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Ghalandari V, Smith H, Scannell A, Reza T. E-waste plastic liquefaction using supercritical Toluene: Evaluation of reaction parameters on liquid products. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 174:126-139. [PMID: 38041981 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Solvothermal liquefaction (STL) is a thermochemical conversion technique that employs solvents other than water to transform waste plastics into valuable compounds. The objective of this study was to explore the potential use of supercritical toluene, a nonpolar solvent, for the depolymerization of four electrical waste (e-waste) thermoplastics, namely polyamide (PA), polycarbonate (PC), polyoxymethylene (POM), and polyether ether ketone (PEEK), into liquid products. Depolymerization experiments were carried out in batch reactors at three reaction temperatures (325, 350, and 375 °C), and three residence times (1, 3, and 6 h). The findings revealed that increasing STL temperature and extending the reaction time enhances the depolymerization of e-waste thermoplastics. The highest STL conversation (100 %) was observed for POM, and the lowest STL conversation (32.23 %) was observed for PEEK. Additionally, the ultimate analysis showed that the liquid product obtained from STL at 375 °C and 6 h exhibited higher heating values (HHV) within the range of 31.43 to 35.31 MJ/kg. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated that the boiling point distributions of liquid products are highly dependent on thermoplastic type. Finally, the reaction mechanisms of STL for PA, PC, POM, and PEEK were proposed based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahab Ghalandari
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
| | - Hunter Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
| | - Adam Scannell
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
| | - Toufiq Reza
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA.
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2
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Ahmad T, Rehman LM, Al-Nuaimi R, de Levay JPBB, Thankamony R, Mubashir M, Lai Z. Thermodynamics and kinetic analysis of membrane: Challenges and perspectives. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 337:139430. [PMID: 37422221 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
The ultimate structure of the membrane is determined using two important effects: (i) thermodynamic effect and (ii) kinetic effect. Controlling the mechanism of kinetic and thermodynamic processes in phase separation is essential for enhancing membrane performance. However, the relationship between system parameters and the ultimate membrane morphology is still largely empirical. This review focuses on the fundamental ideas behind thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) and nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) methods, including both kinetic and thermodynamic elements. The thermodynamic approach to understanding phase separation and the effect of different interaction parameters on membrane morphology has been discussed in detail. Furthermore, this review explores the capabilities and limitations of different macroscopic transport models used for the last four decades to explore the phase inversion process. The application of molecular simulations and phase field to understand phase separation has also been briefly examined. Finally, it discusses the thermodynamic approach to understanding phase separation and the consequence of different interaction parameters on membrane morphology, as well as possible directions for artificial intelligence to fill the gaps in the literature. This review aims to provide comprehensive knowledge and motivation for future modeling work for membrane fabrication via new techniques such as nonsolvent-TIPS, complex-TIPS, non-solvent assisted TIPS, combined NIPS-TIPS method, and mixed solvent phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tausif Ahmad
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Centre, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Lubna M Rehman
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Centre, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham Al-Nuaimi
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Centre, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Pierre Benjamin Boross de Levay
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Centre, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roshni Thankamony
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Centre, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Mubashir
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Centre, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhiping Lai
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Centre, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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Lu H, Wang D, Huang D, Feng L, Zhang H, Zhu P. Product from sessile droplet evaporation of PNIPAM/water system above LCST: A block or micro/nano-particles? J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 634:769-781. [PMID: 36565619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PNIPAM as a stimuli-responsive polymer has generated extreme interests due to its versatile applications. However, there is no research report on whether PNIPAM micro/nano-particles can be extracted from its suspension after phase separation. In the present work, LCST-type phase separation in self-synthesized PNIPAM/water system was investigated in depth by dividing the DLS testing process into four stages. In addition to quenching duration, temperature rise process, quenching temperature and PNIPAM concentration all have a great influence on particle size of the suspension. Meanwhile, the steady-state rheology and dynamic viscoelasticity results show that PNIPAM micro/nano-particles in the suspension are "soft" that can deform. Finally, FE-SEM was used to observe the morphology of dehydrated PNIPAM extracted by sessile droplet evaporation under different conditions. The results indicate that these "soft" particles are easier to fuse together, do not have sufficient mechanical strength to maintain their spherical morphology after dehydration. But the above fusion can be suppressed by adjusting evaporation conditions to acquire smaller PNIPAM particles which have sufficient mechanical properties to keep their basic particle morphology. Further, by changing evaporation pressure to positive or negative pressure, dehydrated PNIPAM micro/nano-particles with excellent uniformity and separation can be obtained. This work will provide guidance for extracting micro/nano-particles from polymer/diluent systems with LCST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Lu
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Danling Wang
- Zhongce Rubber Group Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Daye Huang
- Zhongce Rubber Group Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Luyao Feng
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Huapeng Zhang
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
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4
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Ma W, Zhou Z, Ismail N, Tocci E, Figoli A, Khayet M, Matsuura T, Cui Z, Tavajohi N. Membrane formation by thermally induced phase separation: Materials, involved parameters, modeling, current efforts and future directions. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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5
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Ammonia removal using thermally induced phase separation PVDF hollow fibre membrane contactors. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tang Y, Lin Y, Ford DM, Qian X, Cervellere MR, Millett PC, Wang X. A review on models and simulations of membrane formation via phase inversion processes. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tang Y, Lin Y, Ma W, Wang X. A review on microporous polyvinylidene fluoride membranes fabricated via thermally induced phase separation for MF/UF application. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Yang B, Chen Q, Ding M, Pan Y, Zhang P, Wang S, Qian J, Miao J, Xia R, Chen P, Shi Y, Tu Y. Facile way of dynamically tailoring microporous structures in polyvinylidene fluoride films prepared by thermally induced phase separation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20190206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Qinting Chen
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Mengya Ding
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Yang Pan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Shuqing Wang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Jiasheng Qian
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Jibin Miao
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Ru Xia
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials Anhui University Hefei China
| | - You Shi
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Youlei Tu
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
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Kum-Onsa P, Phromviyo N, Thongbai P. Suppressing loss tangent with significantly enhanced dielectric permittivity of poly(vinylidene fluoride) by filling with Au-Na 1/2Y 1/2Cu 3Ti 4O 12 hybrid particles. RSC Adv 2020; 10:40442-40449. [PMID: 35520845 PMCID: PMC9057577 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06980a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-phase gold nanoparticle–Na1/2Y1/2Cu3Ti4O12 (Au–NYCTO)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) composites with 0.095–0.487 hybrid particle volume fractions (f) were fabricated. Au nanoparticles with a diameter of ∼10 nm were decorated on the surfaces of high-permittivity NYCTO particles using a modified Turkevich's method. The polar β-PVDF phase was confirmed to exist in the composites. Significantly enhanced dielectric permittivity of ∼98 (at 1 kHz) was obtained in the Au–NYCTO/PVDF composite with fAu–NYCTO = 0.487, while the loss tangent was suppressed to 0.09. Abrupt changes in the dielectric and electrical properties, which signified percolation behavior, were not observed even when fAu–NYCTO = 0.487. Using the effective medium percolation theory model, the percolation threshold (fc) was predicted to be at fAu–NYCTO = 0.69, at which fAu was estimated to ∼0.19 and close to the theoretical fc value for the conductor–insulator composites (fc = 0.16). A largely enhanced dielectric response in the Au–NYCTO/PVDF composites was contributed by the interfacial polarization effect and a high permittivity of the NYCTO ceramic filler. Au nanoparticles can produce the local electric field in the composites, making the dipole moments in the β-PVDF phase and NYCTO particles align with the direction of the electric field. Three-phase gold nanoparticle–Na1/2Y1/2Cu3Ti4O12 (Au–NYCTO)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) composites with 0.095–0.487 hybrid particle volume fractions (f) were fabricated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornsawan Kum-Onsa
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
| | - Nutthakritta Phromviyo
- Sustainable Infrastructure Research and Development Center, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
| | - Prasit Thongbai
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand .,Institute of Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy (IN-RIE), NANOTEC-KKU RNN on Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy, Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
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Hao Z, Chen C, Shen T, Lu J, Yang H, Li W. Slippery liquid‐infused porous surface via thermally induced phase separation for enhanced corrosion protection. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio‐fouling Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai China
| | - Chuchu Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio‐fouling Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai China
| | - Ting Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio‐fouling Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai China
| | - Jiaxing Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio‐fouling Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai China
| | - Hao‐Cheng Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio‐fouling Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai China
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio‐fouling Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai China
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11
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Simultaneous stiffening, strengthening and toughening of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/propylene carbonate gels by thermal annealing near peak melting temperature. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Sampath UGTM, Ching YC, Chuah CH, Sabariah JJ, Lin PC. Fabrication of Porous Materials from Natural/Synthetic Biopolymers and Their Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 9:E991. [PMID: 28774113 PMCID: PMC5456954 DOI: 10.3390/ma9120991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Biopolymers and their applications have been widely studied in recent years. Replacing the oil based polymer materials with biopolymers in a sustainable manner might give not only a competitive advantage but, in addition, they possess unique properties which cannot be emulated by conventional polymers. This review covers the fabrication of porous materials from natural biopolymers (cellulose, chitosan, collagen), synthetic biopolymers (poly(lactic acid), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)) and their composite materials. Properties of biopolymers strongly depend on the polymer structure and are of great importance when fabricating the polymer into intended applications. Biopolymers find a large spectrum of application in the medical field. Other fields such as packaging, technical, environmental, agricultural and food are also gaining importance. The introduction of porosity into a biomaterial broadens the scope of applications. There are many techniques used to fabricate porous polymers. Fabrication methods, including the basic and conventional techniques to the more recent ones, are reviewed. Advantages and limitations of each method are discussed in detail. Special emphasis is placed on the pore characteristics of biomaterials used for various applications. This review can aid in furthering our understanding of the fabrication methods and about controlling the porosity and microarchitecture of porous biopolymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yern Chee Ching
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Cheng Hock Chuah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Johari J Sabariah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Pai-Chen Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, 621 Chiayi Country, Taiwan.
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14
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Formation of microporous polymeric membranes via thermally induced phase separation: A review. Front Chem Sci Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-016-1561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Martínez-Rodríguez M, Garza-Navarro M, Moreno-Cortez I, Lucio-Porto R, González-González V. Silver/polysaccharide-based nanofibrous materials synthesized from green chemistry approach. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 136:46-53. [PMID: 26572327 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution a novel green chemistry approach for the synthesis of nanofibrous materials based on blends of carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC)-silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) composite and polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA) is proposed. These nanofibrous materials were obtained from the electrospinning of blends of aqueous solutions of CMC-AgNPs composite and PVA, which were prepared at different CMC/PVA weight ratios in order to electrospin nanofibers applying a constant tension of 15kV. The synthesized materials were characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy; as well as Fourier-transform infrared, ultraviolet and Raman spectroscopic techniques. Experimental evidence suggests that the diameter of the nanofibers is thinner than any other reported in the literature regarding the electrospinning of CMC. This feature is related to the interactions of AgNPs with carboxyl functional groups of the CMC, which diminish those between the later and acetyl groups of PVA.
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Xiao T, Wang P, Yang X, Cai X, Lu J. Fabrication and characterization of novel asymmetric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes by the nonsolvent thermally induced phase separation (NTIPS) method for membrane distillation applications. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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