selective successive self-sorting via specific homo- and complementary-duplex formations. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7236. [PMID: 26051291 PMCID: PMC4468858 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-recognition and self-discrimination within complex mixtures are of fundamental importance in biological systems, which entirely rely on the preprogrammed monomer sequences and homochirality of biological macromolecules. Here we report artificial chirality- and sequence-selective successive self-sorting of chiral dimeric strands bearing carboxylic acid or amidine groups joined by chiral amide linkers with different sequences through homo- and complementary-duplex formations. A mixture of carboxylic acid dimers linked by racemic-1,2-cyclohexane bis-amides with different amide sequences (NHCO or CONH) self-associate to form homoduplexes in a completely sequence-selective way, the structures of which are different from each other depending on the linker amide sequences. The further addition of an enantiopure amide-linked amidine dimer to a mixture of the racemic carboxylic acid dimers resulted in the formation of a single optically pure complementary duplex with a 100% diastereoselectivity and complete sequence specificity stabilized by the amidinium–carboxylate salt bridges, leading to the perfect chirality- and sequence-selective duplex formation. The recognition and self-sorting of chiral molecules is a vital feature of many biomolecules. Here, the authors report chirality- and sequence-specific self-sorting of organic strands containing carboxylic acid or amidine groups, leading to selective duplex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Makiguchi
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Junki Tanabe
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Yamada
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iida
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Daisuke Taura
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Naoki Ousaka
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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