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Li M, Zhu Y, Wang R, Fu J, Ran Z, Yang M, Li J, Hu J, He J, Li Q. A Bi-Gradient Dielectric Polymer/High-Κ Nanoparticle/Molecular Semiconductor Ternary Composite for High-Temperature Capacitive Energy Storage. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302949. [PMID: 37452383 PMCID: PMC10502658 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Attaining compact energy storage under extreme temperature conditions is of paramount importance in the development of advanced dielectric materials. The polymer composite approach has proved effective towards this goal, and addressing the correlation between filler distribution and electrical properties is foremost in designing composite dielectrics, especially in multifiller systems. Here, the design of a bi-gradient polymer composite dielectric using an integrated framework based on the phase field model is reported. This framework can predict the charge-inhibiting behavior of composite dielectrics, which is a key factor impacting the high-temperature capacitive performance but unfortunately is ignored in conventional phase field models. It is found that due to the traps provided by the functional organic fillers, more carriers are trapped near the electrodes and weaken the electric field, thus significantly suppressing the breakdown initialization process. An interpenetrating gradient structure is designed rationally and synthesized experimentally, which exhibits concurrent high energy density (5.51 J cm-3 ) and high charge-discharge efficiency (90%) up to 200 °C. This work provides a strategy to predict the high-temperature energy storage performance of polymer composites containing charge-inhibiting components and helps broaden the scope of data-driven materials design based on phase-field modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Power SystemsDepartment of Electrical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yujie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Power SystemsDepartment of Electrical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Power SystemsDepartment of Electrical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Jing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Power SystemsDepartment of Electrical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Zhaoyu Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Power SystemsDepartment of Electrical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Mingcong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Power SystemsDepartment of Electrical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Junluo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Power SystemsDepartment of Electrical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Power SystemsDepartment of Electrical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Jinliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Power SystemsDepartment of Electrical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Power SystemsDepartment of Electrical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
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2
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Synthesis of phenolphthalein/bisphenol A‐based poly(arylene ether nitrile) copolymers: Preparation and properties of films. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Hynes EL, Gutfreund P, Parnell AJ, Higgins AM. Liquid-liquid equilibrium in polymer-fullerene mixtures; an in situ neutron reflectivity study. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3727-3739. [PMID: 32232256 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02337b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The composition profiles of a series of model polystyrene/fullerene bilayers are measured, before, during and after thermal annealing, using in situ neutron reflectometry. In combination with grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction measurements, these experiments, which quantify layer compositions as a function of molecular weight using changes in both scattering length density and layer thickness, extend and corroborate recent measurements on ex situ annealed samples and demonstrate that the composition profiles rapidly formed in these systems correspond to two co-existing liquid-liquid phases in thermodynamic equilibrium. The measurements also demonstrate a clear and systematic onset temperature for diffusion of the fullerenes into the PS layer that correlates with the known glass-transition temperatures of both the polymer (as a function of molecular weight) and the fullerene, revealing that the molecular mobility of the fullerenes in these systems is controlled by the intrinsic mobility of the fullerenes themselves and the ability of the polymer to plasticise the fullerenes at the interface. Over the temperature range investigated (up to 145 °C), measurements of equilibrated composition profiles as a function of temperature (during gradual cooling) reveal no significant changes in composition profile, other than those associated with the known thermal expansion/contraction of polystyrene thin-films.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Hynes
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea SA1 8EN, Wales, UK.
| | - P Gutfreund
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - A J Parnell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
| | - A M Higgins
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea SA1 8EN, Wales, UK.
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4
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Gaspar H, Figueira F, Strutyński K, Melle-Franco M, Ivanou D, Tomé JPC, Pereira CM, Pereira L, Mendes A, Viana JC, Bernardo G. Thiophene- and Carbazole-Substituted N-Methyl-Fulleropyrrolidine Acceptors in PffBT4T-2OD Based Solar Cells. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E1267. [PMID: 32168798 PMCID: PMC7142714 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The impact of fullerene side chain functionalization with thiophene and carbazole groups on the device properties of bulk-heterojunction polymer:fullerene solar cells is discussed through a systematic investigation of material blends consisting of the conjugated polymer poly[(5,6-difluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4,7-diyl)-alt-(3,3‴-di(2-octyldodecyl)-2,2';5',2″;5″,2‴-quaterthiophen-5,5‴-diyl)] (PffBT4T-2OD) as donor and C60 or C70 fulleropyrrolidines as acceptors. The photovoltaic performance clearly depended on the molecular structure of the fulleropyrrolidine substituents although no direct correlation with the surface morphology of the photoactive layer, as determined by atomic force microscopy, could be established. Although some fulleropyrrolidines possess favorable lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels, when compared to the standard PC71BM, they originated OPV cells with inferior efficiencies than PC71BM-based reference cells. Fulleropyrrolidines based on C60 produced, in general, better devices than those based on C70, and we attribute this observation to the detrimental effect of the structural and energetic disorder that is present in the regioisomer mixtures of C70-based fullerenes, but absent in the C60-based fullerenes. These results provide new additional knowledge on the effect of the fullerene functionalization on the efficiency of organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Gaspar
- IPC/i3N—Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800–058 Guimarães, Portugal; (H.G.); (J.C.V.)
| | - Flávio Figueira
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810–193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810–193 Aveiro, Portugal; (K.S.); (M.M.-F.)
| | - Karol Strutyński
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810–193 Aveiro, Portugal; (K.S.); (M.M.-F.)
| | - Manuel Melle-Franco
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810–193 Aveiro, Portugal; (K.S.); (M.M.-F.)
| | - Dzmitry Ivanou
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200–465 Porto, Portugal; (D.I.); (A.M.)
| | - João P. C. Tomé
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810–193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- CQE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, n1, 1049–001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos M. Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169–007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Luiz Pereira
- Department of Physics and i3N—Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication, University of Aveiro, 3810–193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Adélio Mendes
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200–465 Porto, Portugal; (D.I.); (A.M.)
| | - Júlio C. Viana
- IPC/i3N—Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800–058 Guimarães, Portugal; (H.G.); (J.C.V.)
| | - Gabriel Bernardo
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200–465 Porto, Portugal; (D.I.); (A.M.)
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5
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Gaspar H, Figueira F, Strutyński K, Melle-Franco M, Ivanou D, Tomé JPC, Pereira CM, Pereira L, Mendes A, Viana JC, Bernardo G. PffBT4T-2OD Based Solar Cells with Aryl-Substituted N-Methyl-Fulleropyrrolidine Acceptors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E4100. [PMID: 31817967 PMCID: PMC6947311 DOI: 10.3390/ma12244100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Novel C60 and C70 N-methyl-fulleropyrrolidine derivatives, containing both electron withdrawing and electron donating substituent groups, were synthesized by the well-known Prato reaction. The corresponding highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels were determined by cyclic voltammetry, from the onset oxidation and reduction potentials, respectively. Some of the novel fullerenes have higher LUMO levels than the standards PC61BM and PC71BM. When tested in PffBT4T-2OD based polymer solar cells, with the standard architecture ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Active-Layer/Ca/Al, these fullerenes do not bring about any efficiency improvements compared to the standard PC71BM system, however they show how the electronic nature of the different substituents strongly affects the efficiency of the corresponding organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. The functionalization of C70 yields a mixture of regioisomers and density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that these have systematically different electronic properties. This electronic inhomogeneity is likely responsible for the lower performance observed in devices containing C70 derivatives. These results help to understand how new fullerene acceptors can affect the performance of OPV devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Gaspar
- IPC/i3N—Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (H.G.); (J.C.V.)
| | - Flávio Figueira
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (K.S.); (M.M.-F.)
| | - Karol Strutyński
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (K.S.); (M.M.-F.)
| | - Manuel Melle-Franco
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (K.S.); (M.M.-F.)
| | - Dzmitry Ivanou
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (D.I.); (A.M.)
| | - João P. C. Tomé
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- CQE and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos M. Pereira
- CIQUP, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, w/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Luiz Pereira
- Department of Physics and i3N—Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Adélio Mendes
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (D.I.); (A.M.)
| | - Júlio C. Viana
- IPC/i3N—Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (H.G.); (J.C.V.)
| | - Gabriel Bernardo
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (D.I.); (A.M.)
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6
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Karatrantos A, Koutsawa Y, Dubois P, Clarke N, Kröger M. Miscibility and Nanoparticle Diffusion in Ionic Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1010. [PMID: 30960935 PMCID: PMC6403637 DOI: 10.3390/polym10091010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the effect of various spherical nanoparticles in a polymer matrix on dispersion, chain dimensions and entanglements for ionic nanocomposites at dilute and high nanoparticle loading by means of molecular dynamics simulations. The nanoparticle dispersion can be achieved in oligomer matrices due to the presence of electrostatic interactions. We show that the overall configuration of ionic oligomer chains, as characterized by their radii of gyration, can be perturbed at dilute nanoparticle loading by the presence of charged nanoparticles. In addition, the nanoparticle's diffusivity is reduced due to the electrostatic interactions, in comparison to conventional nanocomposites where the electrostatic interaction is absent. The charged nanoparticles are found to move by a hopping mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios Karatrantos
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Yao Koutsawa
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, University of Mons & Materia Nova Research Centre, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Nigel Clarke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK.
| | - Martin Kröger
- Polymer Physics, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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7
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Gaspar H, Teixeira P, Santos R, Fernandes L, Hilliou L, Weir MP, Parnell AJ, Abrams KJ, Hill CJ, Bouwman WG, Parnell SR, King SM, Clarke N, Covas JA, Bernardo G. A Journey along the Extruder with Polystyrene:C60 Nanocomposites: Convergence of Feeding Formulations into a Similar Nanomorphology. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Gaspar
- Institute
for Polymers and Composites/I3N, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Paulo Teixeira
- Institute
for Polymers and Composites/I3N, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Raquel Santos
- Institute
for Polymers and Composites/I3N, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Liliana Fernandes
- Institute
for Polymers and Composites/I3N, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Loic Hilliou
- Institute
for Polymers and Composites/I3N, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Michael P. Weir
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Parnell
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry J. Abrams
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Hill
- Department
of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Wim G. Bouwman
- Faculty
of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg
15, 2629 JB Delft, Netherlands
| | - Steven R. Parnell
- Faculty
of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg
15, 2629 JB Delft, Netherlands
| | - Stephen M. King
- ISIS Pulsed
Neutron Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Clarke
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - José A. Covas
- Institute
for Polymers and Composites/I3N, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Gabriel Bernardo
- Institute
for Polymers and Composites/I3N, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
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