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Poly (Lactic Acid)/Ground Tire Rubber Blends Using Peroxide Vulcanization. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091496. [PMID: 34066622 PMCID: PMC8124148 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA)/Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) blends using Dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as a crosslinking agent were prepared with the following aims: propose a new route to recycle wastes rubber from the automotive industry and improve the toughness and impact strength of the inherently brittle bio-based PLA. The GTR were subjected to two types of grinding process (cryo- and dry ambient grinding). Swelling measurements revealed the grinding to be associated with a mechanical damage of the rubber chains, independently on the type of grinding or on the GTR size (from <400 µm to <63 µm). Moreover, the finest GTR contains the largest amount of reinforcing elements (carbon black, clay) that can be advantageously used in PLA/GTR blends. Indeed, the use of the finest cryo-grinded GTR in the presence of DCP showed the least decrease of the tensile strength (−30%); maintenance of the tensile modulus and the largest improvement of the strain at break (+80%), energy at break (+60%) and impact strength (+90%) as compared to the neat PLA. The results were attributed to the good dispersion of both fine GTR and clay particles into the PLA matrix. Moreover, a possible re-crosslinking of the GTR particles and/or co-crosslinking at PLA/GTR interface in presence of DCP is expected to contribute to such improved ductility and impact strength.
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Ján Kruželák, Dugasová Z, Kvasničáková A, Tomanová K, Hudec I. Cross-Linking of Rubber Matrices with Dicumyl Peroxide and Zinc Dimethacrylate. Part I: Effect of Co-Agent Content. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090420330040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fabricating dual-responsive shape memory PVA-based composites via reactive melt-mixing by skillfully utilizing excellent flowability and crosslinking heat of polyethylene. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Petković Didović M, Klepac D, Meera AP, Thomas S, Valić S. Presence of vacuoles in natural rubber-Cloisite 15A nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Petković Didović
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Braće Branchetta 20 51000 Rijeka Croatia
| | - Damir Klepac
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Braće Branchetta 20 51000 Rijeka Croatia
| | - A. P. Meera
- School of Chemical Sciences; Mahatma Gandhi University; P. D. Hills Kerala 686560 India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences; Mahatma Gandhi University; P. D. Hills Kerala 686560 India
| | - Srećko Valić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Braće Branchetta 20 51000 Rijeka Croatia
- Rudjer Bošković Institute; Bijenička 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
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González-Jiménez A, Malmierca MA, Bernal-Ortega P, Posadas P, Pérez-Aparicio R, Marcos-Fernández Á, Mather PT, Valentín JL. The shape-memory effect in ionic elastomers: fixation through ionic interactions. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:2983-2994. [PMID: 28367567 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00104e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Shape-memory elastomers based on a commercial rubber cross-linked by both ionic and covalent bonds have been developed. The elastomeric matrix was a carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) vulcanized with magnesium oxide (MgO) providing ionic interactions that form hierarchical structures. The so-named ionic transition is used as the unique thermal transition responsible for the shape-memory effect (SME) in these elastomers. These ionic interactions fix the temporary shape due to their behavior as dynamic cross-links with temperature changes. Covalent cross-links were incorporated with the addition of different proportions of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) to the ionic elastomer to establish and recover the permanent shape. In this article, the SME was modulated by modifying the degree of covalent cross-linking, while keeping the ionic contribution constant. In addition, different programming parameters, such as deformation temperature, heating/cooling rate, loading/unloading rate and percentage of tensile strain, were evaluated for their effects on shape-memory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio González-Jiménez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Kruželák J, Sýkora R, Hudec I. Sulphur and peroxide vulcanisation of rubber compounds – overview. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/chempap-2016-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractVulcanisation is a process of transforming a plastic rubber compound into a highly elastic product by forming a three-dimensional cross-linked network structure in the rubber matrix. Many systems have been developed to vulcanise rubber compounds, among which sulphur and peroxide curing systems remain the most desirable. The application of sulphur systems leads to the forming of sulphidic cross-links between elastomer chains, while carbon–carbon bonds are formed in peroxide-curing. Both vulcanisation systems provide certain benefits to the cross-linked rubber articles, but also some disadvantages. The present work seeks to provide an overview on both vulcanisation systems; their composition, possibilities of their application, reaction mechanisms, structure of the cross-links formed and the main feature of the final cross-linked materials – vulcanisates.
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Influence of the vulcanization system on the dynamics and structure of natural rubber: Comparative study by means of broadband dielectric spectroscopy and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mora-Barrantes I, Rodríguez A, Ibarra L, González L, Valentín J. Overcoming the disadvantages of fumed silica as filler in elastomer composites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm10410a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Valentín JL, Posadas P, Fernández-Torres A, Malmierca MA, González L, Chassé W, Saalwächter K. Inhomogeneities and Chain Dynamics in Diene Rubbers Vulcanized with Different Cure Systems. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1003437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Valentín
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Institut für Physik−NMR, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Strasse 7, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - P. Posadas
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Fernández-Torres
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. A. Malmierca
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - L. González
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - W. Chassé
- Institut für Physik−NMR, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Strasse 7, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - K. Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik−NMR, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Strasse 7, D-06120 Halle, Germany
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Valentín JL, Mora-Barrantes I, Carretero-González J, López-Manchado MA, Sotta P, Long DR, Saalwächter K. Novel Experimental Approach To Evaluate Filler−Elastomer Interactions. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma901999j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Valentín
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Physik−NMR, Betty-Heimann-Str. 7, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - I. Mora-Barrantes
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Carretero-González
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. A. López-Manchado
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Sotta
- Laboratoire Polymeres et Matériaux Avancés, CNRS/Rhodia. 85 avenue des Freres Perret, F-69192 Saint-Fons, France
| | - D. R. Long
- Laboratoire Polymeres et Matériaux Avancés, CNRS/Rhodia. 85 avenue des Freres Perret, F-69192 Saint-Fons, France
| | - K. Saalwächter
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Physik−NMR, Betty-Heimann-Str. 7, D-06120 Halle, Germany
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Valentín JL, Carretero-González J, Mora-Barrantes I, Chassé W, Saalwächter K. Uncertainties in the Determination of Cross-Link Density by Equilibrium Swelling Experiments in Natural Rubber. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma8005087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Valentín
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Friedemann-Bach-Platz 6, D-06108 Halle, Germany, and Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Carretero-González
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Friedemann-Bach-Platz 6, D-06108 Halle, Germany, and Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - I. Mora-Barrantes
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Friedemann-Bach-Platz 6, D-06108 Halle, Germany, and Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - W. Chassé
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Friedemann-Bach-Platz 6, D-06108 Halle, Germany, and Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - K. Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Friedemann-Bach-Platz 6, D-06108 Halle, Germany, and Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
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