1
|
Zhang Y, Wang K, Sun Y, Xu M, Cheng Z. Novel Biphasically and Reversibly Transparent Phase Change Material to Solve the Thermal Issues in Transparent Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:31245-31256. [PMID: 35776859 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Highly integrated transparent electronic systems are experiencing significant thermal bottlenecks due to the rapid growth of transparent electronics and the lack of suitable transparent thermal management solutions. Therefore, transparent thermal management materials are highly desirable in modern transparent electronics. Based on the phase change properties of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and the encapsulable properties of epoxy resin (EP), we synthesize a biphasically and reversibly transparent PEG/EP composite for thermal energy storage (TPE-TES). Energy-driven structural rearrangements in cross-linked networks are responsible for the high transparency with practical thickness. According to SEM and TEM investigations, PEG and EP achieve submicron phase dispersion, while TPE-TES forms a smooth and continuous surface that suppresses diffuse reflections and contributes to improved visible light penetration. The unique combination of phase change and optical transparency gives TPE-TES the ability to regulate thermal storage, rapid temperature change, and spatial temperature uniformity of transparent electronics. Due to its flexibility, stability, and processability, TPE-TES is also suitable and ideal as thin surface coating films or thick transparent flexible substrates for a wide range of applications in the integration of electronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Zhang
- School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University, No.733, Jianshe 3rd Road, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Kejia Wang
- School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University, No.733, Jianshe 3rd Road, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Yishan Sun
- School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University, No.733, Jianshe 3rd Road, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Mingsheng Xu
- School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University, No.733, Jianshe 3rd Road, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cheng
- School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University, No.733, Jianshe 3rd Road, Hangzhou 311200, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gong Z, Zacharia NS, Vogt BD. Sodium dodecyl sulfate modulates the structure and rheological properties of Pluronic F108-poly(acrylic acid) coacervates). SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:340-350. [PMID: 34882160 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01273h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Micelles formed within coacervate phases can impart functional properties, but it is unclear if this micellization provides mechanical reinforcement of the coacervate whereby the micelles act as high functionality crosslinkers. Here, we examine how sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) influences the structure and properties of Pluronic F108-polyacrylic acid (PAA) coacervates as SDS is known to decrease the aggregation number of Pluronic micelles. Increasing the SDS concentration leads to larger water content in the coacervate and an increase in the relative concentration of PAA to the other solids. Rheological characterization with small angle oscillatory shear (SAOS) demonstrates that these coacervates are viscoelastic liquids with the moduli decreasing with the addition of the SDS. The loss factor (tan δ) initially increases linearly with the addition of SDS, but a step function increase in the loss factor occurs near the reported CMC of SDS. However, this change in rheological properties does not appear to be correlated with any large scale structural differences in the coacervate as determined by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) with no signature of Pluronic micelles in the coacervate when SDS concentration is >4 mM during formation of the coacervate, which is less than that observed (6 mM SDS) in initial Pluronic F108 solution despite the higher polymer concentration in the coacervate. These results suggest that the mechanical properties of polyelectrolyte-non-ionic surfactant coacervates are driven by the efficicacy of binding between the complexing species driving the coacervate, which can be disrupted by competitive binding of the SDS to the Pluronic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Gong
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
| | - Nicole S Zacharia
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
| | - Bryan D Vogt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Duan Y, Li X, Zuo X, Shen T, Yu S, Deng L, Gao C. Migration of endothelial cells and mesenchymal stem cells into hyaluronic acid hydrogels with different moduli under induction of pro-inflammatory macrophages. J Mater Chem B 2020; 7:5478-5489. [PMID: 31415053 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01126a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The design of hyaluronic acid (HA)-based and stimuli-responsive hydrogels to elicit highly controlled and tunable cell response and behaviors is a major field of interest in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The pH-responsive hydrogel can respond to pH variation during wound healing, which may in turn regulate the tissue regeneration process. In this study, a double-network hydrogel cross-linked with vinyl double bonds and Schiff base was prepared, whose properties were further adjusted by incubation in pH 7.4 and pH 5 buffers. The endothelial cells (ECs) migrated much deeper into the softer HA hydrogel pre-treated with pH 5 buffer than the stiffer hydrogel. By contrast, the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) migrated easily into the stiffer hydrogel. The ECs highly expressed RhoA and non-muscle myosin (NM) II genes in the softer hydrogel, which may facilitate amoeboid migration. Meanwhile, the MSCs were stiffer than the ECs, and highly expressed Rac1, RhoA, vinculin, NM II, hyaluronidase (HYAL) 2 and CD44 genes in the stiffer hydrogel, which facilitate mesenchymal migration. These results provide important clues for revealing the different migration strategies of the ECs and MSCs in HA hydrogels with different stiffness, and suggest that the mechanical properties and the network structure of hydrogels play an important role in regulating the three-dimensional migration process of these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Duan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao X, Karthik N, Xiong D, Liu Y. Bio-inspired surface modification of PEEK through the dual cross-linked hydrogel layers. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 112:104032. [PMID: 32861065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The biocompatible high-performance material PEEK (polyetheretherketone) is an attractive implant material, however, its hydrophobicity and high friction coefficients severely hinder its biomedical applications. Thus, it is inferred from the recent advances in surface modification technology, achieving the biomimetic natural joint lubrication systems on PEEK still remains a challenge. In view of the above, herein we proposed a novel two-step strategy to fabricate a "soft (dual cross-linked hydrogel) layer-hard (PEEK) substrate" texture that mimics the structure and function of soft cartilage on the hard basal bone in joints. At first, a layer of acrylic acid-co-acryl amide (AA-AM) hydrogel is anchored to the PEEK substrate through UV-initiated polymerization. In the second step, hydrogel coated PEEK substrate is immersed in ferric nitrate solution to create the secondary cross-linkage between Fe3+ and -COOH groups in the hydrogel. As a result, the consequential top-coat hydrogel layer not only transforms the surface wettability (hydrophobic to hydrophilic) but also provides scratch resistance to the underlying PEEK substrate. The modified specimens display low friction coefficients in water under different load conditions. In addition, the obtained surface exhibits a certain self-repairing ability due to its unique physically reversible network structure. Therefore, this work provides a promising strategy for broadening the use of PEEK in orthopedic implants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoduo Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Materials and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, China
| | - Namachivayam Karthik
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Materials and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, China
| | - Dangsheng Xiong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Materials and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yuntong Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Materials and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang M, Wiener CG, Sepulveda-Medina PI, Douglas JF, Vogt BD. Influence of Sodium Salts on the Swelling and Rheology of Hydrophobically Cross-linked Hydrogels Determined by QCM-D. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:16612-16623. [PMID: 31747520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobically modified copolymers provide a versatile platform of hydrogel materials for diverse applications, but the influence of salts on the swelling and material properties of this class of hydrogels has not been extensively studied. Here, we investigate model hydrogels with three different sodium salts with anions chosen from the classic Hofmeister series to determine how these counterions influence the swelling and mechanical properties of neutral hydrogels. The gel chosen was based on a statistical copolymer of dimethylacrylamide and 2-(N-ethylperfluorooctane sulfonamido) ethyl acrylate (FOSA). Our measurements utilize a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) to quantify both swelling and rheological properties of these gels. We find that a 1 mol/L solution of Na2SO4, corresponding to a kosmotropic anion, leads to nearly a 2.6-fold gel deswelling and correspondingly, the complex modulus increases by an order of magnitude under these solution conditions. In contrast, an initial increase in swelling and then a swelling maximum is observed for a 0.02 mol/L concentration in the case of a chaotropic anion, NaClO4, but the changes in the degree of gel swelling in this system are not directly correlated with changes in the gel shear modulus. The addition of NaBr, an anion salt closer to the middle of the chaotropic to kosmotropic range, leads to hydrogel deswelling where the degree of deswelling and the shear modulus are both nearly independent of salt concentration. Overall, the observed trends are broadly consistent with more kosmotropic ions causing diminished solubility ("salting out") and strongly chaotropic ions causing improved solubility ("salting in"), a trend characteristic of the Hoffmeister series governing the solubility of many proteins and synthetic water-soluble polymers, but trends in the shear stiffness with gel swelling are clearly different from those normally observed in chemically cross-linked gels and are correspondingly difficult to interpret. The salt specificity of swelling and mechanical properties of nonionic hydrogels is important for any potential application in which a wide range of salt concentrations and types are encountered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Zhang
- Department of Polymer Engineering , University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 United States
| | - Clinton G Wiener
- Department of Polymer Engineering , University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 United States
| | | | - Jack F Douglas
- Materials Science and Engineering Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 United States
| | - Bryan D Vogt
- Department of Chemical Engineering , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang C, Deitrick K, Seo J, Cheng Z, Zacharia NS, Weiss RA, Vogt BD. Manipulating the Mechanical Response of Hydrophobically Cross-Linked Hydrogels with Ionic Associations. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 South Forge Street, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Katherine Deitrick
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 South Forge Street, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Junyoung Seo
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 South Forge Street, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Ziwei Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Nicole S. Zacharia
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 South Forge Street, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - R. A. Weiss
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 South Forge Street, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Bryan D. Vogt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 South Forge Street, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jiang H, Duan L, Ren X, Gao G. Hydrophobic association hydrogels with excellent mechanical and self-healing properties. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
8
|
Fredrick R, Podder A, Viswanathan A, Bhuniya S. Synthesis and characterization of polysaccharide hydrogel based on hydrophobic interactions. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Fredrick
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials ScienceAmrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Coimbatore, 641112 India
| | - Arup Podder
- Amrita Centre for Industrial Research and InnovationAmrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Coimbatore, 641112 India
| | - Aparna Viswanathan
- Center for Nanoscience and Molecular medicineAmrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Ponekkara Cochin, 682041 Kerala India
| | - Sankarprasad Bhuniya
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials ScienceAmrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Coimbatore, 641112 India
- Amrita Centre for Industrial Research and InnovationAmrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Coimbatore, 641112 India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang C, Wiener CG, Fukuto M, Li R, Yager KG, Weiss RA, Vogt BD. Strain rate dependent nanostructure of hydrogels with reversible hydrophobic associations during uniaxial extension. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:227-236. [PMID: 30543258 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02165a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An energy dissipation mechanism during deformation is required to impart toughness to hydrogels. Here we describe how in situ small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) provides insight into possible energy dissipation mechanisms for a tough hydrogel based on an amphiphilic copolymer where nanoscale associations of the hydrophobic moieties act as effective crosslinks. The mechanical properties of the hydrogels are intimately coupled with the nanostructure that provides reversible crosslinks and evolves during deformation. As the extension rate increases, more mechanical energy is dissipated from rearrangements of the crosslinks. The scattering is consistent with hopping of hydrophobes between the nanoscale aggregates as the primary rearrangement mechanism. This rearrangement changes the network conformation that leads to non-affine deformation, where the change in the nanostructure dimension from SAXS is less than 15% of the total macroscopic strain. These nanostructure changes are rate dependent and correlated with the relaxation time of the hydrogel. At low strain rate (0.15% s-1), no significant change of the nanostructure was observed, whereas at higher strain rates (1.5% s-1 and 8.4% s-1) significant nanostructure anisotropy occurred during extension. These differences are attributed to the ability for the network chains to rearrange on the time scale of the deformation; when the characteristic time for extension is longer than the average segmental relaxation time, no significant change in nanostructure occurs on uniaxial extension. These results illustrate the importance of strain rate in the mechanical characterization and consideration of relaxation time in the design of tough hydrogels with reversible crosslinks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
|