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Cook-Chennault K, Anaokar S, Medina Vázquez AM, Chennault M. Influence of High Strain Dynamic Loading on HEMA-DMAEMA Hydrogel Storage Modulus and Time Dependence. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1797. [PMID: 39000653 PMCID: PMC11244401 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels have been extensively studied for biomedical applications such as drug delivery, tissue-engineered scaffolds, and biosensors. There is a gap in the literature pertaining to the mechanical properties of hydrogel materials subjected to high-strain dynamic-loading conditions even though empirical data of this type are needed to advance the design of innovative biomedical designs and inform numerical models. For this work, HEMA-DMAEMA hydrogels are fabricated using a photopolymerization approach. Hydrogels are subjected to high-compression oscillatory dynamic mechanical loading at strain rates equal to 50%, 60%, and 70%, and storage and loss moduli are observed over time, e.g., 72 h and 5, 10, and 15 days. As expected, the increased strains resulted in lower storage and loss moduli, which could be attributed to a breakdown in the hydrogel network attributed to several mechanisms, e.g., increased network disruption, chain scission or slippage, and partial plastic deformation. This study helps to advance our understanding of hydrogels subjected to high strain rates to understand their viscoelastic behavior, i.e., strain rate sensitivity, energy dissipation mechanisms, and deformation kinetics, which are needed for the accurate modeling and prediction of hydrogel behavior in real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Cook-Chennault
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-5750, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08554-5750, USA
| | - Sharmad Anaokar
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-5750, USA
| | | | - Mizan Chennault
- STEM Academy, Stuart Country Day School, Princeton, NJ 08540-1234, USA;
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2
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Li S, Lu D, Li S, Liu J, Xu Y, Yan Y, Rodriguez JZ, Bai H, Avila R, Kang S, Ni X, Luan H, Guo H, Bai W, Wu C, Zhou X, Hu Z, Pet MA, Hammill CW, MacEwan MR, Ray WZ, Huang Y, Rogers JA. Bioresorbable, wireless, passive sensors for continuous pH measurements and early detection of gastric leakage. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj0268. [PMID: 38640247 PMCID: PMC11029800 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Continuous monitoring of biomarkers at locations adjacent to targeted internal organs can provide actionable information about postoperative status beyond conventional diagnostic methods. As an example, changes in pH in the intra-abdominal space after gastric surgeries can serve as direct indicators of potentially life-threatening leakage events, in contrast to symptomatic reactions that may delay treatment. Here, we report a bioresorbable, wireless, passive sensor that addresses this clinical need, designed to locally monitor pH for early detection of gastric leakage. A pH-responsive hydrogel serves as a transducer that couples to a mechanically optimized inductor-capacitor circuit for wireless readout. This platform enables real-time monitoring of pH with fast response time (within 1 hour) over a clinically relevant period (up to 7 days) and timely detection of simulated gastric leaks in animal models. These concepts have broad potential applications for temporary sensing of relevant biomarkers during critical risk periods following diverse types of surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Di Lu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shupeng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yameng Xu
- The Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jorge Zárate Rodriguez
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hedan Bai
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Raudel Avila
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Shuming Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Xinchen Ni
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Haiwen Luan
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Hexia Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Wubin Bai
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Changsheng Wu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Xuhao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Ziying Hu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Mitchell A. Pet
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chet W. Hammill
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew R. MacEwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wilson Z. Ray
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - John A. Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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3
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Leng Q, Imtiyaz Z, Woodle MC, Mixson AJ. Delivery of Chemotherapy Agents and Nucleic Acids with pH-Dependent Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1482. [PMID: 37242725 PMCID: PMC10222096 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
With less than one percent of systemically injected nanoparticles accumulating in tumors, several novel approaches have been spurred to direct and release the therapy in or near tumors. One such approach depends on the acidic pH of the extracellular matrix and endosomes of the tumor. With an average pH of 6.8, the extracellular tumor matrix provides a gradient for pH-responsive particles to accumulate, enabling greater specificity. Upon uptake by tumor cells, nanoparticles are further exposed to lower pHs, reaching a pH of 5 in late endosomes. Based on these two acidic environments in the tumor, various pH-dependent targeting strategies have been employed to release chemotherapy or the combination of chemotherapy and nucleic acids from macromolecules such as the keratin protein or polymeric nanoparticles. We will review these release strategies, including pH-sensitive linkages between the carrier and hydrophobic chemotherapy agent, the protonation and disruption of polymeric nanoparticles, an amalgam of these first two approaches, and the release of polymers shielding drug-loaded nanoparticles. While several pH-sensitive strategies have demonstrated marked antitumor efficacy in preclinical trials, many studies are early in their development with several obstacles that may limit their clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixin Leng
- Department of Pathology, University Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 10 S. Pine St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA (Z.I.)
| | - Zuha Imtiyaz
- Department of Pathology, University Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 10 S. Pine St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA (Z.I.)
| | | | - A. James Mixson
- Department of Pathology, University Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 10 S. Pine St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA (Z.I.)
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4
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Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of PMMA and PNIPAM based block copolymers by using PEG based macro RAFT agents. J CHEM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-022-02047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Prasser Q, Steinbach D, Kodura D, Schildknecht V, König K, Weber C, Brendler E, Vogt C, Peuker U, Barner-Kowollik C, Mertens F, Schacher FH, Goldmann AS, Plamper FA. Electrochemical Stimulation of Water-Oil Interfaces by Nonionic-Cationic Block Copolymer Systems. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:1073-1081. [PMID: 33356289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Variable interfacial tension could be desirable for many applications. Beyond classical stimuli like temperature, we introduce an electrochemical approach employing polymers. Hence, aqueous solutions of the nonionic-cationic block copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)114-b-poly{[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]diisopropylmethylammonium chloride}171 (i.e., PEO114-b-PDPAEMA171 with a quaternized poly(diisopropylaminoethyl methacrylate) block) were investigated by emerging drop measurements and dynamic light scattering, analyzing the PEO114-b-qPDPAEMA171 impact on the interfacial tension between water and n-decane and its micellar formation in the aqueous bulk phase. Potassium hexacyanoferrates (HCFs) were used as electroactive complexants for the charged block, which convert the bishydrophilic copolymer into amphiphilic species. Interestingly, ferricyanides ([Fe(CN)6]3-) act as stronger complexants than ferrocyanides ([Fe(CN)6]4-), leading to an insoluble qPDPAEMA block in the presence of ferricyanides. Hence, bulk micellization was demonstrated by light scattering. Due to their addressability, in situ redox experiments were performed to trace the interfacial tension under electrochemical control, directly utilizing a drop shape analyzer. Here, the open-circuit potential (OCP) was changed by electrolysis to vary the ratio between ferricyanides and ferrocyanides in the aqueous solution. While a chemical oxidation/reduction is feasible, also an electrochemical oxidation leads to a significant change in the interfacial tension properties. In contrast, a corresponding electrochemical reduction showed only a slight response after converting ferricyanides to ferrocyanides. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of the liquid/liquid interface transferred to a solid substrate showed particles that are in accordance with the diameter from light scattering experiments of the bulk phase. In conclusion, the present results could be an important step toward economic switching of interfaces suitable, e.g., for emulsion breakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quirin Prasser
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Steinbach
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kodura
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Vincent Schildknecht
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Katja König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mineral Processing, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Agricolastraße 1, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
- Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, Germany
| | - Erica Brendler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Straße 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Carla Vogt
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Straße 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Urs Peuker
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mineral Processing, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Agricolastraße 1, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Florian Mertens
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anja S Goldmann
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Felix A Plamper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
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6
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L. M. Gonçalves J, J. Castanheira E, P. C. Alves S, Baleizão C, Farinha JP. Grafting with RAFT-gRAFT Strategies to Prepare Hybrid Nanocarriers with Core-shell Architecture. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2175. [PMID: 32977680 PMCID: PMC7598713 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymer materials are used in smart nanocarriers to provide the stimuli-actuated mechanical and chemical changes that modulate cargo delivery. To take full advantage of the potential of stimuli-responsive polymers for controlled delivery applications, these have been grafted to the surface of mesoporous silica particles (MSNs), which are mechanically robust, have very large surface areas and available pore volumes, uniform and tunable pore sizes and a large diversity of surface functionalization options. Here, we explore the impact of different RAFT-based grafting strategies on the amount of a pH-responsive polymer incorporated in the shell of MSNs. Using a "grafting to" (gRAFT-to) approach we studied the effect of polymer chain size on the amount of polymer in the shell. This was compared with the results obtained with a "grafting from" (gRAFT-from) approach, which yield slightly better polymer incorporation values. These two traditional grafting methods yield relatively limited amounts of polymer incorporation, due to steric hindrance between free chains in "grafting to" and to termination reactions between growing chains in "grafting from." To increase the amount of polymer in the nanocarrier shell, we developed two strategies to improve the "grafting from" process. In the first, we added a cross-linking agent (gRAFT-cross) to limit the mobility of the growing polymer and thus decrease termination reactions at the MSN surface. On the second, we tested a hybrid grafting process (gRAFT-hybrid) where we added MSNs functionalized with chain transfer agent to the reaction media containing monomer and growing free polymer chains. Our results show that both modifications yield a significative increase in the amount of grafted polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carlos Baleizão
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.L.M.G.); (E.J.C.); (S.P.C.A.)
| | - José Paulo Farinha
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.L.M.G.); (E.J.C.); (S.P.C.A.)
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7
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Dai X, Bai Y, Zhang Y, Ma Z, Li J, Sun H, Zhang X. Protonation-Activity Relationship of Bioinspired Ionizable Glycomimetics for the Growth Inhibition of Bacteria. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:3868-3879. [PMID: 35025257 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Variations in physiological parameters (i.e., pH, redox potential, and ions) for distinct types of diseases make them attractive targets. Ionizable groups capable of pH-dependent charge conversion impart pH-switchable materials under acid condition through the protonation effect, which stimulates the emergence of various pH-inspired materials. However, it is confusing to distinguish preferable groups for high-efficiency drug-delivery vehicles attributing to the lack of perceiving the relationship between protonation and activity. Herein, we developed a series of bioinspired ionizable glycomimetics responses to the ambient variation from physiological environment (pH 7.4) to bacterial infectious acidic microenvironment (pH 6.0) to explore the protonation-activity relationship of various ionizable groups. The nanoparticles are coated with bacterial adhesion molecules galactose and fucose to target Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, the particle cores were composed of ionizable polymers responding to acidic microenvironment changes and entrapped antibiotic payload. Ionizable glyconanoparticles targeted bacteria and local cues as triggers to transfer payloads in on-demand patterns for the inhibition of bacteria-related infection. Significantly, we find that the nanoparticles with the pH-sensitive block of ionizable poly(2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (pDPA) exhibit predominant bacterial adhesion and killing and growth inhibition of biofilm in acid environment (pH 6.0) due to the ionizable polymer protonation effect with more positive charge cooperated with the lectin-targeted effect of polysaccharide causing a huge bacterial aggregation and a highly favorable germicidal effect. The nanoparticles with poly(2-(hexamethyleneimino)ethyl methacrylate) (pHMEMA) have suboptimal antibacterial activity but advanced protonation at pH 6.3 compared to pDPA at 6.1, suggesting its selection as an applicable pH-switchable group for a slightly higher acid microenvironment like tumor (pH 6.9-6.5) because of the efficient performance after protonation than at deprotonation. On the other hand, the glycomimetic containing poly(2-(dibutylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (pDBA) as a pH-sensitive moiety displayed weak antimicrobial activity and superior stability before protonation (pH 4.7), which make it possible to prevent premature drug leakage, suggesting that pDBA is a good candidate to be applied to construct pH-sensitive drug-delivery carriers for the treatment of bacteria-related infection with a low acidic microenvironment. Overall, the structure-activity relationship of ionizable glycomimetics for the inhibition of bacteria signifies not only the development of a drug-delivery system but also the mechanism-dependent treatment of nanomedicine for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijuan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yayun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhuang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Haonan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xinge Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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8
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Deng X, Livingston JL, Spear NJ, Jennings GK. pH-Responsive Copolymer Films Prepared by Surface-Initiated Polymerization and Simple Modification. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:715-722. [PMID: 31917924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the preparation of pH-responsive, ester/carboxylic acid random copolymer films via simple modification of poly(norbornene diacyl chloride) (pNBDAC), prepared via surface-initiated ring-opening metathesis polymerization, with mixtures of water and ethanol to form carboxylic acid and ethyl ester side groups. The pNBDAC film serves as a compositionally versatile platform to controllably obtain copolymers with multiple functionalities. In modifying the pNBDAC to form the copolymer film, ethanol exhibits a significantly higher reactivity with acyl chloride groups within the film than does water. The magnitude and range of the pH-responsive performance are highly dependent on the carboxylic acid content in the copolymer films, which demonstrates the effect of film hydrophilicity on the pH-responsive switching of ionic barrier properties. The resistance of the film against ion transfer can be decreased by a factor of 104 through pH change, demonstrating pH-induced switching from hydrophobic and insulating to swollen and ion-permeable films. The interactions of the copolymer films with water at different pH values were also explored. When the copolymer contains 34% carboxylic acids, a 4× greater film thickness is obtained in high pH solution than in low pH solution due to ionically driven water swelling. The reversibility of the pH-responsive performance of these copolymer films is high based on measurements using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanli Deng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee , 37205
| | - Joshua L Livingston
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee , 37205
| | - Nathan J Spear
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee , 37205
| | - G Kane Jennings
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee , 37205
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9
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Gonçalves JLM, Crucho CIC, Alves SPC, Baleizão C, Farinha JPS. Hybrid Mesoporous Nanoparticles for pH-Actuated Controlled Release. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E483. [PMID: 30917559 PMCID: PMC6474099 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Among a variety of inorganic-based nanomaterials, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have several attractive features for application as a delivery system, due to their high surface areas, large pore volumes, uniform and tunable pore sizes, high mechanical stability, and a great diversity of surface functionalization options. We developed novel hybrid MSNs composed of a mesoporous silica nanostructure core and a pH-responsive polymer shell. The polymer shell was prepared by RAFT polymerization of 2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate (pKa ~6.5), using a hybrid grafting approach. The hybrid nanoparticles have diameters of ca. 100 nm at pH < 6.5 and ca. 60 nm at pH > 6.5. An excellent control of cargo release is achieved by the combined effect of electrostatic interaction of the cargo with the charged silica and the extended cationic polymer chains at low pH, and the reduction of electrostatic attraction with a simultaneous collapse of the polymer chains to a globular conformation at higher pH. The system presents a very low (almost null) release rate at acidic pH values and a large release rate at basic pH, resulting from the squeezing-out effect of the coil-to-globule transition in the polymer shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L M Gonçalves
- Centro de Química Estrutural and CQFM-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Carina I C Crucho
- Centro de Química Estrutural and CQFM-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Sérgio P C Alves
- Centro de Química Estrutural and CQFM-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Baleizão
- Centro de Química Estrutural and CQFM-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - José Paulo S Farinha
- Centro de Química Estrutural and CQFM-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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10
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Olden BR, Cheng E, Cheng Y, Pun SH. Identifying key barriers in cationic polymer gene delivery to human T cells. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:789-797. [PMID: 30633266 PMCID: PMC6391219 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01262h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
T cells have emerged as a therapeutically-relevant target for ex vivo gene delivery and editing. However, most commercially available reagents cannot transfect T cells and designing cationic polymers for non-viral gene delivery to T cells has resulted in moderate success. Here, we assess various barriers to successful gene transfer in the Jurkat human T cell line and primary human T cells. Using two polymers previously developed by our group, we show that uptake is one barrier to gene delivery in primary human T cells but is not predictive of successful gene delivery. We then probe intracellular pathways for barriers to gene transfer including endosomal acidification, autophagy, and immune sensing pathways. We find that endosomal acidification is slower and not as robust in human T cells compared to the model HeLa human cell line commonly used to evaluate cationic polymers for gene delivery. These studies inform the future design of cationic polymers for non-viral gene delivery to T cells, specifically, to rely on alternative endosomal release mechanisms rather than on pH-triggered release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynn R Olden
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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11
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Arredondo J, Champagne P, Cunningham MF. RAFT-mediated polymerisation of dialkylaminoethyl methacrylates in tert-butanol. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01803k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dialkylaminoethyl methacrylates were polymerised by RAFT in tert-butanol to make macro-chain transfer agents for subsequent grafting onto various substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Arredondo
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
| | - P. Champagne
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
- Department of Civil Engineering
| | - M. F. Cunningham
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
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12
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Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymers respond to a variety of external stimuli, which include optical, electrical, thermal, mechanical, redox, pH, chemical, environmental and biological signals. This paper is concerned with the process of forming such polymers by RAFT polymerization.
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13
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Cunningham MF, Jessop PG. An introduction to the principles and fundamentals of CO2-switchable polymers and polymer colloids. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zhu L, Yang Y, Farquhar K, Wang J, Tian C, Ranville J, Boyes SG. Surface Modification of Gd Nanoparticles with pH-Responsive Block Copolymers for Use As Smart MRI Contrast Agents. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:5040-5050. [PMID: 26790986 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the understanding of fundamental cancer biology, cancer remains the second most common cause of death in the United States. One of the primary factors indicative of high cancer morbidity and mortality and aggressive cancer phenotypes is tumors with a low extracellular pH (pHe). Thus, the ability to measure tumor pHe in vivo using noninvasive and accurate techniques that also provide high spatiotemporal resolution has become increasingly important and is of great interest to researchers and clinicians. In an effort to develop a pH-responsive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent (CA) that has the potential to be used to measure tumor pHe, well-defined pH-responsive polymers, synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, were attached to the surface of gadolinium-based nanoparticles (GdNPs) via a "grafting to" method after reduction of the thiocarbonylthio end groups. The successful modification of the GdNPs was verified by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic light scattering. The performance of the pH-responsive polymer modified GdNPs was then evaluated for potential use as smart MRI CAs via monitoring the relaxivity changes with changing environmental pH. The results suggested that the pH-responsive polymers can be used to effectively modify the GdNPs surface to prepare a smart contrast agent for MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Kirsten Farquhar
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Chixia Tian
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - James Ranville
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Stephen G Boyes
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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Abel BA, Sims MB, McCormick CL. Tunable pH- and CO2-Responsive Sulfonamide-Containing Polymers by RAFT Polymerization. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brooks A. Abel
- Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
| | - Michael B. Sims
- Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
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