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Variability in the inorganic composition of colored acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene and polylactic acid filaments used in 3D printing. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-022-05221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractFused filament fabrication is a 3D printing technique that has gained widespread use from homes to schools to workplaces. Thermoplastic filaments, such as acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA), are extruded at temperatures near their respective glass transition temperature or melting point, respectively. Little has been reported on the inorganic elemental composition and concentrations present in these materials or the methods available for extracting that information. Because inorganic constituents may be included in the aerosolized particulates emitted during the printing process, identifying elements that could be present and at what specific concentrations is critical. The objective of the current research is to determine the range of metals present in thermoplastic filaments along with their relative abundance and chemical speciation as a function of polymer type, manufacturer, and color. A variety of filaments from select manufacturers were digested using a range of techniques to determine the optimal conditions for metal extraction from ABS and PLA polymers. The extraction potential for each method was quantified using by ICP-MS analysis. When possible, further characterization of the chemical composition of the filaments was investigated using X-ray Absorption spectroscopy to determine chemical speciation of the metal. Optimal digestion conditions were established using a high temperature, high pressure microwave-assisted acid digestion method to produce the most complete and repeatable extraction results. The composition and abundance of metals in the filaments varied greatly as a function of polymer, manufacturer, and color. Potential elements of concern present in the filaments at elevated concentration included that could pose a respiratory risk included Si, Al, Ti, Cu, Zn, and Sn. XAS analysis revealed a mixture of metal oxides, mineral, and organometallic compounds were present in the filaments that were being used to increase opaqueness impart color (dyes), polymeric catalysts, and flame retardants. This work shows that a variety of metals are present in the starting materials used for 3D printing and depending on their partitioning into 3D printed products and byproducts as well as the exposure route, may pose a health risk which merits further investigation.
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2
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Duan Y, Yi P, Ding Y, Li B, Xiong Y, Guo S. Fast fabrication of a light‐scattering polycarbonate with high transmittance, high haze, and excellent flame‐retardant performance. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Ping Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yitong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Bowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Ying Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Shaoyun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
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3
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Hou S, Li Z, Zhang YJ, Jiang P. Phosphorous-phosphorous synergistic effect on flame retardancy, mechanically reinforce and hydrolytic resistance for PC/ABS blends. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Li S, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Yang X, Yu R, Zhang Y, Deng K, Huang W. A facile approach to prepare cage‐ladder‐structure phosphorus‐containing amino‐functionalized
POSS
for enhancing flame retardancy of epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Analytical Science and Technology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhao
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xin Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Ran Yu
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Kuilin Deng
- Analytical Science and Technology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Wei Huang
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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The Synergistic Effect of Ionic Liquid-Modified Expandable Graphite and Intumescent Flame-Retardant on Flame-Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foams. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13143095. [PMID: 32664380 PMCID: PMC7411720 DOI: 10.3390/ma13143095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a nitrogen–phosphorus intumescent flame-retardant 3-(N-diphenyl phosphate) amino propyl triethoxy silane (DPES), the ionic liquid (IL) of 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazole phosphate, and a phosphorous-containing ionic liquid-modified expandable graphite (IL-EG), were synthesized, and their molecular structures were characterized. The flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) were compounded with synergistic flame-retardant IL-EG/DPES to study the effects of the combination IL-EG and DPES on the pore structure, mechanical properties, thermal decomposition behavior and thermal decomposition mechanism of RPUF. The results showed that IL-EG/DPES had good thermal stability, and an excellent expansibility and char yield. The flame-retardant RPUF, modified with IL-EG and DPES at the ratio of 1:1, had a relatively uniform pore size, the highest compressive strength, and an excellent flame-retardant performance due to the form interwoven hydrogen bonds between IL-EG and DPES, as well as the new synergistic flame-retardant coating on the RPUF surface to restrict the transfer of gas or heat into the PU matrix.
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Cheng Z, Fang M, Chen X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li H, Qian J. Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of a Cured Trifunctional Epoxy Resin with the Synergistic Effects of Silicon/Titanium. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:4200-4212. [PMID: 32149250 PMCID: PMC7057714 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
An amino curing agent containing silicon/titanium flame-retardant elements (STCA) based on (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and tetrabutyl titanate was successfully prepared. The thermal decomposition and flame-retardant properties of a STCA-cured trifunctional epoxy resin, which was facilely synthesized by 1,1,1-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane and epichlorohydrin via a two-step method, were compared with those of another amino curing agent containing silicon (SCA) based on APTES and methyltrimethoxysilane. The structures of STCA and SCA were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), 29Si NMR, and Raman spectroscopies. The STCA-cured thermoset not only had good thermal stability with an initial decomposition temperature of 344.8 °C and a char yield of 52.7% at 800 °C but also exhibited the overall improvement of flame-retardant properties. V-0 rating was achieved using the UL-94 test, and the value of limiting oxygen index reached 33.8%. From the thermogravimetry-infrared test, the yield of pyrolysis products of the STCA-cured thermoset was significantly decreased, indicating the lower toxicity in contrast to the SCA-cured thermoset. Flame-retardant performances were also investigated using the cone calorimetry test, and the flame retardancy mechanism was studied using scanning electron microscopy, FT-IR, and energy-dispersive spectrometry. The results indicate that the introduction of silicon/titanium to the system reveals the synergistic effects to promote the formation of an intumescent, sufficient, and compact char layer during combustion, which could effectively prevent heat, oxygen, and flame from penetrating into the interior structure, and lead to the retardance of further combustion.
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7
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Li S, Zhao X, Liu X, Yang X, Yu R, Zhang Y, Huang W, Deng K. Cage-ladder-structure, phosphorus-containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquinoxanes as promising reactive-type flame retardants for epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Li
- Analytical Science and Technology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhao
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xinghua Liu
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xin Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Ran Yu
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Wei Huang
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Kuilin Deng
- Analytical Science and Technology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
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8
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Kang F, Deng J, Jiao D, He L, Wang W, Liu Z. Microfluidic fabrication of polysiloxane/dimethyl methylphosphonate flame‐retardant microcapsule and its application in silicone foams. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fu‐Ru Kang
- School of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 PR China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 PR China
| | - Jun Deng
- School of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 PR China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 PR China
| | - Dong‐Sheng Jiao
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230027 PR China
| | - Li‐Qun He
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230027 PR China
| | - Wei‐Feng Wang
- School of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 PR China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 PR China
| | - Zhi‐Chao Liu
- School of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 PR China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710054 PR China
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9
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Ren Q, Xia Y, Zhang X, Zhang F, Guo J, Zhang S. Synthesis of a Novel Flame Retardant and Its Synergistic Effect With a Phosphapheanthrene Flame Retardant in Polypropylene/Polyethylene Vinyl Acetate Blends. J MACROMOL SCI B 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2017.1411075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinglong Ren
- Department of Materials Science, School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Materials Science, School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Fengfeng Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Materials Science, School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
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11
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Synthesis of a novel flame retardant containing phosphorus, nitrogen and boron and its application in flame-retardant epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Wang Q, Xiong L, Liang H, Huang S. Synergistic Effect of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on the Flame Retardancy and the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy Resin. J MACROMOL SCI B 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2016.1254510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Wu N, Lang S. Flame retardancy and toughness modification of flame retardant polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/AHP composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Liang B, Hong X, Zhu M, Gao C, Wang C, Tsubaki N. Synthesis of novel intumescent flame retardant containing phosphorus, nitrogen and boron and its application in polyethylene. Polym Bull (Berl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-015-1447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Li YJ, Gu XY, Zhao J, Jiang P, Sun J, Wang T. Flame retardancy effects of phosphorus-containing compounds and cationic photoinitiators on photopolymerized cycloaliphatic epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jie Li
- College of Science; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Gu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhao
- College of Science; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Science; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
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16
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Song R, Chang L, Li B. Flame retardancy and thermal properties of carboxyl-containing polysiloxane derivatives in polycarbonate. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun Song
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials; College of Science, Northeast Forestry University; Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
| | | | - Bin Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials; College of Science, Northeast Forestry University; Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
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Yuan DD, Cai XF. Synthesis of a silicon-containing flame retardant and its synergistic effect with potassium-4-(phenylsulfonyl)benzenesulfonate (KSS) in polycarbonate (PC). CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-013-1306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Huang YW, Song ML, Ma JJ, Lu ZY, Yang JX, Cao K. Synthesis of a phosphorus/silicon hybrid and its synergistic effect with melamine polyphosphates on flame retardant polypropylene system. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Yuan DD, Deng LT, Yin HQ, Cai XF. Synergistic effect of organic silicon on the flame retardancy and thermal properties of polycarbonate/potassium-4-(phenylsulfonyl) benzenesulfonate systems. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Ding L, Song R, Li B. An easy-to-obtain silicone-containing flame retardant and its effects on the combustion of polycarbonate. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Tang Z, Li Y, Zhang YJ, Jiang P. Oligomeric siloxane containing triphenylphosphonium phosphate as a novel flame retardant for polycarbonate. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Zhao W, Li B, Xu M. Effect of Phosphorus Compounds on Flame Retardancy and Thermal Degradation of Polycarbonate and Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene. J MACROMOL SCI B 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2012.665778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- a Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Science, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin , P. R. China
- b Key Lab of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education , Harbin , P. R. China
| | - Bin Li
- a Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Science, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin , P. R. China
- b Key Lab of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education , Harbin , P. R. China
| | - Miaojun Xu
- a Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Science, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin , P. R. China
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23
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Synthesis and characterization of branched bisphenol-A polycarbonates functionalized with siloxane. Macromol Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-011-1205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Zhang W, Li X, Yang R. Flame retardant mechanisms of phosphorus-containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (DOPO-POSS) in polycarbonate composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Synthesis and characterization of polycarbonates containing terminal and chain interior siloxane. Polym Bull (Berl) 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-011-0632-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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26
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Jian RK, Chen L, Hu Z, Wang YZ. Flame-retardant polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene based on red phosphorus encapsulated by polysiloxane: Flame retardance, thermal stability, and water resistance. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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28
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Wang C, Wei P, Qian Y, Liu J. The synthesis of a novel flame retardant and its synergistic efficiency in polypropylene/ammonium polyphosphate system. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Nguyen C, Lee M, Kim J. Relationship between structures of phosphorus compounds and flame retardancies of the mixtures with acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Zhuo D, Gu A, Liang G, Hu JT, Cao L, Yuan L. Flame retardancy and flame retarding mechanism of high performance hyperbranched polysiloxane modified bismaleimide/cyanate ester resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Mollah† MSI, Seo† DW, Islam MM, Lim YD, Cho SH, Shin KMOO, Kim JH, Kim WG. Synthesis and Characterization of Grafted Silicone Polycarbonates. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2011.562735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Zhang W, Li X, Yang R. Flame retardancy mechanisms of phosphorus-containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (DOPO-POSS) in polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blends. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Hu Z, Chen L, Zhao B, Luo Y, Wang DY, Wang YZ. A novel efficient halogen-free flame retardant system for polycarbonate. Polym Degrad Stab 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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34
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Wang L, Wu X, Wu C, Yu J, Wang G, Jiang P. Study on the flame retardancy of EVM/magnesium hydroxide composites optimized with a flame retardant containing phosphorus and silicon. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Zhuo D, Gu A, Liang G, Hu JT, Yuan L, Chen X. Flame retardancy materials based on a novel fully end-capped hyperbranched polysiloxane and bismaleimide/diallylbisphenol A resin with simultaneously improved integrated performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm10233h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Zhang W, Li X, Guo X, Yang R. Mechanical and thermal properties and flame retardancy of phosphorus-containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (DOPO-POSS)/polycarbonate composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Hamdani S, Longuet C, Perrin D, Lopez-cuesta JM, Ganachaud F. Flame retardancy of silicone-based materials. Polym Degrad Stab 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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