1
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Tang Y, Yang D, Ting VP, Hamerton I, Van Duijneveldt JS, Rochat S. Modified Sepiolite Nanoclays in Advanced Composites for Engineering Applications. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2024; 7:19221-19232. [PMID: 39206355 PMCID: PMC11348100 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.4c03115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Clay-polymer nanocomposites (CPNs) containing a small weight fraction of nanoclay are known to display enhanced mechanical and thermal properties compared to neat polymers. However, the preparation and application of such nanocomposites remain challenging owing to the difficulties in dispersing nanoclays in polymer matrices. This study focuses on two surfactant-modified organophilic sepiolite clays to demonstrate the simplicity of the modification process, as well as on the use of a benzoxazine monomer (i.e., a CPN matrix precursor) itself as the modifier. Our in-house modified bespoke sepiolites achieve much better dispersion in a benzoxazine matrix, compared to the pristine clay, revealing their potential for applications as nanoenhancers for advanced composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tang
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Dankun Yang
- School
of Electrical, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, University of
Bristol, Queen’s Building, University
Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, U.K.
| | - Valeska P. Ting
- Research
School of Chemistry, Australian National
University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ian Hamerton
- Bristol
Composites Institute, School of Civil, Aerospace, and Design Engineering,
University of Bristol, Queen’s Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, U.K.
| | | | - Sébastien Rochat
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
- Bristol
Composites Institute, School of Civil, Aerospace, and Design Engineering,
University of Bristol, Queen’s Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, U.K.
- School
of Engineering Mathematics and Technology, University of Bristol, Ada Lovelace Building, Tankard’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TW, U.K.
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2
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Lochab B, Monisha M, Amarnath N, Sharma P, Mukherjee S, Ishida H. Review on the Accelerated and Low-Temperature Polymerization of Benzoxazine Resins: Addition Polymerizable Sustainable Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1260. [PMID: 33924552 PMCID: PMC8069336 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their outstanding and versatile properties, polybenzoxazines have quickly occupied a great niche of applications. Developing the ability to polymerize benzoxazine resin at lower temperatures than the current capability is essential in taking advantage of these exceptional properties and remains to be most challenging subject in the field. The current review is classified into several parts to achieve this goal. In this review, fundamentals on the synthesis and evolution of structure, which led to classification of PBz in different generations, are discussed. Classifications of PBzs are defined depending on building block as well as how structure is evolved and property obtained. Progress on the utility of biobased feedstocks from various bio-/waste-mass is also discussed and compared, wherever possible. The second part of review discusses the probable polymerization mechanism proposed for the ring-opening reactions. This is complementary to the third section, where the effect of catalysts/initiators has on triggering polymerization at low temperature is discussed extensively. The role of additional functionalities in influencing the temperature of polymerization is also discussed. There has been a shift in paradigm beyond the lowering of ring-opening polymerization (ROP) temperature and other areas of interest, such as adaptation of molecular functionality with simultaneous improvement of properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimlesh Lochab
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (M.M.); (N.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Monisha Monisha
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (M.M.); (N.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Nagarjuna Amarnath
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (M.M.); (N.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Pratibha Sharma
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India;
| | - Sourav Mukherjee
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (M.M.); (N.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Hatsuo Ishida
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 441067202, USA
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3
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Sharma P, Dutta P, Nebhani L. Integration of silica with benzoxazine to improve particle dispersion and thermal performance of composites. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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4
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Wang T, Wang ZC, Pan ZC, Dayo AQ, Liu WB, Wang J. Synthesis of novel allylamine-fluorene based benzoxazine and its copolymerization with typical benzoxazine: curing behavior and thermal properties. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04262e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(t-BF-sa-a) showed much better thermal properties and glass transition temperatures than traditional fluorene-based benzoxazine monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology of Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Zhi-cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology of Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Zhong-cheng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology of Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Abdul Qadeer Dayo
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Balochistan University of Information Technology
- Engineering and Management Sciences
- Quetta 87300
- Pakistan
| | - Wen-bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology of Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology of Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin 150001
- China
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5
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Li J, Shen Z, Xu L, Song H, Guan G, Liu G. Study on the modification of hexamethylenediamine-phenol-based polybenzoxazine resins by halloysite nanotubes. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008319840407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, hexamethylenediamine-phenol-based benzoxazine monomer (Ba-h) was synthesized using 1,6-hexamethylenediamine, phenol, and paraformaldehyde. Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were treated with silane coupling agent and succinic anhydride, respectively. Then the pristine and grafted HNTs were used as nano-fillers to modify Ba-h at different mass ratios ranging between 0 and 2.5 wt% via solution processing. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the molecular structure of the monomer. The curing behaviors of the nanocomposites were examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results of DSC, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis displayed the obvious improvement in the thermal stability of the nanocomposites modified by the grafted HNTs. The results of impact and flexural tests revealed the improvement in the mechanical property of the nanocomposites modified by the pristine HNTs. These enhancements are related to the homogeneous dispersion of HNTs based on the scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaijun Song
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Guan
- School of Civil Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoji Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Vini R, Murugavel SC. Photoisomerization and thermal degradation kinetics of poly(ether–ester)s containing azomethine moiety in the main chain. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008319850614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ether–ester)s containing azomethine group in the main chain were synthesized by solution polycondensation of 4,4′-bis(3-hydroxypropyloxy)- N-benzylidene aniline with adipoyl and terephthaloyl diacid chlorides. The synthesized poly(ether–ester)s were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and proton, and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques. Thermal properties were studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry. Thermal degradation kinetics of poly(ether–ester)s were characterized by TGA at various heating rates (5°C min−1, 10°C min−1, and 20°C min−1). The apparent activation energy for the degradation of both the polymers was determined by three different non-isothermal model-free kinetics methods (Friedmann, Flynn–Wall Ozawa, and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose). The photoisomerization property was examined with ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, and the polymer PEE1 showed a rate of trans to cis isomerization ranging 10–20 s, whereas reverse process took around 100 min in solution. UV studies suggested that this material may be used in the field of rewritable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vini
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Department of Applied Science, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - SC Murugavel
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Department of Applied Science, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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7
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Li J, Shen Z, Li H, Xu L, Song H, Guan G, Liu G. Reinforced properties of polybenzoxazine‐based nanocomposites with siloxane benzoxazine‐modified halloysite nanotubes. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and EnergyZhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering and EnergyZhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Huanxin Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and EnergyZhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and EnergyZhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Huaijun Song
- School of Chemical Engineering and EnergyZhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Guan
- School of Civil EngineeringZhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Guoji Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and EnergyZhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450001 People's Republic of China
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8
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Gnanasekar P, Yan N. Synthesis and thermo-mechanical properties of novel spirobiindane based epoxy nanocomposites with tryptophan as a green hardener: Curing kinetics using model free approach. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Cardanol benzoxazines – A sustainable linker for elemental sulphur based copolymers via inverse vulcanisation. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Chiu WM, Wang YX, Tsai PA, Wu JH. Preparation and characterization of novel polybenzoxazine hybrid materials. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008315612139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The novel polybenzoxazine hybrid materials were prepared using 6,6′-(9H-fluorene-9,9-diyl)bis(3-allyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo-1,3-oxazine) (VF9Bp), 4,4′-bisphenol silane as raw materials. The chemical structure of the raw materials was confirmed by proton, carbon, and silicon nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies. The structural changes from benzoxazines to their corresponding polybenzoxazines were studied by FTIR. Thermal characterization indicated that the glass transition temperature, thermal stability, and dimensional stability of the novel polybenzoxazine hybrid materials were all superior to those of conventional polybenzoxazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Precision Manufacture, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Xiang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Precision Manufacture, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Peir-An Tsai
- General Education Center, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Horng Wu
- Green Energy and Eco-Technology Center, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Tainan, Taiwan
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11
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Thermal degradation kinetics of structurally diverse poly(bispropargyl ethers-bismaleimide) blends. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-016-1752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Ohashi S, Kilbane J, Heyl T, Ishida H. Synthesis and Characterization of Cyanate Ester Functional Benzoxazine and Its Polymer. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seishi Ohashi
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - John Kilbane
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Tyler Heyl
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Hatsuo Ishida
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
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13
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Andronescu C, Garea SA, Nicolescu A, Deleanu C, Eugeniu V, Iovu H. Innovative approach for the synthesis of benzoxazine-modified montmorillonite. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008315584170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a benzoxazine (BZ) monomer inside the montmorillonite (MT) layers was done using a diamino-modified MT as the amine component, phenol, and formaldehyde. The formation of the BZ rings within the MT layers was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, this being enhanced when dioxane was used as the solvent. The morphology of the hybrid BZ monomer was investigated by scanning electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Andronescu
- Department of Bioresources and Polymer Science, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - S. A. Garea
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A. Nicolescu
- “PetruPoni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | - C. Deleanu
- “PetruPoni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - V. Eugeniu
- Department of Oxide Materials Science and Engineering, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - H. Iovu
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Bucharest, Romania
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14
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Rishwana SS, Pitchaimari G, Vijayakumar C. Studies on structurally different diamines and bisphenol benzoxazines. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008315587125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The compounds resorcinolbisbenzoxazine, quinolbisbenzoxazine, p-phenylene diaminebisbenzoxazine, and m-phenylenediaminebisbenzoxazine are prepared. The structural and thermal characterizations of the materials are done using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and 13C NMR, and differential scanning calorimetry. Both FTIR and NMR studies reveal the presence of oxazine rings in the synthesized monomers. The curing exotherm of these bisbenzoxazines is much influenced by the nature of the aromatic unit present in the chosen compound and also on the type of the benzoxazine unit in the system. Curing kinetics is performed using Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Vyazovkin, and Friedman methods. The apparent activation energies ( Ea-C) for the thermal curing of the synthesized monomers varied and are dependent on the nature and the position of the functional groups present in the compound. The highest Ea-C values are noted for the compounds having the functionalizations being para oriented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Shamim Rishwana
- Department of Chemistry, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, K. Vellakulam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G. Pitchaimari
- Department of Polymer Technology, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, K. Vellakulam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C.T. Vijayakumar
- Department of Polymer Technology, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, K. Vellakulam, Tamil Nadu, India
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15
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Rishwana SS, Mahendran A, Vijayakumar CT. Studies on structurally different benzoxazines. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008314561806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bisbenzoxazines were prepared by the condensation of the respective bisphenols bisphenol A (BA), indane bisphenol (IBP), and spirobiindane bisphenol (SBI) with paraformaldehyde and aniline. The apparent activation energies for the polymerization curing process ( Ea-C) and the degradation process ( Ea-D) were calculated using Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Vyazovkin, and Friedman methods. The variation in Ea-C noted for the thermal curing of different bisbenzoxazines is attributed to the operation of different mechanisms for the curing process. The variation of the Ea-D for the degradation of spirobiindane benzoxazine polymerized at high temperature was different from the other materials investigated and is attributed to its complex structure. The volatile products obtained during the thermal degradation of the polymers were analyzed using thermogravimetric–Fourier transform infrared analyses. Aniline was found to be the major product and was released during the primary degradation. At higher temperatures, breakage of the isopropylidine, indane, and biindane structural entities were favored.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shamim Rishwana
- Department of Chemistry, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, K. Vellakulam Post, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Mahendran
- Competence Center for Wood Composites and Wood Chemistry Ltd., Area Wood Carinthian Competence Center (W3C), Klagenfurter strasse 87–89, St.Veit an der Glan, Austria
| | - CT Vijayakumar
- Department of Polymer Technology, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, K. Vellakulam Post, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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16
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Surender R, Thamaraichelvan A, Alam S, Vijayakumar CT. Bismaleimide and bispropargyl ether blends: Curing kinetics—Model free approach. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090414050157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Wattanathana W, Nonthaglin S, Veranitisagul C, Koonsaeng N, Laobuthee A. Crystal structure and novel solid-state fluorescence behavior of the model benzoxazine monomer: 3,4-Dihydro-3,6-dimethyl-1,3,2H-benzoxazine. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Pitchaimari G, Sarma KSS, Varshney L, Vijayakumar CT. Electron beam curing of functionalized N-(4-hydroxy phenyl)maleimide monomers. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008314545522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electron beam (E-beam) curing by different total radiation doses (100, 200, 300 and 400 kGy at 10 kGy per pass) of functionalized maleimides (20%) [ N-(4-acryloyloxy phenyl)maleimide, N-(4-methacryloyloxy phenyl)maleimide and N-(4-cyanato phenyl)maleimide] is carried out using N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone as the reactive diluent (80%). The swelling studies indicate the presence of highly cross-linked structure in the polymer derived from cyanate-functionalized maleimide cured using 400 kGy electron beam (E-beam) irradiation. The thermal stabilities of all the polymers are studied using thermogravimetric analyzer. The materials cured using the highest radiation dose (400 kGy) are found to have better thermal stability compared to other materials cured using lower doses (100, 200 and 300 kGy at 10 kGy per pass). The degradation kinetic studies using the Vyazovkin method showed that the activation energies for the thermal degradation of polymeric materials got by E-beam irradiation of the monomers at 400 kGy are higher. Of all the materials investigated, liquid composition having N-(4-cyanato phenyl)maleimide (20%) and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (80%) cured by E-beam radiation (400 kGy) showed better thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Pitchaimari
- Department of Polymer Technology, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, India
| | - K. S. S. Sarma
- Radiation Technology Development Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Lalit Varshney
- Radiation Technology Development Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India
| | - C. T. Vijayakumar
- Department of Polymer Technology, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, India
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19
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Dhanalakshmi JP, Pitchaimari G, Alam S, Vijayakumar CT. High-temperature matrix resins based on bispropargyl ethers (BPEs) – part 2. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008314525973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Structurally diverse bispropargyl ethers (BPEs) using resorcinol, quinol, 4,4′-dihydroxy biphenyl, bisphenol-A, 4,4′-dihydroxy diphenyl ketone, 4,4′-dihydroxy diphenylsulphone, trimethyl indane bisphenol and tetramethyl spirobiindane bisphenol were synthesized, and it was separately blended with 4,4′-bismaleimido diphenyl methane (BMIM) in mole ratios (0.5:0.5). The structural characterizations of the materials are carried out using Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis shows that the difference in the melting characteristics and decrease in the curing window for different BPEs were caused by the incorporation BMIM. Addition of BMIM to BPEs reduces the heat liberated during the thermal curing. The curing kinetics is investigated using Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Vyazovkin and Friedman methods. Amongst the various BPEs investigated, the activation energy ( Ea) values obtained from spirobiindane BPE (SPIPE) behaves entirely in a different manner compared to all other materials investigated. The apparent Ea values for SPIPE was observed to increase with increasing extent of reaction up to 0.2–0.5 and then the Ea values decrease with increasing extent of reaction up to 0.55–0.8. The Ea for the polymer blends obtained by the incorporation of BMIM with different BPEs shows nearly linear increase in the Ea value, and the rate of increase is influenced by the structure of the aromatic spacer present in between the propargyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyaraj Pandiyan Dhanalakshmi
- Department of Chemistry, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, K. Vellakulam Post, Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gnanasekar Pitchaimari
- Department of Polymer Technology, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, K. Vellakulam Post, Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sarfaraz Alam
- Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment (DMSRDE), Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chinnaswamy Thangavel Vijayakumar
- Department of Polymer Technology, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, K. Vellakulam Post, Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu, India
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20
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Kawaguchi AW, Sudo A, Endo T. Thiol-functionalized 1,3-benzoxazine: Preparation and its use as a precursor for highly polymerizable benzoxazine monomers bearing sulfide moiety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asei W. Kawaguchi
- Molecular Engineering Institute, Kinki University; Kayanomori Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8555 Japan
| | - Atsushi Sudo
- Molecular Engineering Institute, Kinki University; Kayanomori Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8555 Japan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Molecular Engineering Institute, Kinki University; Kayanomori Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8555 Japan
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21
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Pitchaimari G, Vijayakumar CT. FunctionalizedN-(4-hydroxy phenyl) maleimide monomers: Kinetics of thermal polymerization and degradation using model-free approach. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Pitchaimari
- Department of Polymer Technology; Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology; K. Vellakulam (Post) 625 701 TamilNadu India
| | - C. T. Vijayakumar
- Department of Polymer Technology; Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology; K. Vellakulam (Post) 625 701 TamilNadu India
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22
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Chozhan CK, Chandramohan A, Alagar M. Studies on thermal, mechanical, electrical, and morphological behavior of organoclay-reinforced polybenzoxazine–epoxy nanocomposites. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008313493452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Organoclay-reinforced polybenzoxazine–epoxy nanocomposites were prepared via in situ polymerization and thermal, thermomechanical, mechanical, electrical, and morphological properties were characterized by standard methods. Two types of skeletal-modified benzoxazines namely 1,1-bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane benzoxazine and bis(4-maleimidophenyl) benzoxazine were synthesized by reacting paraformaldehyde and 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane with 1,1-bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)maleimide, respectively. Diglycidyl ether bisphenol A epoxy resin was modified with 5, 10, and 15 wt% of benzoxazines and were cured using 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane at appropriate conditions. The occurrence of chemical reaction between benzoxazines and epoxy resin was ascertained by Fourier transform infrared spectra. Epoxy and benzoxazines-modified epoxy systems were further reinforced with 1, 3 and 5 wt% of organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT). Thermal behavior of matrices was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. Mechanical properties were studied as per ASTM standards. The organoclay (OMMT)-reinforced polybenzoxazine–epoxy nanocomposites exhibited lower values of glass transition temperature and dielectric constant/dielectric loss with enhanced values of thermal stability, char yield, impact strength, and storage modulus than those of neat matrix. The morphology of organoclay-reinforced benzoxazine-modified epoxy matrix was studied by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Karikal Chozhan
- Department of Chemistry, TRP Engineering College (SRM Group), Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ayyavu Chandramohan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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23
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Andronescu C, Bîru EI, Radu IC, Gârea SA, Iovu H. Kinetics of benzoxazine polymerization studied by Raman spectroscopy. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008313477667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy was used to monitor the curing process of a benzoxazine monomer. The reaction follows an autocatalytic mechanism. The autocatalytic model described in Kamal equation was employed. The activation energy and the pre-exponential factor were determined as: Ea = 60.52 kJ mol−1 and A = 6.09 × 105 min−1. The overall reaction order was found to be 1.731 ( n = 1.078; m = 0.653). The kinetic model characterized by these values is in good agreement with the experimental values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Andronescu
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Iuliana Bîru
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ionuţ Cristian Radu
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorina Alexandra Gârea
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Horia Iovu
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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24
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Kimura H, Ohtsuka K, Matsumoto A. New Thermosetting Resin from Benzoxazine and Cyanate Ester Resin. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Surender R, Mahendran A, Thamaraichelvan A, Alam S, Vijayakumar CT. Curing studies of bisphenol a based bismaleimide and cloisite 15a nanoclay blends using differential scanning calorimetry and model-free kinetics. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Zavaglia R, Guigo N, Sbirrazzuoli N, Mija A, Vincent L. Complex Kinetic Pathway of Furfuryl Alcohol Polymerization Catalyzed by Green Montmorillonite Clays. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:8259-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jp301439q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Zavaglia
- Fluids and Complex Materials Group,
Laboratory of Condensed
Matter Physics (L.P.M.C − UMR 7336), University of Nice - Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Nathanael Guigo
- Fluids and Complex Materials Group,
Laboratory of Condensed
Matter Physics (L.P.M.C − UMR 7336), University of Nice - Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli
- Fluids and Complex Materials Group,
Laboratory of Condensed
Matter Physics (L.P.M.C − UMR 7336), University of Nice - Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Alice Mija
- Fluids and Complex Materials Group,
Laboratory of Condensed
Matter Physics (L.P.M.C − UMR 7336), University of Nice - Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Luc Vincent
- Fluids and Complex Materials Group,
Laboratory of Condensed
Matter Physics (L.P.M.C − UMR 7336), University of Nice - Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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27
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Wang J, Fang X, Wu MQ, He XY, Liu WB, Shen XD. Synthesis, curing kinetics and thermal properties of bisphenol-AP-based benzoxazine. Eur Polym J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Liu Y, Zhang J, Liu Z, Li Z, Yue Z. Thermally activated polymerization behavior of bisphenol-S/methylamine-based benzoxazine. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Demir KD, Tasdelen MA, Uyar T, Kawaguchi AW, Sudo A, Endo T, Yagci Y. Synthesis of polybenzoxazine/clay nanocomposites by
in situ
thermal ring‐opening polymerization using intercalated monomer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kubra Dogan Demir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak TR‐34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Atilla Tasdelen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak TR‐34469, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yalova University, 77100 Yalova, Turkey
| | - Tamer Uyar
- UNAM‐Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Atsushi Sudo
- Molecular Engineering Institute, Kinki University, Kayanomori, Iizuka 820‐8555, Japan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Molecular Engineering Institute, Kinki University, Kayanomori, Iizuka 820‐8555, Japan
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak TR‐34469, Istanbul, Turkey
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30
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Agag T, Takeichi T. Synthesis and characterization of benzoxazine resin-SiO2 hybrids by sol-gel process: The role of benzoxazine-functional silane coupling agent. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Lu Y, Li M, Ke L, Hu D, Xu W. Curing kinetics of fluorene containing benzoxazine investigated by nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Sudo A, Kudoh R, Endo T. Functional benzoxazines containing ammonium salt of carboxylic acid: Synthesis and highly activated thermally induced ring-opening polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Synthesis, characterization, and thermally activated polymerization behavior of bisphenol-S/aniline based benzoxazine. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Substituent effects of N-alkyl groups on thermally induced polymerization behavior of 1,3-benzoxazines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Wang L, Zheng S. Morphology and thermomechanical properties of main-chain polybenzoxazine-block-polydimethylsiloxane multiblock copolymers. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Agag T, Arza CR, Maurer FHJ, Ishida H. Primary Amine-Functional Benzoxazine Monomers and Their Use for Amide-Containing Monomeric Benzoxazines. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma902556k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Agag
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202
| | - Carlos R. Arza
- Department of Polymers and Materials Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Frans H. J. Maurer
- Department of Polymers and Materials Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hatsuo Ishida
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202
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37
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Kudoh R, Sudo A, Endo T. A Highly Reactive Benzoxazine Monomer, 1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1,3-Benzoxazine: Activation of Benzoxazine by Neighboring Group Participation of Hydroxyl Group. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma902416h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Kudoh
- Molecular Engineering Institute, Kinki University, Kayanomori, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sudo
- Molecular Engineering Institute, Kinki University, Kayanomori, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8555, Japan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Molecular Engineering Institute, Kinki University, Kayanomori, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8555, Japan
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38
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Kimura H, Matsumoto A, Ohtsuka K. New type of phenolic resin: Curing reaction of phenol-novolac based benzoxazine with bisoxazoline or epoxy resin using latent curing agent and the properties of the cured resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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39
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Andreu R, Reina JA, Ronda JC. Carboxylic acid-containing benzoxazines as efficient catalysts in the thermal polymerization of benzoxazines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Andreu R, Reina JA, Ronda JC. Studies on the thermal polymerization of substituted benzoxazine monomers: Electronic effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Andreu
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Carrer Marcel.lí Domingo s/n, E‐43007 Tarragona, Catalonia‐Spain
| | - J. A. Reina
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Carrer Marcel.lí Domingo s/n, E‐43007 Tarragona, Catalonia‐Spain
| | - J. C. Ronda
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Carrer Marcel.lí Domingo s/n, E‐43007 Tarragona, Catalonia‐Spain
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41
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Huang JM, Kuo SW, Huang HJ, Wang YX, Chen YT. Preparation of VB-a/POSS hybrid monomer and its polymerization of polybenzoxazine/POSS hybrid nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Montserrat S, Román F, Hutchinson JM, Campos L. Analysis of the cure of epoxy based layered silicate nanocomposites: Reaction kinetics and nanostructure development. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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43
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Kimura H, Matsumoto A, Ohtsuka K. Studies on new type of phenolic resin—Curing reaction of bisphenol-A-based benzoxazine with epoxy resin using latent curing agent and the properties of the cured resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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44
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Kimura H, Matsumoto A, Ohtsuka K. New type of phenolic resin—The curing reaction of bisphenol A based benzoxazine with bisoxazoline and the properties of the cured resin. III. The cure reactivity of benzoxazine with a latent curing agent. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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