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Yang H, Wang D. Comparing Surface and Bulk Curing Processes of an Epoxy Vitrimer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38470965 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
We used atomic force microscopy-based infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) and nanomechanical mapping (AFM-NM) to image the surface of a vitrimer, specifically dicarboxylic acid-cured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), to assess the curing process of a surface layer and compared this to the process in the bulk. We identified the β-hydroxy esters with various functionalities that are the key to form the cross-links for a system, including difunctional DGEBA and carboxylic acids. The IR peaks of the carbonyl group in generated ester groups are distinguished clearly from those in acids, allowing us to quantitatively assess the curing process at the surface and in the bulk. The initial curing at the surface exhibits a gradual cross-linking and is found to be lower than a rapid cross-linking in the bulk due to a relatively lower concentration of the β-hydroxy esters with high functionalities. This curing process leads to a smaller chemically and mechanically heterogeneous nanostructure at the surface relative to the bulk. After multiple reprocessings, a substantial number of esters lacking dynamic exchange capability form in the bulk, which decrease the flowability and reprocessability of the vitrimers and therefore the mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites & Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites & Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Curing Kinetics of Bioderived Furan-Based Epoxy Resins: Study on the Effect of the Epoxy Monomer/Hardener Ratio. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235322. [PMID: 36501714 PMCID: PMC9740668 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of furan-based epoxy thermosets as a greener alternative to diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A (DGEBA)-based resins has been demonstrated in recent literature. Therefore, a deep investigation of the curing behaviour of these systems may allow their use for industrial applications. In this work, the curing mechanism of 2,5-bis[(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)methyl]furan (BOMF) with methyl nadic anhydride (MNA) in the presence of 2-methylimidazole as a catalyst is analyzed. In particular, three systems characterized by different epoxy/anhydride molar ratios are investigated. The curing kinetics are studied through differential scanning calorimetry, both in isothermal and non-isothermal modes. The total heat of reaction of the epoxy resin as well as its activation energy are estimated by the non-isothermal measurements, while the fitting of isothermal data with Kamal's autocatalytic model provides the kinetic parameters. The results are discussed as a function of the resin composition. The global activation energy for the curing process of BOMF/MNA resins is in the range 72-79 kJ/mol, depending on both the model used and the sample composition; higher values are experienced by the system with balanced stoichiometry. By the fitting of the isothermal analysis, it emerged that the order of reaction is not only dependent on the temperature, but also on the composition, even though the values range between 0.31 and 1.24.
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Andrade-Acuña D, Sanchez SA, González-Jiménez A, Valentin JL, Marcos-Fernández Á, Dahrouch M. Obtention of biocompatible hydrogels containing PEGs/silicon fatty blocks with potential use as A controlled release system. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Garcia RHDS, Filgueiras JG, Colnago LA, de Azevedo ER. Real-Time Monitoring Polymerization Reactions Using Dipolar Echoes in 1H Time Domain NMR at a Low Magnetic Field. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020566. [PMID: 35056881 PMCID: PMC8778891 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
1H time domain nuclear magnetic resonance (1H TD-NMR) at a low magnetic field becomes a powerful technique for the structure and dynamics characterization of soft organic materials. This relies mostly on the method sensitivity to the 1H-1H magnetic dipolar couplings, which depend on the molecular orientation with respect to the applied magnetic field. On the other hand, the good sensitivity of the 1H detection makes it possible to monitor real time processes that modify the dipolar coupling as a result of changes in the molecular mobility. In this regard, the so-called dipolar echoes technique can increase the sensitivity and accuracy of the real-time monitoring. In this article we evaluate the performance of commonly used 1H TD-NMR dipolar echo methods for probing polymerization reactions. As a proof of principle, we monitor the cure of a commercial epoxy resin, using techniques such as mixed-Magic Sandwich Echo (MSE), Rhim Kessemeier-Radiofrequency Optimized Solid Echo (RK-ROSE) and Dipolar Filtered Magic Sandwich Echo (DF-MSE). Applying a reaction kinetic model that supposes simultaneous autocatalytic and noncatalytic reaction pathways, we show the analysis to obtain the rate and activation energy for the epoxy curing reaction using the NMR data. The results obtained using the different NMR methods are in good agreement among them and also results reported in the literature for similar samples. This demonstrates that any of these dipolar echo pulse sequences can be efficiently used for monitoring and characterizing this type of reaction. Nonetheless, the DF-MSE method showed intrinsic advantages, such as easier data handling and processing, and seems to be the method of choice for monitoring this type of reaction. In general, the procedure is suitable for characterizing reactions involving the formation of solid products from liquid reagents, with some adaptations concerning the reaction model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jefferson Gonçalves Filgueiras
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, Niterói 24020-007, RJ, Brazil;
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CP68528, Rio de Janeiro 21941-972, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiz Alberto Colnago
- Embrapa Instrumentação, Rua XV de Novembro, 1452, São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil;
| | - Eduardo Ribeiro de Azevedo
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 369, São Carlos 13660-970, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Mattar N, Renard E, Langlois V, Rios de Anda A. Multiscale Network Structure Analysis by Time Domain 1H DQ NMR and DMA of Resorcinol Diglycidyl Ether‐Jeffamine Matrices. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nour Mattar
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est - Université Paris-Est Créteil, UMR 7182 CNRS 2 rue Henri Dunant 94320 Thiais France
| | - Estelle Renard
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est - Université Paris-Est Créteil, UMR 7182 CNRS 2 rue Henri Dunant 94320 Thiais France
| | - Valérie Langlois
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est - Université Paris-Est Créteil, UMR 7182 CNRS 2 rue Henri Dunant 94320 Thiais France
| | - Agustin Rios de Anda
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est - Université Paris-Est Créteil, UMR 7182 CNRS 2 rue Henri Dunant 94320 Thiais France
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Rios de Anda A, Sotta P, Modjinou T, Langlois V, Versace DL, Renard E. Multiscale Structural Characterization of Biobased Diallyl–Eugenol Polymer Networks. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Rios de Anda
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est—Université Paris-Est Créteil, UMR 7182 CNRS, 2 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Paul Sotta
- Laboratoire Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, UMR 5268 CNRS-Solvay, Solvay in Axel’One, 87 rue des Freres Perret, 69192 Saint Fons, France
| | - Tina Modjinou
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est—Université Paris-Est Créteil, UMR 7182 CNRS, 2 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Valérie Langlois
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est—Université Paris-Est Créteil, UMR 7182 CNRS, 2 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Davy-Louis Versace
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est—Université Paris-Est Créteil, UMR 7182 CNRS, 2 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Estelle Renard
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est—Université Paris-Est Créteil, UMR 7182 CNRS, 2 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
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Alam TM, Jones BH. Investigating Chain Dynamics in Highly Crosslinked Polymers using Solid‐State
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H NMR Spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd M. Alam
- Department of Organic Materials ScienceSandia National Laboratories Albuquerque New Mexico 87185
| | - Brad H. Jones
- Department of Organic Materials ScienceSandia National Laboratories Albuquerque New Mexico 87185
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Martin-Gallego M, Lopez-Hernandez E, Pinto J, Rodriguez-Perez MA, Lopez-Manchado MA, Verdejo R. Transport Properties of One-Step Compression Molded Epoxy Nanocomposite Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050756. [PMID: 31052215 PMCID: PMC6572515 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to their high strength and stiffness, thermal and environmental stability, lower shrinkage, and water resistance, epoxy resins have been the preferred matrix for the development of syntactic foams using hollow glass microspheres. Although these foams are exploited in multiple applications, one of their issues is the possibility of breakage of the glass hollow microspheres during processing. Here, we present a straightforward and single-step foaming protocol using expandable polymeric microspheres based on the well-established compression molding process. We demonstrate the viability of the protocol producing two sets of nanocomposite foams filled with carbon-based nanoparticles with improved transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Martin-Gallego
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/ Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Emil Lopez-Hernandez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/ Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Pinto
- Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat), Condensed Matter Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo de Belén, 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Rodriguez-Perez
- Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat), Condensed Matter Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo de Belén, 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Lopez-Manchado
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/ Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raquel Verdejo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/ Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Time Domain NMR in Polymer Science: From the Laboratory to the Industry. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9091801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Highly controlled polymers and nanostructures are increasingly translated from the lab to the industry. Together with the industrialization of complex systems from renewable sources, a paradigm change in the processing of plastics and rubbers is underway, requiring a new generation of analytical tools. Here, we present the recent developments in time domain NMR (TD-NMR), starting with an introduction of the methods. Several examples illustrate the new take on traditional issues like the measurement of crosslink density in vulcanized rubber or the monitoring of crystallization kinetics, as well as the unique information that can be extracted from multiphase, nanophase and composite materials. Generally, TD-NMR is capable of determining structural parameters that are in agreement with other techniques and with the final macroscopic properties of industrial interest, as well as reveal details on the local homogeneity that are difficult to obtain otherwise. Considering its moderate technical and space requirements of performing, TD-NMR is a good candidate for assisting product and process development in several applications throughout the rubber, plastics, composites and adhesives industry.
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Martin-Gallego M, Yuste-Sanchez V, Sanchez-Hidalgo R, Verdejo R, Lopez-Manchado MA. Epoxy Nanocomposites Filled with Carbon Nanoparticles. CHEM REC 2018; 18:928-939. [PMID: 29320616 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, the development of high performance lightweight polymer nanocomposites and, in particular, of epoxy nanocomposites has become one the greatest challenges in material science. The ultimate goal of epoxy nanocomposites is to extrapolate the exceptional intrinsic properties of the nanoparticles to the bulk matrix. However, in spite of the efforts, this objective is still to be attained at commercially attractive scales. Key aspects to achieve this are ultimately the full understanding of network structure, the dispersion degree of the nanoparticles, the interfacial adhesion at the phase boundaries and the control of the localization and orientation of the nanoparticles in the epoxy system. In this Personal Account, we critically discuss the state of the art and evaluate the strategies to overcome these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martin-Gallego
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros, ICTP-CSIC Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, C/ Juan de la Cierva, 3, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - V Yuste-Sanchez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros, ICTP-CSIC Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, C/ Juan de la Cierva, 3, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - R Sanchez-Hidalgo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros, ICTP-CSIC Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, C/ Juan de la Cierva, 3, Madrid, 28006, Spain.,Instituto del Carbon, INCAR-CSIC Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, C/ Francisco Pintado Fe, 26, Oviedo, 33011, Spain
| | - R Verdejo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros, ICTP-CSIC Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, C/ Juan de la Cierva, 3, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - M A Lopez-Manchado
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros, ICTP-CSIC Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, C/ Juan de la Cierva, 3, Madrid, 28006, Spain
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Naumova A, Tschierske C, Saalwächter K. Orientation-dependent proton double-quantum NMR build-up function for soft materials with anisotropic mobility. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2017; 82-83:22-28. [PMID: 28167375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the analysis of proton double-quantum NMR build-up curves has become an important tool to quantify anisotropic mobility in different kinds of soft materials such as polymer networks or liquid crystals. In the former case, such data provides a measure of orientation-dependent residual (time-averaged) dipolar couplings arising from anisotropic segmental motions, informing about the length and the state of local stretching of the network chains. Previous studies of macroscopically ordered, i.e. stretched, networks were subject to the limitation that a detailed build-up curve analysis on the basis of a universal "Abragam-like" (A-l) build-up function valid for a proton multi-spin system was only possible for an isotropic orientation-averaged response. This situation is here remedied by introducing a generic orientation-dependent build-up function for an anisotropically mobile protonated molecular segment. We discuss an application to the modeling of data for a stretched network measured at different orientations with respect to the magnetic field, and present a validation by fitting data of different liquid-crystal molecules oriented in the magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Naumova
- Institut für Physik - NMR, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 7, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institut für Chemie - Organische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik - NMR, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 7, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
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