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1
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Xiao Y, Xia Z, Hu W, Liu B, Lü C. Phenanthroline Derived N-Doped Carbon Dots as Robust Metal-Free Photocatalysts for PET-RAFT Polymerization and Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309893. [PMID: 38516960 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Metal-free organic photocatalysts for photo-mediated reversible deactivation radical polymerization (photo-RDRP) are witnessed to make increasing advancement in the precise synthesis of polymers. However, challenges still exist in the development of high-efficiency and environmentally sustainable carbon dots (CDs)-based organocatalysts. Herein, N-doped CDs derived from phenanthroline derivative (Aphen) are prepared as metal-free photocatalysts for photoinduced electron transfer reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization. The introduction of phenanthroline structure enhances the excited state lifetime of CDs and expands the conjugated length of their internal structure to enable the light-absorption to reach green light region, thereby enhancing photocatalytic activity. The as-designed CDs exhibit unprecedented photocatalytic capacity in photopolymerization even in large-volume reaction (100 mL) with high monomer conversion and narrow polymer dispersity (Mw/Mn < 1.20) under green light. The photocatalytic system is compatible with PET-RAFT polymerization of numerous monomers and the production of high molecular weight polyacrylate (Mn >250 000) with exquisite spatiotemporal control. Above results confirm the potential of CDs as photocatalyst, which has not been achieved with other CDs catalysts used in photo-RDRP. In addition, the construction of fluorescent polymer nanoparticles using CDs as both photocatalyst and phosphor through photoinitiated polymerization-induced self-assembly (Photo-PISA) technology is successfully demonstrated for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiao
- Institute of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Zhinan Xia
- Institute of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Wanchao Hu
- Institute of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Bei Liu
- Institute of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Changli Lü
- Institute of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
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2
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Zhang J, Duan J, Chen D, Ma Y, Yang W. Direct Photolysis RAFT Polymerization of (Metha)acrylate with 2‐Cyano‐2‐propyldodecyl Trithiocarbonate as Mediator. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Junjin Duan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Dong Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Syntheses and Applications of Waterborne Polymers Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yuhong Ma
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Syntheses and Applications of Waterborne Polymers Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Wantai Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Syntheses and Applications of Waterborne Polymers Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
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3
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Liao Q, Chen D, Zhang X, Ma Y, Yang B, Zhao C, Yang W. Surface Engineering of Organic Polymers by Photo‐induced Free Radical Coupling with p‐Dimethylaminophenyl Group as A Synthesis Block. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Liao
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Syntheses and Applications of Waterborne PolymersBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029
| | - Dong Chen
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Syntheses and Applications of Waterborne PolymersBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029
| | - Xianhong Zhang
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Syntheses and Applications of Waterborne PolymersBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029
| | - Yuhong Ma
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Syntheses and Applications of Waterborne PolymersBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029
| | - Biao Yang
- School of Materials Science & Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology & Business University Beijing 100048
| | - Changwen Zhao
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Syntheses and Applications of Waterborne PolymersBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029
| | - Wantai Yang
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Syntheses and Applications of Waterborne PolymersBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029
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4
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Ma Y, Chen D, Zhao C, Yang W. Polythioethers with Controlled α,ω‐End Groups Prepared by Visible Light Induced Thiol–Ene Click Polymerization of Dithiol and Divinyl Ether with 4‐(
N
,
N
‐diphenylamino)benzaldehyde as Organocatalyst. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional PolymersMinistry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xianhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional PolymersMinistry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yuhong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional PolymersMinistry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional PolymersMinistry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Changwen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional PolymersMinistry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Wantai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional PolymersMinistry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
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5
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Li S, Han G, Zhang W. Photoregulated reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00054j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Different strategies on photoregulated RAFT polymerization are developed. This minireview summarizes recent advances in photoregulated RAFT polymerization and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Guang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof Materials
- Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co
- Ltd
- Beijing 100123
- China
| | - Wangqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
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6
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Yu JY, Jiao SQ, Nawaz T, Wang SQ, Wei TX. Surface plasmone resonance sensor for biomimetic detection of progesterone with macroporous molecularly imprinted polymers prepared by visible light. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/688/3/033032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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7
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Song Y, Kim Y, Noh Y, Singh VK, Behera SK, Abudulimu A, Chung K, Wannemacher R, Gierschner J, Lüer L, Kwon MS. Organic Photocatalyst for ppm-Level Visible-Light-Driven Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain-Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization with Excellent Oxygen Tolerance. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
| | - Youngmu Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
| | - Yeonjin Noh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
| | - Varun Kumar Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
| | - Santosh Kumar Behera
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Abasi Abudulimu
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kyeongwoon Chung
- 3D Printing Materials Center, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, South Korea
| | - Reinhold Wannemacher
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Larry Lüer
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
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8
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Tao H, Xia L, Chen G, Zeng T, Nie X, Zhang Z, You Y. PET-RAFT Polymerization Catalyzed by Small Organic Molecule under Green Light Irradiation. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E892. [PMID: 31096643 PMCID: PMC6572999 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocatalyzed polymerization using organic molecules as catalysts has attracted broad interest because of its easy operation in ambient environments and low toxicity compared with metallic catalysts. In this work, we reported that 4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (DTBT) can act as an efficient photoredox catalyst for photoinduced electron transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization under green light irradiation. Well-defined (co)polymers can be obtained using this technique without any additional additives like noble metals and electron donors or acceptors. The living characteristics of polymerization were verified by kinetic study and the narrow dispersity (Đ) of the produced polymer. Excellent chain-end fidelity was demonstrated through chain extension as well. In addition, this technique showed great potential for various RAFT agents and monomers including acrylates and acrylamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huazhen Tao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Lei Xia
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Guang Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Tianyou Zeng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Xuan Nie
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Ze Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Yezi You
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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9
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Zhang W, Zhang X, Ma Y, Chen D, Yang W. Visible Light–Induced RAFT Polymerization of Methacrylate with 4‐(
N
,
N
‐diphenylamino)benzaldehyde as Organophotoredox Catalyst and the Effect of Temperature on the Polymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional PolymersMinistry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xianhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional PolymersMinistry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yuhong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional PolymersMinistry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional PolymersMinistry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Wantai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional PolymersMinistry of EducationBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
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10
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Dolinski ND, Page ZA, Discekici EH, Meis D, Lee IH, Jones GR, Whitfield R, Pan X, McCarthy BG, Shanmugam S, Kottisch V, Fors BP, Boyer C, Miyake GM, Matyjaszewski K, Haddleton DM, de Alaniz JR, Anastasaki A, Hawker CJ. What happens in the dark? Assessing the temporal control of photo-mediated controlled radical polymerizations. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE. PART A, POLYMER CHEMISTRY 2019; 57:268-273. [PMID: 31011240 PMCID: PMC6474683 DOI: 10.1002/pola.29247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A signature of photo-mediated controlled polymerizations is the ability to modulate the rate of polymerization by turning the light source 'on' and 'off.' However, in many reported systems, growth can be reproducibly observed during dark periods. In this study, emerging photo-mediated controlled radical polymerizations are evaluated with in situ 1H NMR monitoring to assess their behavior in the dark. Interestingly, it is observed that Cu-mediated systems undergo long-lived, linear growth during dark periods in organic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D. Dolinski
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | - Zachariah A. Page
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | - Emre H. Discekici
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | - David Meis
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | - In-Hwan Lee
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | - Glen R. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47 AK (UK)
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47 AK (UK)
| | - Xiangcheng Pan
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Blaine G. McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Center for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, (Australia)
| | | | - Brett P. Fors
- Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Center for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, (Australia)
| | - Garret M. Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | | | | | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47 AK (UK)
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
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11
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Yu L, Wei Y, Tu Y, Lin S, Huang Z, Hu J, Chen Y, Qiao H, Zou W. An oxygen-tolerant photo-induced metal-free reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; People's Republic of China
- The University of the Chinese Academy of Science; Beijing People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Materials for Electronics; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlong Wei
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Materials for Electronics; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Tu
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Materials for Electronics; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Shudong Lin
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; People's Republic of China
- The University of the Chinese Academy of Science; Beijing People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Materials for Electronics; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhu Huang
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Materials for Electronics; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Hu
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; People's Republic of China
- The University of the Chinese Academy of Science; Beijing People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Materials for Electronics; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Chen
- Suzhou Nuclear Power Research Institute; Suzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Qiao
- Suzhou Nuclear Power Research Institute; Suzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zou
- Suzhou Nuclear Power Research Institute; Suzhou People's Republic of China
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12
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Santos WG, Mattiucci F, Ribeiro SJL. Polymerization Rate Modulated by Tetraarylborate Anion Structure: Direct Correlation of Hammett Substituent Constant with Polymerization Kinetics of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Willy G. Santos
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, CP 355, Araraquara, SP 14801-970, Brazil
| | - Fernando Mattiucci
- Instituto de Quı́mca de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense 400, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sidney J. L. Ribeiro
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, CP 355, Araraquara, SP 14801-970, Brazil
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