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Lepori M, Schmid S, Barham JP. Photoredox catalysis harvesting multiple photon or electrochemical energies. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1055-1145. [PMID: 37533877 PMCID: PMC10390843 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis (PRC) is a cutting-edge frontier for single electron-transfer (SET) reactions, enabling the generation of reactive intermediates for both oxidative and reductive processes via photon activation of a catalyst. Although this represents a significant step towards chemoselective and, more generally, sustainable chemistry, its efficacy is limited by the energy of visible light photons. Nowadays, excellent alternative conditions are available to overcome these limitations, harvesting two different but correlated concepts: the use of multi-photon processes such as consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (conPET) and the combination of photo- and electrochemistry in synthetic photoelectrochemistry (PEC). Herein, we review the most recent contributions to these fields in both oxidative and reductive activations of organic functional groups. New opportunities for organic chemists are captured, such as selective reactions employing super-oxidants and super-reductants to engage unactivated chemical feedstocks, and scalability up to gram scales in continuous flow. This review provides comparisons between the two techniques (multi-photon photoredox catalysis and PEC) to help the reader to fully understand their similarities, differences and potential applications and to therefore choose which method is the most appropriate for a given reaction, scale and purpose of a project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Lepori
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitatsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Schmid
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitatsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitatsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Polymethyl(1-Butyric acidyl)silane-Assisted Dispersion and Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation Separation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122094. [PMID: 35745430 PMCID: PMC9227055 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Individual single–walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with distinct electronic types are crucial for the fabrication of SWNTs–based electronic and magnetic devices. Herein, the water–soluble polymethyl(1–butyric acidyl)silane (BA–PMS) was synthesized via the hydrosilylation reaction between 3–butenoic acid and polymethylsilane catalyzed by 2,2′–azodibutyronitrile. As a new dispersant, BA–PMS displayed a quite good dispersing capacity to arc–discharged SWNTs and moderate selectivity for metallic species. The application of sucrose–DGU, the density gradient ultracentrifugation with sucrose as the gradient medium, to the co–surfactants (BA–PMS and sodium dodecyl sulfonate) individually dispersed SWNTs yielded metallic SWNTs of 85.6% purity and semiconducting SWNTs of 99% purity, respectively. This work paves a path to the DGU separation of the SWNTs dispersed by polymer–based dispersants with hydrophobic alkyl chains.
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3
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Yamamoto K, Toguchi H, Kuriyama M, Watanabe S, Iwasaki F, Onomura O. Electrophotochemical Ring-Opening Bromination of tert-Cycloalkanols. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16177-16186. [PMID: 34461014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An electrophotochemical ring-opening bromination of unstrained tert-cycloalkanols has been developed. This electrophotochemical method enables the oxidative transformation of cycloalkanols with 5- to 7-membered rings into synthetically useful ω-bromoketones without the use of chemical oxidants or transition-metal catalysts. Alkoxy radical species would be key intermediates in the present transformation, which generate through homolysis of the O-Br bond in hypobromite intermediates under visible light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Toguchi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Masami Kuriyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Shin Watanabe
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Tokuyama Corporation, 40 Wadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-4247, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Iwasaki
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Tokuyama Corporation, 40 Wadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-4247, Japan
| | - Osamu Onomura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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4
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Kardelis V, Denk MM, Adronov A. Click-Functionalization of a Poly(Tetrazine-co-Fluorene)-Conjugated Polymer with a Series of trans-Cyclooctene Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2980-2986. [PMID: 33258541 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A soluble poly(tetrazine) polymer was prepared via Suzuki polycondensation of 3,6-bis(5-bromofuran-2-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine and a fluorene diboronate derivative. It can undergo efficient and quantitative post-polymerization inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder click reactions with a variety of trans-cyclooctene (TCO) derivatives. The resulting polymers were oxidized to convert dihydropyridazine rings into pyridazines. The absorption spectra of the product polymers, both before and after oxidation, showed hypsochromic shifts that correlated with steric hindrance of the appended side chains. They also exhibited a significantly enhanced fluorescence intensity relative to the original poly(tetrazine). While gel-permeation chromatography indicated that the product polymers exhibited longer retention times, NMR end-group analysis showed that the polymers retained relatively constant degrees of polymerization. Graft copolymers were easily prepared via reaction with TCO-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) chains and a cross-linked foam was produced by reacting the poly(tetrazine) with a bis-TCO crosslinker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kardelis
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Maria M Denk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
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5
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Li K, Fong D, Meichsner E, Adronov A. A Survey of Strain-Promoted Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition in Polymer Chemistry. Chemistry 2021; 27:5057-5073. [PMID: 33017499 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient reactions that enable the assembly of molecules into complex structures have driven extensive progress in synthetic chemistry. In particular, reactions that occur under mild conditions and in benign solvents, while producing no by-products and rapidly reach completion are attracting significant attention. Amongst these, the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition, involving various cyclooctyne derivatives reacting with azide-bearing molecules, has gained extensive popularity in organic synthesis and bioorthogonal chemistry. This reaction has also recently gained momentum in polymer chemistry, where it has been used to decorate, link, crosslink, and even prepare polymer chains. This survey highlights key achievements in the use of this reaction to produce a variety of polymeric constructs for disparate applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Li
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Darryl Fong
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Eric Meichsner
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
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Vasdev R, Luo W, Classen K, Anghel M, Novoa S, Workentin MS, Gilroy JB. Strained alkyne polymers capable of SPAAC via ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01177d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a strategy that combines the attractive traits of chain-growth polymerization and strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition chemistry for the production of functional polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwar Vasdev
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Wilson Luo
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kyle Classen
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Anghel
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Samantha Novoa
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mark S. Workentin
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Kardelis V, Denk MM, Adronov A. Click‐Functionalization of a Poly(Tetrazine‐co‐Fluorene)‐Conjugated Polymer with a Series of
trans
‐Cyclooctene Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kardelis
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Maria M. Denk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
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Wang J, Lei T. Separation of Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes Using Conjugated Polymer Wrapping. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1548. [PMID: 32668780 PMCID: PMC7407812 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been explored for electronic applications because of their high charge carrier mobility, low-temperature solution processability and mechanical flexibility. Semiconducting SWNTs (s-SWNTs) are also considered an alternative to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. However, large-scale, as-produced SWNTs have poor solubility, and they are mixtures of metallic SWNTs (m-SWNTs) and s-SWNTs, which limits their practical applications. Conjugated polymer wrapping is a promising method to disperse and separate s-SWNTs, due to its high selectivity, high separation yield and simplicity of operation. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of the conjugated polymer wrapping method, and discuss possible separation mechanisms for s-SWNTs. We also discuss various parameters that may affect the selectivity and sorting yield. Finally, some electronic applications of polymer-sorted s-SWNTs are introduced. The aim of this review is to provide polymer chemist a basic concept of polymer based SWNT separation, as well as some polymer design strategies, influential factors and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
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Winnacker M, Lamparelli DH, Capacchione C, Güngör HH, Stieglitz L, Rodewald KS, Schmidt M, Gronauer TF. Sustainable Polyesteramides and Copolyamides: Insights into the Copolymerization Behavior of Terpene‐Based Lactams. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Winnacker
- WACKER‐Chair of Macromolecular ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Ernst‐Otto‐Fischer‐Straße 1 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - David H. Lamparelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”Universitá degli Studi di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II Fisciano SA 132 I‐84084 Italy
| | - Carmine Capacchione
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”Universitá degli Studi di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II Fisciano SA 132 I‐84084 Italy
| | - Hicran H. Güngör
- WACKER‐Chair of Macromolecular ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Ernst‐Otto‐Fischer‐Straße 1 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Lucas Stieglitz
- WACKER‐Chair of Macromolecular ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Ernst‐Otto‐Fischer‐Straße 1 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Katia S. Rodewald
- WACKER‐Chair of Macromolecular ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Ernst‐Otto‐Fischer‐Straße 1 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Matthias Schmidt
- WACKER‐Chair of Macromolecular ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) Ernst‐Otto‐Fischer‐Straße 1 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Thomas F. Gronauer
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IITechnische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
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