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Chen JY, Zhang XW, Wu TY, Ye HM. Co-Crystallization between Aliphatic Polyesters through Co-Inclusion Complexation with Small Molecule. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104091. [PMID: 37241832 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Crystalline/crystalline blends of polymer have shown advantages in the preparation of new polymeric materials. However, the regulation of co-crystallization in a blend is still full of challenges due to the preferential self-crystallization driven by thermodynamics. Here, an inclusion complex approach is proposed to facilitate the co-crystallization between crystalline polymers, because the crystallization process displays a prominent kinetics advantage when polymer chains are released from the inclusion complex. Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), poly(butylene adipate) (PBA) and urea are chosen to form co-inclusion complexes, where PBS and PBA chains play as isolated guest molecules and urea molecules construct the host channel framework. The coalesced PBS/PBA blends are obtained by fast removing the urea framework and systematically investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, proton nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transformation infrared spectrometry. It is demonstrated that PBA chains are co-crystallized into PBS extended-chain crystals in the coalesced blends, while such a phenomenon has not been detected in simply co-solution-blended samples. Though PBA chains could not be totally accommodated in the PBS extended-chain crystals, their co-crystallized content increases with the initial feeding ratio of PBA. Consequently, the melting point of the PBS extended-chain crystal gradually declines from 134.3 °C to 124.2 °C with an increasing PBA content. The PBA chains playing as defects mainly induce lattice expansion along the a-axis. In addition, when the co-crystals are soaked in tetrahydrofuran, some of the PBA chains are extracted out, leading to damage to the correlative PBS extended-chain crystals. This study shows that co-inclusion complexation with small molecules could be an effective way to promote co-crystallization behavior in polymer blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yao Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Xue-Wen Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Space Launch Technology, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Tian-Yu Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Hai-Mu Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
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Tonelli AE. Nanoscale Restructuring of Polymer Materials to Produce Single Polymer Composites and Miscible Blends. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9060240. [PMID: 31248211 PMCID: PMC6627639 DOI: 10.3390/biom9060240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
I summarize work conducted in our laboratories over the past 30 years using small host molecules to restructure polymer materials at the nanometer level. Certain small molecules, such as the cyclic starches cyclodextrins (CDs) and urea (U) can form non-covalent crystalline inclusion compounds (ICs) with a range of guest molecules, including many polymers. In polymer-CD- and -U-ICs, guest polymer chains reside in narrow channels created by the host molecule crystals, where they are separated and highly extended. When the host crystalline lattice is carefully removed, the guest polymer chains coalesce into a bulk sample with an organization that is distinct from that normally produced from its melt or from solution. Amorphous regions of such coalesced polymer samples have a greater density, likely with less chain entanglement and more chain alignment. As a consequence, after cooling from their melts, coalesced amorphous polymers show glass-transition temperatures (Tgs) that are elevated above those of samples prepared from their solutions or melts. Upon cooling from their melts, coalesced samples of crystallizable polymers show dramatically-increased abilities to crystallize more rapidly and much closer to their melting temperatures (Tms). These unique behaviors of polymers coalesced from their CD- and U-ICs are unexpectedly resistant to extended annealing above their Tgs and Tms. Taking advantage of this behavior permits us to create polymer materials with unique and improved properties. Among these are amorphous polymers with elevated Tgs and semi-crystalline polymers with finer more uniform morphologies. Improved mechanical properties can be achieved through self-nucleation with small amounts of the same polymer made rapidly crystallizable through coalescence from its CD- or U-IC. This can lead to single polymer composites with as-received polymer matrices and self-nucleated reinforcements. Through simultaneous formation and subsequent coalescence from their common CD–ICs, stable well-mixed blends can be achieved between any two or more polymers, despite their inherent immiscibilities. Such coalesced and well-mixed blends are also resistant to phase segregation when heated for extensive periods well above their Tgs and Tms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan E Tonelli
- Fiber & Polymer Chemistry Program, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606-8301, USA.
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Gurarslan A, Joijode A, Shen J, Narayanan G, Antony GJ, Li S, Caydamli Y, Tonelli AE. Reorganizing Polymer Chains with Cyclodextrins. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E673. [PMID: 30965971 PMCID: PMC6418566 DOI: 10.3390/polym9120673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past several years, we have been utilizing cyclodextrins (CDs) to nanostructure polymers into bulk samples whose chain organizations, properties, and behaviors are quite distinct from neat bulk samples obtained from their solutions and melts. We first form non-covalently bonded inclusion complexes (ICs) between CD hosts and guest polymers, where the guest chains are highly extended and separately occupy the narrow channels (~0.5⁻1.0 nm in diameter) formed by the columnar arrangement of CDs in the IC crystals. Careful removal of the host crystalline CD lattice from the polymer-CD-IC crystals leads to coalescence of the guest polymer chains into bulk samples, which we have repeatedly observed to behave distinctly from those produced from their solutions or melts. While amorphous polymers coalesced from their CD-ICs evidence significantly higher glass-transition temperatures, Tgs, polymers that crystallize generally show higher melting and crystallization temperatures (Tms, Tcs), and some-times different crystalline polymorphs, when they are coalesced from their CD-ICs. Formation of CD-ICs containing two or more guest homopolymers or with block copolymers can result in coalesced samples which exhibit intimate mixing between their common homopolymer chains or between the blocks of the copolymer. On a more practically relevant level, the distinct organizations and behaviors observed for polymer samples coalesced from their CD-ICs are found to be stable to extended annealing at temperatures above their Tgs and Tms. We believe this is a consequence of the structural organization of the crystalline polymer-CD-ICs, where the guest polymer chains included in host-IC crystals are separated and confined to occupy the narrow channels formed by the host CDs during IC crystallization. Substantial degrees of the extended and un-entangled natures of the IC-included chains are apparently retained upon coalescence, and are resistant to high temperature annealing. Following the careful removal of the host CD lattice from each randomly oriented IC crystal, the guest polymer chains now occupying a much-reduced volume may be somewhat "nematically" oriented, resulting in a collection of randomly oriented "nematic" regions of largely extended and un-entangled coalesced guest chains. The suggested randomly oriented nematic domain organization of guest polymers might explain why even at high temperatures their transformation to randomly-coiling, interpenetrated, and entangled melts might be difficult. In addition, the behaviors and uses of polymers coalesced from their CD-ICs are briefly described and summarized here, and we attempted to draw conclusions from and relationships between their behaviors and the unique chain organizations and conformations achieved upon coalescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Gurarslan
- Fiber & Polymer Science Program, College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606-8301, USA.
| | - Abhay Joijode
- Fiber & Polymer Science Program, College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606-8301, USA.
| | - Jialong Shen
- Fiber & Polymer Science Program, College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606-8301, USA.
| | - Ganesh Narayanan
- Fiber & Polymer Science Program, College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606-8301, USA.
| | - Gerry J Antony
- Fiber & Polymer Science Program, College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606-8301, USA.
| | - Shanshan Li
- Fiber & Polymer Science Program, College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606-8301, USA.
| | - Yavuz Caydamli
- Fiber & Polymer Science Program, College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606-8301, USA.
| | - Alan E Tonelli
- Fiber & Polymer Science Program, College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606-8301, USA.
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de Ilarduya AM, Muñoz-Guerra S. Chemical Structure and Microstructure of Poly(alkylene terephthalate)s, their Copolyesters, and their Blends as Studied by NMR. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antxon Martínez de Ilarduya
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, ETSEIB; Diagonal 647 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Sebastián Muñoz-Guerra
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, ETSEIB; Diagonal 647 Barcelona 08028 Spain
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Kayaci F, Uyar T. Electrospun polyester/cyclodextrin nanofibers for entrapment of volatile organic compounds. POLYM ENG SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Kayaci
- Institute of Materials Science & Nanotechnology; Bilkent University; Ankara 06800 Turkey
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center; Bilkent University; Ankara 06800 Turkey
| | - Tamer Uyar
- Institute of Materials Science & Nanotechnology; Bilkent University; Ankara 06800 Turkey
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center; Bilkent University; Ankara 06800 Turkey
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Tonelli AE. Restructuring polymers via nanoconfinement and subsequent release. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:1318-32. [PMID: 23019466 PMCID: PMC3458756 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past several years my students and I have been utilizing certain small-molecule hosts to create nanostructured polymers. This is accomplished by first forming noncovalently bonded inclusion complexes (ICs) between these small-molecule hosts and guest polymers, followed by the careful removal of the host crystalline lattice to obtain a coalesced bulk polymer. We have repeatedly observed that such coalesced polymer samples behave distinctly from those produced from their solutions or melts. Coalesced amorphous homopolymers exhibit higher glass-transition temperatures, while crystallizable homopolymers coalesced from their ICs display higher melting and crystallization temperatures, and sometimes different crystalline polymorphs. When ICs are formed with block copolymers or with two or more different homopolymers, the resulting coalesced samples can exhibit intimate mixing between the copolymer blocks, or between entire homopolymer chains. Each of the distinct behaviors observed for polymers coalesced from their ICs is a consequence of the structural organization of the polymer-host-ICs. Polymer chains in host-IC crystals are confined to occupy narrow channels (diameter ~0.5-1.0 nm) formed by the small-molecule hosts around the included guest polymers during IC crystallization. This results in the separation and high extension of the included guest polymer chains, which leads, following the careful removal of the host molecule lattice, to unique behaviors for the bulk coalesced polymer samples. Apparently, substantial degrees of the extended and unentangled natures of the IC-included chains are retained upon coalescence. In this review we summarize the behaviors and uses of coalesced polymers, and attempt to draw conclusions on the relationship between their behavior and the organization/structures/conformations of the constituent polymer chains achieved upon coalescence from their ICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan E Tonelli
- Fiber & Polymer Science Program, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8391, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8301, USA
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Carrasco L, Gargallo L, Radić D. Study of Miscibility in Polymer Blends Obtained from Binary Inclusion Complexes of γ-Cyclodextrin and Polycarbonate/Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate). J MACROMOL SCI B 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2012.662452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Carrasco
- a Departamento de Química-Física , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna , Casilla , Santiago , Chile
| | - Ligia Gargallo
- a Departamento de Química-Física , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna , Casilla , Santiago , Chile
| | - Deodato Radić
- a Departamento de Química-Física , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna , Casilla , Santiago , Chile
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Tonelli AE. Organizational stabilities of bulk neat and well-mixed, blended polymer samples coalesced from their crystalline inclusion compounds formed with cyclodextrins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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The influence of side chains on formation of inclusion complexes prepared with polyolefin and cyclodextrins. Polym Bull (Berl) 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-009-0119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tonelli AE. Molecular Processing of Polymers with Cyclodextrins. INCLUSION POLYMERS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2008_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Vedula J, Tonelli AE. Reorganization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) structures and conformations to alter properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Uyar T, Rusa CC, Tonelli AE, Hacaloğlu J. Pyrolysis mass spectrometry analysis of polycarbonate/poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(vinyl acetate) ternary blends. Polym Degrad Stab 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Martínez G, Gómez MA, Villar-Rodil S, Garrido L, Tonelli AE, Balik CM. Formation of crystalline inclusion compounds of poly (vinyl chloride) of different stereoregularity with γ-cyclodextrin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Uyar T, Tonelli AE, Hacaloğlu J. Thermal degradation of polycarbonate, poly(vinyl acetate) and their blends. Polym Degrad Stab 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Thermal degradation processes of poly(carbonate) and poly(methyl methacrylate) in blends coalesced either from their common inclusion compound formed with γ-cyclodextrin or precipitated from their common solution. Polym Degrad Stab 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rusa C, Rusa M, Peet J, Uyar T, Fox J, Hunt M, Wang X, Balik C, Tonelli A. The Nano-threading of Polymers. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-005-9038-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Uyar T, Aslan E, Tonelli AE, Hacaloglu J. Pyrolysis mass spectrometry analysis of poly(vinyl acetate), poly(methyl methacrylate) and their blend coalesced from inclusion compounds formed with γ-cyclodextrin. Polym Degrad Stab 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pang K, Schmidt B, Kotek R, Tonelli A. Reorganization of the chain packing between poly(ethylene isophthalate) chains via coalescence from their inclusion compound formed with γ-cyclodextrin. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Uyar T, Rusa CC, Hunt MA, Aslan E, Hacaloglu J, Tonelli AE. Reorganization and improvement of bulk polymers by processing with their cyclodextrin inclusion compounds. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Uyar T, Rusa CC, Wang X, Rusa M, Hacaloglu J, Tonelli AE. Intimate blending of binary polymer systems from their common cyclodextrin inclusion compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Rusa CC, Wei M, Bullions TA, Shuai X, Uyar T, Tonelli AE. Nanostructuring polymers with cyclodextrins. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rusa CC, Uyar T, Rusa M, Hunt MA, Wang X, Tonelli AE. An intimate polycarbonate/poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(vinyl acetate) ternary blend via coalescence from their common inclusion compound with ?-cyclodextrin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Rusa CC, Wei M, Shuai X, Bullions TA, Wang X, Rusa M, Uyar T, Tonelli AE. Molecular mixing of incompatible polymers through formation of and coalescence from their common crystalline cyclodextrin inclusion compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wei M, Bullions TA, Rusa CC, Wang X, Tonelli AE. Unique morphological and thermal behaviors of reorganized poly(ethylene terephthalates). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.10681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Huang JM. Miscibility, melting, and crystallization of poly(butylene-2,6-naphthalate)/poly(ether imide) blends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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