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Qu Y, Haverkamp R, Jin Z, Jakobs-Schönwandt D, Patel AV, Hellweg T. Release Kinetics of Potassium, Calcium, and Iron Cations from Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrogels at Different pH Values. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300368. [PMID: 37881159 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
In an in-depth study of the mechanism of cation release from carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels synthesized through Schiff base reaction, we analyze the differences in the release kinetics of potassium, calcium, and iron cations with Peleg model at pH values of pH 3.5 and pH 8.5 using ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy) technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qu
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
- Fermentation and Formulation of Biologicals and Chemicals, Bielefeld Institute of Applied Materials Research, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Interaktion 1, 33619, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - René Haverkamp
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Zhaorui Jin
- Otto Schott Institute for Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Fraunhoferstraße 6, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Désirée Jakobs-Schönwandt
- Fermentation and Formulation of Biologicals and Chemicals, Bielefeld Institute of Applied Materials Research, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Interaktion 1, 33619, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anant V Patel
- Fermentation and Formulation of Biologicals and Chemicals, Bielefeld Institute of Applied Materials Research, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Interaktion 1, 33619, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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2
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Halligan E, Tie BSH, Colbert DM, Alsaadi M, Zhuo S, Keane G, Geever LM. Synthesis and Characterisation of Hydrogels Based on Poly (N-Vinylcaprolactam) with Diethylene Glycol Diacrylate. Gels 2023; 9:439. [PMID: 37367110 DOI: 10.3390/gels9060439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly (N-vinylcaprolactam) is a polymer that is biocompatible, water-soluble, thermally sensitive, non-toxic, and nonionic. In this study, the preparation of hydrogels based on Poly (N-vinylcaprolactam) with diethylene glycol diacrylate is presented. The N-Vinylcaprolactam-based hydrogels are synthesised by using a photopolymerisation technique using diethylene glycol diacrylate as a crosslinking agent, and Diphenyl (2, 4, 6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide as a photoinitiator. The structure of the polymers is investigated via Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The polymers are further characterised using differential scanning calorimetry and swelling analysis. This study is conducted to determine the characteristics of P (N-vinylcaprolactam) with diethylene glycol diacrylate, including the addition of Vinylacetate or N-Vinylpyrrolidone, and to examine the effects on the phase transition. Although various methods of free-radical polymerisation have synthesised the homopolymer, this is the first study to report the synthesis of Poly (N-vinylcaprolactam) with diethylene glycol diacrylate by using free-radical photopolymerisation, using Diphenyl (2, 4, 6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide to initiate the reaction. FTIR analysis shows that the NVCL-based copolymers are successfully polymerised through UV photopolymerisation. DSC analysis indicates that increasing the concentration of crosslinker results in a decrease in the glass transition temperature. Swelling analysis displays that the lower the concentration of crosslinker present in the hydrogel, the quicker the hydrogels reach their maximum swelling ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Halligan
- Polymer, Recycling, Industrial, Sustainability and Manufacturing (PRISM) Center, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Billy Shu Hieng Tie
- Polymer, Recycling, Industrial, Sustainability and Manufacturing (PRISM) Center, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Declan Mary Colbert
- Polymer, Recycling, Industrial, Sustainability and Manufacturing (PRISM) Center, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Mohamad Alsaadi
- Polymer, Recycling, Industrial, Sustainability and Manufacturing (PRISM) Center, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
- CONFIRM Centre for Smart Manufacturing, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Co. Limerick, Ireland
| | - Shuo Zhuo
- Polymer, Recycling, Industrial, Sustainability and Manufacturing (PRISM) Center, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Gavin Keane
- Centre for Industrial Service and Design, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Luke M Geever
- Applied Polymer Technologies Gateway, Material Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
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3
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Lobban R, Biswas A, Ruiz-Márquez KJ, Bellan LM. Leveraging the gel-to-sol transition of physically crosslinked thermoresponsive polymer hydrogels to enable reactions induced by lowering temperature. RSC Adv 2022; 12:21885-21891. [PMID: 36043086 PMCID: PMC9361303 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02938c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Much work has been done on the use of heating to trigger reactions via the temperature-dependent removal of a barrier or constraint separating reagents. Far less work, however, has been done on the use of cooling to achieve a similar goal. Numerous applications, such as those involving components or materials susceptible to persistent low temperatures and cases in which energy for heating is not available, would benefit from this inverse approach. Hence, in this study we explore whether physically crosslinked hydrogels can be reliably used as thermoresponsive constraints that allow reagents to react only upon cooling. We achieve this by loading reagents into adjacent blocks of thermoresponsive hydrogel and showing that these reagents can only react with each other after the temperature of the hydrogel falls below its lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Above the LCST, the reagents remain sequestered in separate gels and no reaction occurs; this "OFF" state is stable for extended periods. When the system is allowed to cool, the hydrogels liquify and flow into each other, allowing mixing of the embedded reagents ("ON" state). We tune the hydrogels' LCSTs using NaCl, quantify the NaCl's tuning effect using rheometry, and determine that reactions are triggered reproducibly at temperatures similar to the tuned LCSTs. We also demonstrate generalizability of the concept by exploring situations involving radically different reaction types. This concept therefore constitutes a new approach to autonomous material behavior based on cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romario Lobban
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Ankan Biswas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Kevin J. Ruiz-Márquez
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTN 37235USA
| | - Leon M. Bellan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTN 37235USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTN 37235USA
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4
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NVCL-Based Hydrogels and Composites for Biomedical Applications: Progress in the Last Ten Years. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094722. [PMID: 35563114 PMCID: PMC9103572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels consist of three-dimensionally crosslinked polymeric chains, are hydrophilic, have the ability to absorb other molecules in their structure and are relatively easy to obtain. However, in order to improve some of their properties, usually mechanical, or to provide them with some physical, chemical or biological characteristics, hydrogels have been synthesized combined with other synthetic or natural polymers, filled with inorganic nanoparticles, metals, and even polymeric nanoparticles, giving rise to composite hydrogels. In general, different types of hydrogels have been synthesized; however, in this review, we refer to those obtained from the thermosensitive polymer poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PNVCL) and we focus on the definition, properties, synthesis techniques, nanomaterials used as fillers in composites and mainly applications of PNVCL-based hydrogels in the biomedical area. This type of material has great potential in biomedical applications such as drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, as antimicrobials and in diagnostic and bioimaging.
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5
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Designing gelatin-based swellable hydrogels system for controlled delivery of salbutamol sulphate: characterization and toxicity evaluation. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Sani Mamman I, Teo YY, Misran M. Synthesis, characterization and rheological study of Arabic gum-grafted-poly (methacrylic acid) hydrogels. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Halligan S, Murray K, Hopkins M, Rogers I, Lyons J, Vrain O, Geever L. Enhancing and controlling the critical attributes of poly (
N
‐vinylcaprolactam) through electron beam irradiation for biomedical applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shane Halligan
- Applied Polymer Technologies GatewayMaterials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology Ireland
| | | | - Michael Hopkins
- Applied Polymer Technologies GatewayMaterials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology Ireland
| | - Ian Rogers
- Applied Polymer Technologies GatewayMaterials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology Ireland
| | - John Lyons
- Applied Polymer Technologies GatewayMaterials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology Ireland
| | | | - Luke Geever
- Applied Polymer Technologies GatewayMaterials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology Ireland
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Fallon M, Halligan S, Pezzoli R, Geever L, Higginbotham C. Synthesis and Characterisation of Novel Temperature and pH Sensitive Physically Cross-Linked Poly (N-vinylcaprolactam-co-itaconic Acid) Hydrogels for Drug Delivery. Gels 2019; 5:E41. [PMID: 31470691 PMCID: PMC6787750 DOI: 10.3390/gels5030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies involving poly N-vinylcaprolactam (PNVCL) and itaconic acid (IA) have synthesised the hydrogels with the presence of a solvent and a crosslinker, producing chemically crosslinked hydrogel systems. In this study, however, temperature sensitive PNVCL was physically crosslinked with a pH-sensitive comonomer IA through ultraviolet (UV) free-radical polymerization, without the presence of a solvent, to produce hydrogels with dual sensitivity. The attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy indicated successful polymerisation of the hydrogels. The temperature and pH sensitivity of the hydrogels was investigated. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the gels was determined using the UV spectrometry and it was found that the incorporation of IA decreased the LCST. Rheology was conducted to investigate the mechanical and viscoelastic properties of the hydrogels, with results indicating IA that enhances the mechanical properties of the gels. Swelling studies were carried out at ~20 °C and 37 °C in different buffer solutions simulating the gastrointestinal tract (pH 2.2 and pH 6.8). In acidic conditions, the gels showed gradual increase in swelling while remaining structurally intact. While in basic conditions, the gels had a burst in swelling and began to gradually degrade after 30 min. Results were similar for drug release studies. Acetaminophen was incorporated into the hydrogels. Drug dissolution studies were carried out at 37 °C in pH 2.2 and pH 6.8. It was found that <20% of acetaminophen was released from the gels in pH 2.2, whereas the maximum drug released at pH 6.8 was 74%. Cytotoxicity studies also demonstrated the hydrogels to be highly biocompatible. These results indicate that physically crosslinked P(NVCL-IA) gels possess dual pH and temperature sensitive properties, which may be beneficial for biomedical applications such as drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Fallon
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath N37 F6D7, Ireland
| | - Shane Halligan
- Applied Polymer Technologies Gateway, Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath N37 HD68, Ireland
| | - Romina Pezzoli
- Applied Polymer Technologies Gateway, Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath N37 HD68, Ireland
| | - Luke Geever
- Applied Polymer Technologies Gateway, Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath N37 HD68, Ireland
| | - Clement Higginbotham
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath N37 F6D7, Ireland.
- Applied Polymer Technologies Gateway, Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath N37 HD68, Ireland.
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9
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Lu H, Yuan L, Yu X, Wu C, He D, Deng J. Recent advances of on-demand dissolution of hydrogel dressings. BURNS & TRAUMA 2018; 6:35. [PMID: 30619904 PMCID: PMC6310937 DOI: 10.1186/s41038-018-0138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Wound management is a major global challenge and a big financial burden to the healthcare system due to the rapid growth of chronic diseases including the diabetes, obesity, and aging population. Modern solutions to wound management include hydrogels that dissolve on demand, and the development of such hydrogels is of keen research interest. The formation and subsequent on-demand dissolution of hydrogels is of keen interest to scientists and clinicians. These hydrogels have excellent properties such as tissue adhesion, swelling, and water absorption. In addition, these hydrogels have a distinctive capacity to form in situ and dissolve on-demand via physical or chemical reactions. Some of these hydrogels have been successfully used as a dressing to reduce bleeding in hepatic and aortal models, and the hydrogels remove easily afterwards. However, there is an extremely wide array of different ways to synthesize these hydrogels. Therefore, we summarize here the recent advances of hydrogels that dissolve on demand, covering both chemical cross-linking cases and physical cross-linking cases. We believe that continuous exploration of dissolution strategies will uncover new mechanisms of dissolution and extend the range of applications for hydrogel dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, 400021 China
| | - Long Yuan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medial University), Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Xunzhou Yu
- Institute of Burn Research, South-West Hospital, State Key Lab of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Gaotanyan Road No. 30, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Chengzhou Wu
- Department of Respiratory, Wuxi Country People’s Hospital, Chongqing, 405800 China
| | - Danfeng He
- Institute of Burn Research, South-West Hospital, State Key Lab of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Gaotanyan Road No. 30, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Jun Deng
- Institute of Burn Research, South-West Hospital, State Key Lab of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Gaotanyan Road No. 30, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038 China
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10
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Temperature and pH responsive cellulose filament/poly (NIPAM-co-AAc) hybrids as novel adsorbent towards Pb(II) removal. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 195:495-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Cortez-Lemus NA, Licea-Claverie A. Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam), a comprehensive review on a thermoresponsive polymer becoming popular. Prog Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Rao KM, Rao KSVK, Ha CS. Stimuli Responsive Poly(Vinyl Caprolactam) Gels for Biomedical Applications. Gels 2016; 2:E6. [PMID: 30674138 PMCID: PMC6318617 DOI: 10.3390/gels2010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl caprolactam) (PNVCL) is one of the most important thermoresponsive polymers because it is similar to poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide). PNVCL precipitates from aqueous solutions in a physiological temperature range (32⁻34 °C). The use of PNVCL instead of PNIPAM is considered advantageous because of the assumed lower toxicity of PNVCL. PNVCL copolymer gels are sensitive to external stimuli, such as temperature and pH; which gives them a wide range of biomedical applications and consequently attracts considerable scientific interest. This review focuses on the recent studies on PNVCL-based stimuli responsive three dimensional hydrogels (macro, micro, and nano) for biomedical applications. This review also covers the future outlooks of PNVCL-based gels for biomedical applications, particularly in the drug delivery field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kummara Madhusudana Rao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609 735, Korea.
| | - Kummari Subba Venkata Krishna Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa 516 003, Andhra Pradesh, India.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI48202, USA.
| | - Chang-Sik Ha
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609 735, Korea.
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13
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Uzuriaga-Sánchez RJ, Khan S, Wong A, Picasso G, Pividori MI, Sotomayor MDPT. Magnetically separable polymer (Mag-MIP) for selective analysis of biotin in food samples. Food Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.05.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Mehio N, Williamson B, Oyola Y, Mayes RT, Janke C, Brown S, Dai S. Acidity of the Poly(acrylamidoxime) Adsorbent in Aqueous Solution: Determination of the Proton Affinity Distribution via Potentiometric Titrations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b03211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nada Mehio
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ben Williamson
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Yatsandra Oyola
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Richard T. Mayes
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Chris Janke
- Materials
Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Suree Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Sheng Dai
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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15
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Lorenzo RA, Carro AM, Concheiro A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C. Stimuli-responsive materials in analytical separation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4927-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Balamurugan A, Lee HI. Water-Soluble Polymeric Probes for the Selective Sensing of Mercury Ion: pH-Driven Controllable Detection Sensitivity and Time. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502350p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Balamurugan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-il Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
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17
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Synthesis and photopolymerisation of maleic polyvinyl alcohol based hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-014-0538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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