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Zhou Y, Zhu Z, Zhang K, Yang B. Molecular Structure and Properties of Sulfur-Containing High Refractive Index Polymer Optical Materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300411. [PMID: 37632834 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
High refractive index polymers (HRIPs) are widely used in lenses, waveguide, antireflective layer and encapsulators, especially the advanced fields of augmented/virtual reality (AR / VR) holographic technology and photoresist for chip manufacturing. In order to meet the needs of different applications, the development of HRIPs focuses not only on the increase in refractive index but also on the balance of other properties. Sulfur-containing high refractive index polymers have received extensive attention from researchers due to their excellent properties. In recent years, not only ultrahigh refractive index sulfur-containing polymers have been continuously developed, but also low dispersion, low birefringence, high transparency, good mechanical properties, and machinability have been studied. The design of HRIPs is generally based on formulas and existing experience. In fact, molecular structure and properties are closely related. Mastering the structure-property relationship helps researchers to develop high refractive index polymer materials with balanced properties. This review briefly introduces the preparation methods of sulfur-containing high refractive index polymers, and summarizes the structure-property relationship between the sulfur-containing molecular structure and optical properties, mechanical properties, thermal properties, etc. Finally, the important role of synergistic effect in the synthesis of HRIPs and the prospect of future research on HRIPs are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Zhicheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
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2
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Briesenick M, Gallei M, Kickelbick G. High-Refractive-Index Polysiloxanes Containing Naphthyl and Phenanthrenyl Groups and Their Thermally Cross-Linked Resins. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max Briesenick
- Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus, Building C4 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Markus Gallei
- Polymer Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus, Building C4 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Guido Kickelbick
- Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus, Building C4 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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3
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Albukhari SM, Hussein MA, Abdel Rahman MA, Marwani HM. Highly selective heteroaromatic sulfur containing polyamides for Hg +2 environmental remediation. Des Monomers Polym 2020; 23:25-39. [PMID: 32127791 PMCID: PMC7034069 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2020.1727172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental remediation concerns about pollution and contamination removal from environmental media, such as soil, air, or surface water. Enormous efforts have been applied in metal removal from surface water. In this study, four novel heteroaromatic sulfur-containing polyamides 6a-d carry both types of aliphatic and aromatic species in their polymer backbones as selective adsorbents for Hg+2 metal ion from aqueous solution have been synthesized in considerable amounts. The polycondensation method at low temperature is used as a simple and low coast polymerization technique. This occurred by the interaction of the thiophene-based monomer 5 with different diacid chlorides of both types. Beforehand the polymerization, the structures of monomer 5 were confirmed by spectral and elemental analyses. Also, the structures of the new polymers were investigated by both spectral and elemental analysis; besides their solubility, GPC data, XRD diffraction patterns, thermal analysis, and FE-SEM micrographs. The synthesized polymers were freely soluble in polar protic solvents due to the presence of heteroaromatic sulfur functional groups. Furthermore, the analytical competition of the new polymers has been tested using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) for its selective extraction across different metal ions. Polymer 6c was the most selective toward Hg+2 and considered as a highly selective adsorbent for Hg+2 environmental remediation among all derivatives and its adsorption detection and efficiency were also investigated. Polymer 6c showed the most effective adsorption quantity on its surface at pH = 1. Moreover, the calculated adsorption isotherm showed a typical isotherm to the Langmuir adsorption type. This showed that the adsorption capacity of polymer 6c for Hg+2 was 47.95 mg g-1. These novel polymers are serving as simple and inexpensive heavy metal ions adsorbent materials from drinking water and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha M. Albukhari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A. Hussein
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Polymer Chemistry Lab. 122, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mona A. Abdel Rahman
- Polymer Chemistry Lab. 122, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hadi M. Marwani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Du W, Tan L, Zhang Y, Yang H, Chen H. Rheological and kinetic investigation into isothermal curing of a thermoset polythiourethane system. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2019.1625381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Du
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianjiang Tan
- Research Institute of Zhejiang University-Taizhou, Taizhou, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haipeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Han T, Yao Z, Qiu Z, Zhao Z, Wu K, Wang J, Poon AW, Lam JWY, Tang BZ. Photoresponsive spiro-polymers generated in situ by C-H-activated polyspiroannulation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5483. [PMID: 31792223 PMCID: PMC6889291 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13308-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of facile and efficient polymerizations toward functional polymers with unique structures and attractive properties is of great academic and industrial significance. Here we develop a straightforward C-H-activated polyspiroannulation route to in situ generate photoresponsive spiro-polymers with complex structures. The palladium(II)-catalyzed stepwise polyspiroannulations of free naphthols and internal diynes proceed efficiently in dimethylsulfoxide at 120 °C without the constraint of apparent stoichiometric balance in monomers. A series of functional polymers with multisubstituted spiro-segments and absolute molecular weights of up to 39,000 are produced in high yields (up to 99%). The obtained spiro-polymers can be readily fabricated into different well-resolved fluorescent photopatterns with both turn-off and turn-on modes based on their photoinduced fluorescence change. Taking advantage of their photoresponsive refractive index, we successfully apply the polymer thin films in integrated silicon photonics techniques and achieve the permanent modification of resonance wavelengths of microring resonators by UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Han
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518057, China.,Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Center for AIE Research, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhanshi Yao
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zijie Qiu
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518057, China.,Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518057, China.,Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kaiyi Wu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518057, China.,Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew W Poon
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518057, China. .,Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518057, China. .,Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. .,Center for AIE Research, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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6
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High refractive index polythiourethane networks with high mechanical property via thiol-isocyanate click reaction. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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7
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Dynamic Rheological Investigation during Curing of a Thermoset Polythiourethane System. INT J POLYM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/8452793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A polythiourethane thermoset system based on a diisocyanate and a trithiol was investigated by dynamic rheological measurements. Strain sweep was performed to determine the linear elastic region of the thermosetting system. The changes of characteristic parameters including elastic modulus, viscous modulus, and complex viscosity were recorded in a heating ramp to trace the cross-linking and structural evolution during the curing process. Time sweep at constant temperatures was also performed to explore possible curing strategy at reduced temperatures. In addition, frequency sweep was conducted to confirm the temperature- and time-dependent viscoelastic properties of the thermoset system during the curing process. Both continuous heating and isothermal aging gave rise to solidification of the polythiourethane with similar critical structure, as evidenced by the critical values of relaxation exponent. A combination of isothermal aging and heating is expected to be a facile strategy for fabricating thermoset polythiourethane polymers at lower temperature or/and reduced curing time. A kinetic study was done to confirm the gelation characteristics of the polythiourethane system, and the activation energy was also calculated.
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Han T, Zhang Y, He B, Lam JWY, Tang BZ. Functional Poly(dihalopentadiene)s: Stereoselective Synthesis, Aggregation-Enhanced Emission and Sensitive Detection of Explosives. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E821. [PMID: 30960746 PMCID: PMC6403696 DOI: 10.3390/polym10080821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of polymeric materials with novel structures and unique properties and functionalities is of both academic and industrial significance. In this work, functional poly(dihalopentadiene)s were synthesized by boron trihalide-mediated multicomponent polymerization routes in a stereoselective manner. The polymerizations of tetraphenylethylene-containing diyne, BX₃ (X = Cl, Br) and p-tolualdehyde proceed smoothly in dichloromethane under mild conditions to afford high molecular weight poly(dihalopentadiene)s with a predominant (Z,Z)-configuration in moderate to good yields. The reaction conditions and the boron trihalide used were found to have great effects on the stereochemistry of the resulting polymer structures. The obtained poly(1,5-dihalo-(Z,Z)-1,4-pentadiene)s possess high thermal stability and good film-forming ability. Their thin films show high refractive index of 1.9007⁻1.6462 in a wide wavelength region of 380⁻890 nm with low optical dispersion. The polymers are weakly emissive in dilute solutions but become highly emissive upon aggregated, demonstrating a unique phenomenon of aggregation-enhanced emission. Their nanoaggregates in aqueous media can serve as sensitive fluorescent chemosensors for the detection of explosives with a superamplification effect and a low detection limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Han
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China.
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yun Zhang
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China.
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Benzhao He
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China.
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China.
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China.
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
- NSFC Center for Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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9
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Han T, Zhao Z, Lam JWY, Tang BZ. Monomer stoichiometry imbalance-promoted formation of multisubstituted polynaphthalenes by palladium-catalyzed polycouplings of aryl iodides and internal diynes. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01926b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel palladium-catalyzed polymerization route toward multisubstituted polynaphthalenes with high thermal stability and advanced functionalities in a monomer stoichiometry imbalance-promoted manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Han
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute
- Shenzhen 518057
- China
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - Zheng Zhao
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute
- Shenzhen 518057
- China
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - Jacky W. Y. Lam
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute
- Shenzhen 518057
- China
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute
- Shenzhen 518057
- China
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
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10
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Han T, Zhao Z, Deng H, Kwok RTK, Lam JWY, Tang BZ. Iridium-catalyzed polymerization of benzoic acids and internal diynes: a new route for constructing high molecular weight polynaphthalenes without the constraint of monomer stoichiometry. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py02165d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A green and powerful polymerization tool for constructing functional multisubstituted polynaphthalenes without strict control on monomer stoichiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Han
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute
- Nanshan
- China
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - Zheng Zhao
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute
- Nanshan
- China
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - Haiqin Deng
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute
- Nanshan
- China
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - Ryan T. K. Kwok
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute
- Nanshan
- China
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - Jacky W. Y. Lam
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute
- Nanshan
- China
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute
- Nanshan
- China
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
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11
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Salman MK, Karabay B, Karabay LC, Cihaner A. Elemental sulfur-based polymeric materials: Synthesis and characterization. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Khalifa Salman
- Atilim Optoelectronic Materials and Solar Energy Laboratory (ATOMSEL) Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; Atilim University; TR-06836 Ankara Turkey
| | - Baris Karabay
- Atilim Optoelectronic Materials and Solar Energy Laboratory (ATOMSEL) Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; Atilim University; TR-06836 Ankara Turkey
| | - Lutfiye Canan Karabay
- Atilim Optoelectronic Materials and Solar Energy Laboratory (ATOMSEL) Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; Atilim University; TR-06836 Ankara Turkey
| | - Atilla Cihaner
- Atilim Optoelectronic Materials and Solar Energy Laboratory (ATOMSEL) Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; Atilim University; TR-06836 Ankara Turkey
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12
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Javadi A, Najjar Z, Bahadori S, Vatanpour V, Malek A, Abouzari-Lotf E, Shockravi A. High refractive index and low-birefringence polyamides containing thiazole and naphthalene units. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18898a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly refractive and solution processable polyamides (PAs) were synthesized by the introduction of thiazole rings, naphthalene groups, and thioether linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Javadi
- Department of Polymer Engineering
- University of Akron
- Akron
- USA
| | - Zahra Najjar
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Kharazmi University
- 15719-14911 Tehran
- Iran
| | - Saedeh Bahadori
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Kharazmi University
- 15719-14911 Tehran
- Iran
| | - Vahid Vatanpour
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Kharazmi University
- 15719-14911 Tehran
- Iran
| | - Ali Malek
- Department of Chemistry
- Simon Fraser University
- Burnaby
- Canada
| | - Ebrahim Abouzari-Lotf
- Center of Hydrogen Energy
- Institute of Future Energy
- International Campus
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 54100 Kuala Lumpur
| | - Abbas Shockravi
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Kharazmi University
- 15719-14911 Tehran
- Iran
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