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Basak S, Cavicchi KA. Structure-Property Relationships of Shape Memory, Semicrystalline Polymers Fabricated by In Situ Polymerization and Crosslinking of Octadecyl Acrylate/Polybutadiene Blends. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200404. [PMID: 35750641 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The current work presents the study of a semicrystalline, shape memory polymer synthesized by simultaneous free radical polymerization and crosslinking in a blend of polybutadiene (PB) and octadecyl acrylate. Blending elastomers and phase change materials provide a modular method for new smart materials, such as shape memory polymers. In this system, grafted, side-chain crystalline poly(octadecyl acrylate) (PODA) fixes a programmed shape in the shape memory cycle, while crosslinked polybutadiene drives shape recovery. This work focuses on improving material parameters important for shape memory (crystallinity, gel fraction, melting temperature) by tuning the processing and formulation parameters (amount of crosslinker and PB weight fraction). The result is a shape memory PB-PODA copolymer that can be fabricated by melt processing and programmed without cooling below ambient temperature. It is found that good shape memory (i.e., high shape fixity and recovery) is obtained at a low PB weight fraction where a percolating PODA crystal network is formed at room temperature. The optimized sample shows excellent shape memory properties (fixity > 99%, recovery = 96%). It is shown that it is possible to mold this material into complex 3D shapes or topography with potential use in anticounterfeiting and antitampering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Basak
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 S Forge St, Akron, OH, 44325-0301, USA
| | - Kevin A Cavicchi
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 S Forge St, Akron, OH, 44325-0301, USA
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Salaeh S, Nobnop S, Thongnuanchan B, Das A, Wießner S. Thermo-responsive programmable shape memory polymer based on amidation cured natural rubber grafted with poly(methyl methacrylate). POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Segiet D, Weckes S, Austermuehl J, Tiller JC, Katzenberg F. On the influence of the amorphous phase on the stability of crystals in poly(cis‐1,4‐isoprene) networks. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Segiet
- Biomaterials & Polymer Science, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Technische Universitat Dortmund Dortmund Germany
| | - Sebastian Weckes
- Biomaterials & Polymer Science, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Technische Universitat Dortmund Dortmund Germany
| | - Juergen Austermuehl
- Biomaterials & Polymer Science, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Technische Universitat Dortmund Dortmund Germany
| | - Joerg C. Tiller
- Biomaterials & Polymer Science, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Technische Universitat Dortmund Dortmund Germany
| | - Frank Katzenberg
- Biomaterials & Polymer Science, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Technische Universitat Dortmund Dortmund Germany
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González-Jiménez A, Bernal-Ortega P, Salamanca FM, Valentin JL. Shape-Memory Composites Based on Ionic Elastomers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061230. [PMID: 35335560 PMCID: PMC8953204 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Shape-memory polymers tend to present rigid behavior at ambient temperature, being unable to deform in this state. To obtain soft shape-memory elastomers, composites based on a commercial rubber crosslinked by both ionic and covalent bonds were developed, as these materials do not lose their elastomeric behavior below their transition (or activation) temperature (using ionic transition for such a purpose). The introduction of fillers, such as carbon black and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), was studied and compared with the unfilled matrix. By adding contents above 10 phr of MWCNT, shape-memory properties were enhanced by 10%, achieving fixing and recovery ratios above 90% and a faster response. Moreover, by adding these fillers, the conductivity of the materials increased from ~10−11 to ~10−4 S·cm−1, allowing the possibility to activate the shape-memory effect with an electric current, based on the heating of the material by the Joule effect, achieving a fast and clean stimulus requiring only a current source of 50 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio González-Jiménez
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.G.-J.); (J.L.V.); Tel.: +34-912587539 (J.L.V.)
| | - Pilar Bernal-Ortega
- Department of Elastomer Technology and Engineering, University of Twente, Driener-Iolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Fernando M. Salamanca
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan L. Valentin
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (A.G.-J.); (J.L.V.); Tel.: +34-912587539 (J.L.V.)
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Wang M, Wang R, Chen X, Kong Y, Huang Y, Lv Y, Li G. Effect of non-rubber components on the crosslinking structure and thermo-oxidative degradation of natural rubber. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Patti A, Lecocq H, Serghei A, Acierno D, Cassagnau P. The universal usefulness of stearic acid as surface modifier: applications to the polymer formulations and composite processing. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Du H, Marin Angel J, Basak S, Lai TY, Cavicchi KA. Cross-linked Poly(Octadecyl Acrylate)/Polybutadiene Shape Memory Polymer Blends Prepared by Simultaneous Free Radical Cross-linking, Grafting and Polymerization of Octadecyl Acrylate/Polybutadiene Blends. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100072. [PMID: 33759273 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A semi-crystalline, shape memory polymer (SMP) is fabricated by free radical cross-linking, polymerization, and grafting in a blend of n-octadecyl acrylate and polybutadiene (PB). Poly(n-octadecyl acrylate) (PODA) is a side-chain crystalline polymer, which serves as the structure-fixing network counterbalancing the elastically deformed, cross-linked polymer network. At a constant 50/50 ratio of monomer and polymer the amount of free radical initiator, dicumyl peroxide (DCP) is varied from 1% to 5% w/w PB. From swelling measurements and calculation of the cross-link density it is determined that DCP produces greater than one cross-link per DCP molecule. It is found that lower cross-linking efficiency is favorable for higher shape fixity. This lower efficiency is found to produce a higher degree of crystallinity of the PODA in the 2-5% DCP samples, which is determined to be the main driver of higher shape fixity of the polymer. A SMP with >90% fixity and 100% recovery at uniaxial strains from 34-79% is achieved. This material should be useful for mold processing of shape memory articles. This approach provides a method to decouple the elastomeric and thermoplastic portions of a SMP to convert commodity elastomers into SMPs and tailor the shape memory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Juan Marin Angel
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 S Forge St, Akron, OH, 44325-0301, USA
| | - Sayan Basak
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 S Forge St, Akron, OH, 44325-0301, USA
| | - Tzu-Yu Lai
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 S Forge St, Akron, OH, 44325-0301, USA
| | - Kevin A Cavicchi
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 S Forge St, Akron, OH, 44325-0301, USA
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A novel multi-triggered natural rubber (NR)/beeswax (BW)/carbon nanotube (CNT) shape memory bio-nanocomposite. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Segiet D, Neuendorf LM, Tiller JC, Katzenberg F. Realizing a shape-memory effect for synthetic rubber (IR). POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Relationships between swelling temperature and shape memory properties of palmitic acid-based shape memory natural rubber. J RUBBER RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42464-019-00031-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lai SM, Guo GL, Han KT, Huang PS, Huang ZL, Jiang MJ, Zou YR. Properties and characterization of near infrared-triggered natural rubber (NR)/carnauba wax (CW)/carbon nanotube (CNT) shape memory bio-nanocomposites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1742-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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