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Sneha KR, Sailaja GS. Intrinsically radiopaque biomaterial assortments: a short review on the physical principles, X-ray imageability, and state-of-the-art developments. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:8569-8593. [PMID: 34585717 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01513c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
X-ray attenuation ability, otherwise known as radiopacity of a material, could be indisputably tagged as the central and decisive parameter that produces contrast in an X-ray image. Radiopaque biomaterials are vital in the healthcare sector that helps clinicians to track them unambiguously during pre and post interventional radiological procedures. Medical imaging is one of the most powerful resources in the diagnostic sector that aids improved treatment outcomes for patients. Intrinsically radiopaque biomaterials enable themselves for visual targeting/positioning as well as to monitor their fate and further provide the radiologists with critical insights about the surgical site. Moreover, the emergence of advanced real-time imaging modalities is a boon to the contemporary healthcare systems that allow to perform minimally invasive surgical procedures and thereby reduce the healthcare costs and minimize patient trauma. X-ray based imaging is one such technologically upgraded diagnostic tool with many variants like digital X-ray, computed tomography, digital subtraction angiography, and fluoroscopy. In light of these facts, this review is aimed to briefly consolidate the physical principles of X-ray attenuation by a radiopaque material, measurement of radiopacity, classification of radiopaque biomaterials, and their recent advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Sneha
- Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi - 682022, India.
| | - G S Sailaja
- Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi - 682022, India. .,Interuniversity Centre for Nanomaterials and Devices, CUSAT, Kochi - 682022, India.,Centre for Advanced Materials, CUSAT, Kochi - 682022, India
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Djorgbenoo R, Rubio MMM, Yin Z, Moore KJ, Jayapalan A, Fiadorwu J, Collins BE, Velasco B, Allado K, Tsuruta JK, Gorman CB, Wei J, Johnson KA, He P. Amphiphilic phospholipid-iodinated polymer conjugates for bioimaging. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:5045-5056. [PMID: 34127999 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm02098b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic phospholipid-iodinated polymer conjugates were designed and synthesized as new macromolecular probes for a highly radiopaque and biocompatible imaging technology. Bioconjugation of PEG 2000-phospholipids and iodinated polyesters by click chemistry created amphiphilic moieties with hydrophobic polyesters and hydrophilic PEG units, which allowed their self-assemblies into vesicles or spiked vesicles. More importantly, the conjugates exhibited high radiopacity and biocompatibility in in vitro X-ray and cell viability measurements. This new type of bioimaging contrast agent with a Mn value of 11 289 g mol-1 was found to have a significant X-ray signal at 3.13 mg mL-1 of iodine equivalent than baseline and no cytotoxicity after 48 hours incubation of with HEK and 3T3 cells at 20 μM (20 picomoles) concentration of conjugates per well. The potential of adopting the described macromolecular probes for bioimaging was demonstrated, which could further promote the development of a field-friendly and highly sensitive bioimaging contrast agent for point-of-care diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richmond Djorgbenoo
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, USA.
| | - Mac Michael M Rubio
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, USA.
| | - Ziyu Yin
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, USA
| | - Keyori J Moore
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, USA.
| | - Anitha Jayapalan
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, USA
| | - Joshua Fiadorwu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, USA.
| | - Boyce E Collins
- Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Biomaterials, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, USA
| | - Brian Velasco
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
| | - Kokougan Allado
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, USA
| | - James K Tsuruta
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
| | - Christopher B Gorman
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Jianjun Wei
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, USA
| | - Kennita A Johnson
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
| | - Peng He
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, USA.
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Wu X, Wang X, Chen X, Yang X, Ma Q, Xu G, Yu L, Ding J. Injectable and thermosensitive hydrogels mediating a universal macromolecular contrast agent with radiopacity for noninvasive imaging of deep tissues. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:4717-4728. [PMID: 34136722 PMCID: PMC8165329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is very challenging to visualize implantable medical devices made of biodegradable polymers in deep tissues. Herein, we designed a novel macromolecular contrast agent with ultrahigh radiopacity (iodinate content > 50%) via polymerizing an iodinated trimethylene carbonate monomer into the two ends of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). A set of thermosensitive and biodegradable polyester-PEG-polyester triblock copolymers with varied polyester compositions synthesized by us, which were soluble in water at room temperature and could spontaneously form hydrogels at body temperature, were selected as the demonstration materials. The addition of macromolecular contrast agent did not obviously compromise the injectability and thermogelation properties of polymeric hydrogels, but conferred them with excellent X-ray opacity, enabling visualization of the hydrogels at clinically relevant depths through X-ray fluoroscopy or Micro-CT. In a mouse model, the 3D morphology of the radiopaque hydrogels after injection into different target sites was visible using Micro-CT imaging, and their injection volume could be accurately obtained. Furthermore, the subcutaneous degradation process of a radiopaque hydrogel could be non-invasively monitored in a real-time and quantitative manner. In particular, the corrected degradation curve based on Micro-CT imaging well matched with the degradation profile of virgin polymer hydrogel determined by the gravimetric method. These findings indicate that the macromolecular contrast agent has good universality for the construction of various radiopaque polymer hydrogels, and can nondestructively trace and quantify their degradation in vivo. Meanwhile, the present methodology developed by us affords a platform technology for deep tissue imaging of polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiaobin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Qian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Lin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Institute, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Jiandong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Institute, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
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Lex TR, Brummel BR, Attia MF, Giambalvo LN, Lee KG, Van Horn BA, Whitehead DC, Alexis F. Iodinated Polyesters with Enhanced X-ray Contrast Properties for Biomedical Imaging. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1508. [PMID: 32001741 PMCID: PMC6992777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic materials exhibiting contrast imaging properties have become vital to the field of biomedical imaging. However, polymeric biomaterials are lacking imaging contrast properties for deep tissue imaging. This report details the synthesis and characterization of a suite of aryl-iodo monomers, which were used to prepare iodinated polyesters using a pre-functionalization approach. Commercially available 4-iodo-phenylalanine or 4-iodobenzyl bromide served as the starting materials for the synthesis of three iodinated monomeric moieties (a modified lactide, morpholine-2,5-dione, and caprolactone), which under a tin-mediated ring-opening polymerization (ROP), generated their respective polyesters (PE) or poly(ester amides) (PEA). An increase in X-ray intensity of all synthesized iodine-containing polymers, in comparison to non-iodinated poly(lactic acid) (PLA), validated their functionality as radio-opaque materials. The iodinated-poly(lactic acid) (iPLA) material was visualized through varying thicknesses of chicken tissue, thus demonstrating its potenial as a radio-opaque biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Lex
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, 467 Hunter Laboratories, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Beau R Brummel
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, 467 Hunter Laboratories, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Mohamed F Attia
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, 467 Hunter Laboratories, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 301 Rhodes Research Center, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Lauren N Giambalvo
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, 467 Hunter Laboratories, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Kinsey G Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, 467 Hunter Laboratories, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Brooke A Van Horn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Charleston, 66 George St., Charleston, SC, 29414, USA
| | - Daniel C Whitehead
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, 467 Hunter Laboratories, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
| | - Frank Alexis
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, 467 Hunter Laboratories, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA. .,School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech, San Miguel de Urcuquí, Ecuador.
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Attia MF, Brummel BR, Lex TR, Van Horn BA, Whitehead DC, Alexis F. Recent Advances in Polyesters for Biomedical Imaging. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800798. [PMID: 30295005 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several synthetic materials exhibiting contrast imaging properties have become vital to the field of biomedical imaging. Polymeric biomaterials and metals are commonly used imaging agents and can assist in the monitoring of therapy response, migration, degradation, changes in morphology, defects, and image-guided surgery. In comparison to metals, most bio and synthetic polymers lack inherent imaging properties. Polymeric biomaterials, specifically polyesters, have gained a considerable amount of attention due to their unique properties including biocompatibility, biodegradation, facile synthesis, and modification capability. Polyester implants and nanomaterials are available on the market or are in clinical trials for many applications including: dental implants, cranio-maxilofacial implants, soft tissue sutures and staples, abdominal wall repair, tendon and ligament reconstruction, fracture fixation devices, and coronary drug eluting stents. This review aims to provide a summary of the recent developments of polyesters with bioimaging contrast properties. The three main approaches to prepare bioimaging polyesters (coating, encapsulation, and functionalization) are discussed in depth. Furthermore, commonly used imaging modalities including X-ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, fluorescence, and radionucleotide polyester contrast agents are highlighted. In each section, examples of impactful bioimaging polyesters in the five major imaging modalities are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F. Attia
- Department of Bioengineering; Clemson University; 301 Rhodes Research Center Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - Beau R. Brummel
- Department of Chemistry; Clemson University; 467 Hunter Laboratories Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - Timothy R. Lex
- Department of Chemistry; Clemson University; 467 Hunter Laboratories Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - Brooke A. Van Horn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; College of Charleston; 66 George St. Charleston SC 29414 USA
| | - Daniel C. Whitehead
- Department of Chemistry; Clemson University; 467 Hunter Laboratories Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - Frank Alexis
- Department of Bioengineering; Clemson University; 301 Rhodes Research Center Clemson SC 29634 USA
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering; Yachay Tech; Hacienda San José s/n; San Miguel de Urcuquí 100119 Ecuador
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Sun H, Chang MYZ, Cheng WI, Wang Q, Commisso A, Capeling M, Wu Y, Cheng C. Biodegradable zwitterionic sulfobetaine polymer and its conjugate with paclitaxel for sustained drug delivery. Acta Biomater 2017; 64:290-300. [PMID: 29030301 PMCID: PMC5682198 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A fully biodegradable zwitterionic polymer and the corresponding conjugate with paclitaxel (PTX) were synthesized as promising biomaterials. Allyl-functionalized polylactide (PLA) was employed as the precursor of polymer backbones. UV-induced thiol-ene reaction was conducted to conjugate thiol-functionalized sulfobetaine (SB) with the PLA-based backbone. The resulting zwitterionic polymer did not exhibit considerable cytotoxicity. A polymer-drug conjugate was also obtained by thiol-ene reaction of both thiol-functionalized SB and PTX with allyl-functionalized PLA. The conjugate could readily form narrowly-dispersed nanoparticles in aqueous solutions with a volume-average hydrodynamic diameter (Dh,V) of 19.3 ± 0.2 nm. Such a polymer-drug conjugate-based drug delivery system showed full degradability, well-suppressed non-specific interaction with biomolecules, and sustained drug release. In vitro assessments also confirmed the significant anti-cancer efficacy of the conjugate. After 72 h incubation with PLA-SB/PTX containing 10 µg/mL of PTX, the cell viabilities of A549, MCF7, and PaCa-2 cells were as low as 20.0 ± 2.5%, 1.7 ± 1.7%, and 14.8 ± 0.9%, respectively. Both flow cytometry and confocal microscopy suggested that the conjugates could be easily uptaken by A549 cells before the major release of PTX moieties. Overall, this work elucidates promising potentials of biodegradable zwitterionic polymer-based materials in biomedical applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The applicability of FDA-approved biodegradable aliphatic polyesters has been significantly restricted because they are hydrophobic and lack functionalities. Recently zwitterionic polymers have emerged as promising hydrophilic biomaterials, but most of the reported zwitterionic polymers are non-biodegradable. This study reports a novel aliphatic polyester-based zwitterionic polymer and the corresponding polymer-drug conjugate. Their aliphatic polyester and zwitterionic components provide them with high enzymatic degradability and low nonspecific interactions with biomolecules, respectively. While the zwitterionic polymer did not show noticeable cytotoxicity, the corresponding polymer-anticancer drug conjugate exhibited acid-sensitive sustained drug release, remarkable effectiveness in killing cancer cells, as well as the ready cellular internalization. This work lays a foundation for the further development of synthetic biodegradable zwitterionic polymer-based materials which potentially may have broad and significant biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Michael Yu Zarng Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Wei-I Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Alex Commisso
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Meghan Capeling
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Chong Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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