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Ryan RM, Mukherjee D, Ford S, Lingappan K. Pharmacotherapy of BPD: Current status & future perspectives. Semin Perinatol 2023; 47:151819. [PMID: 37783580 DOI: 10.1016/j.semperi.2023.151819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a disease exclusive to prematurity and has changed in its definition since Northway first described it in 1967. There have been countless clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of drugs in the treatment and prevention of BPD in human subjects, and an even larger number of animal studies. Despite these, only a handful of drugs are used at the bedside today, primarily due to the lack of consistent efficacy seen in clinical trials or due to reports of adverse effects. This review summarizes the list of the most commonly used drugs and emerging new therapies which target BPD and BPD-related pulmonary hypertension (BPD-PH), including those which have shown promise in human trials but are not yet used routinely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita M Ryan
- UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Devashis Mukherjee
- UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
| | - Stephanie Ford
- UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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Lava SAG, Zollinger C, Chehade H, Schaffner D, Sekarski N, Di Bernardo S. Diuretics in pediatrics. Eur J Pediatr 2023; 182:2077-2088. [PMID: 36595088 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Diuretics are frequently prescribed drugs and help managing several pathological conditions, including acute and chronic kidney disease, nephrotic syndrome, congestive heart failure, ascites, systemic and pulmonary hypertension. Diuretic classes include among others osmotic diuretics and carboanhydrase inhibitors, loop diuretics, thiazides, and potassium-sparing diuretics. In this educational article, we aim at reviewing indications, mechanisms of action, and side effects, as well as basic pharmacokinetics considerations and data on diuretics in children, supporting practicing clinicians in choosing (and understanding the background of) the best-suited diuretic regimen for the individual patient. Newer diuretic classes like vaptans and sodium glucose type 2 cotransporter inhibitors, the recent controversies on hydrochlorothiazide, and the issue of diuretic resistance, will also be briefly addressed. CONCLUSION This educational review offers a didactical overview of diuretics in Pediatrics. WHAT IS KNOWN • Diuretics are frequently prescribed drugs in both adults and children. • They increase water and sodium excretion, reducing fluid overload. WHAT IS NEW • This article reviews indications, mechanisms of action, side effects, and basic pharmacokinetics facts on diuretics in Paediatrics. • It also addresses current issues, like the management of diuretic resistance, the recent controversy on hydrochlorothiazide, and the novel classes vaptans and gliflozins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano A G Lava
- Pediatric Cardiology, Women-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Heart Failure and Transplantation, Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK. .,Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacological Sciences of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland.
| | - Chiara Zollinger
- Pediatric Cardiology, Women-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hassib Chehade
- Pediatric Nephrology, Women-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Damien Schaffner
- Pediatric Cardiology, Women-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Sekarski
- Pediatric Cardiology, Women-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Di Bernardo
- Pediatric Cardiology, Women-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ozer Bekmez B, Oguz SS. Early vs late initiation of sodium glycerophosphate: Impact on hypophosphatemia in preterm infants <32 weeks. Clin Nutr 2021; 41:415-423. [PMID: 35007810 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Early electrolyte and mineral imbalances have emerged as a conspicuous problem in very preterm babies since the revision of nutrition guidelines and the eventual implementation of early aggressive parenteral nutrition (PN). We opted to carry out a study with the introduction of phosphorus as sodium glycerophosphate in PN from the first day onward to reveal the impact on serum phosphorus and calcium levels following the surge in the incidence of hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. METHODS In this single-center, prospective, observational cohort study, inborn babies <32 gestational weeks and <1500 g between August 2017 and July 2018 were enrolled consecutively. Infants born in the first 6-month of this period were initiated PN (Early phosphorus group) containing phosphorus (1 mmol P as sodium glycerophosphate/100 ml PN) immediately after birth, and in the latter six-months, mineral-free standard PN (Control group) was commenced up until 48 h of life. Parenteral nutritional prescriptions of both groups were similar in terms of macro and micronutrient intakes except for early phosphorus, calcium, and sodium. Serum mineral and electrolyte levels were measured on Days 1-3-7 and compared between the groups. The primary outcome was the presence of hypophosphatemia in the first week of life. The secondary outcome was hypercalcemia, preterm morbidity, and mortality. RESULTS A total of 261 infants were included in this study. There were 130 babies in Early phosphorus group and 131 in control group. Gestational ages (28.79 ± 2.1 vs 28.46 ± 2.2 weeks, respectively) and birth weights (1138 ± 273 vs 1090 ± 274 g, respectively) were similar in the groups. Mean serum phosphorus levels were higher on all days in Early phosphorus group (p < 0.001). Early phosphorus group had a lower incidence of hypophosphatemia on days 1-3 and 7 (p < 0.001). The percentage of hypercalcemic infants was significantly lower in Early phosphorus group on day 3 (p < 0.001). No difference was noted in terms of hypernatremia in the groups. CONCLUSIONS Adding phosphorus to PN in the first hours of life reduced the frequency of hypophosphatemia and hypercalcemia without any surge in hypernatremia or morbidity. Nutrition guidelines need to be revised accordingly in terms of early mineral/electrolyte supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buse Ozer Bekmez
- Sariyer Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Trivedi M, Diaz-Castrillon CE, Morell E. Standardizing Discharge Furosemide Duration Following Congenital Heart Surgery. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2021; 13:16-22. [PMID: 34825593 DOI: 10.1177/21501351211049308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Pediatric cardiothoracic surgery has evolved over the last several decades with shorter bypass times and less need for hypothermic arrest. Diuretics have been commonly used in the post-operative period with no guidelines on duration following cardiopulmonary bypass. As a result, we conducted a single-center quality improvement project to reduce overuse of diuretics in post-operative patients without causing an increase in complications. We devised an early diuretic wean protocol that was implemented upon patient discharge. Methods: All patients who underwent uncomplicated congenital heart surgery after November 2018 were considered for the protocol. We defined an early diuretic wean protocol with a total duration of ten days of single diuretic therapy following hospital discharge. Patients were evaluated in clinic two weeks following discharge, after completion of diuretic therapy, to assess for clinical symptoms and development of effusions. Results: Retrospective pre-protocol data found the average duration a patient was on diuretics was 32 days following hospital discharge from uncomplicated congenital heart surgery. Following implementation of the protocol, there was a decrease in the total duration to 14 days, demonstrating a 56% decrease. With this practice change, there was no notable increase in adverse events. Conclusions: With implementation of the protocol, practice variability was minimized and the average post-operative diuretic duration was decreased without an increase in pleural and/or pericardial effusions or readmissiosn rates. Future directions and ongoing changes include expanding to a multicenter quality improvement collaborative focusing on decreasing the average duration of furosemide to less than five days after hospital discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Trivedi
- 6619University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Evonne Morell
- 6619University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Segar J, Jetton JG. Diuretic use, acute kidney injury, and premature infants: the call for evidence-based guidelines. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:3807-3811. [PMID: 34258644 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-021-05201-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Segar
- Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jennifer G Jetton
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common chronic lung disease in infants and is associated with increased mortality, respiratory morbidity, neurodevelopmental impairment, and increased healthcare costs. In parallel with advances made in the field of neonatal intensive care, the phenotype of BPD has evolved from a fibrocystic disease affecting late preterm infants to one of impaired parenchymal development and dysregulated vascular growth predominantly affecting infants born before 29 weeks' gestational age. BPD has been shown to have significant lifelong consequences. Adults with BPD have been found to have abnormal lung function tests, reduced exercise tolerance, and may be at increased risk for developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Evidence shows that BPD occurs secondary to genetic-environmental interactions in an immature lung. In this review, we evaluate the various clinical definitions, imaging modalities, and biomarker data that are helpful in making an early diagnosis of BPD. In addition, we evaluate recent evidence about the prevention and treatment of BPD. We discuss the invasive and non-invasive ventilation strategies and pharmacological agents used in the early, evolving, and established phases of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Gilfillan
- Division of Neonatology, St Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anita Bhandari
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vineet Bhandari
- Division of Neonatology, The Children's Regional Hospital at Cooper, Camden, NJ, USA
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
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Karkoutli AA, Brumund MR, Evans AK. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia requiring tracheostomy: A review of management and outcomes. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 139:110449. [PMID: 33157458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) is a pulmonary disease affecting newborns, commonly those with prematurity or low birth weight. Its pathogenesis involves underdevelopment of lung tissue with subsequent limitations in ventilation and oxygenation, resulting in impaired postnatal alveolarization. Despite advances in care with improved survival, BPD remains a prevalent comorbidity of prematurity. In severe cases, management may involve mechanical ventilation via tracheostomy. BPD's demand for multidisciplinary care compounds the challenges in management of this condition. Here, we review existing literature: the history of disease, criteria for diagnosis, pathogenesis, and modes of treatment with a focus on the severe subtype: that which is associated with pulmonary hypertension (PAH) for which tracheostomy is often required to facilitate long-term mechanical ventilation. We review the current recommendations for tracheostomy and decannulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ahmad Karkoutli
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 533 Bolivar Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Michael R Brumund
- Pediatric Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Department of Pediatrics, 200 Henry Clay Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA; Children's Hospital New Orleans, 200 Henry Clay Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Adele K Evans
- Pediatric Otolaryngology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 533 Bolivar Street, Suite 566, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA; Children's Hospital New Orleans, 200 Henry Clay Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.
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Alonso-Ojembarrena A, Lechuga-Sancho AM, Morales-Arandojo P, Acuñas-Soto S, López-de-Francisco R, Lubián-López SP. Lung ultrasound score and diuretics in preterm infants born before 32 weeks: A pilot study. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:3312-3318. [PMID: 32986302 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe if weekly determined lung ultrasound (LU) scores in preterm infants born before 32 weeks (PTB32W) change with diuretic therapy. DESIGN We included infants who received diuretics and compared LU scores according to their evolution on respiratory support (RS) before and after diuretics. RESULTS We included 18 PTB32W divided into two groups. Both groups were similar in terms of median gestational age: 26 weeks (interquartile range [IQR]: 25-28) in the responders' group and 27 weeks (IQR: 24-28) in the other. They differed, however, in the median number of days on invasive mechanical ventilation: 27 (IQR: 11-43) versus 76 (IQR: 35-117), p = .03; in addition to the number of infants with moderate-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia: 3 (33%) versus 8 (89%), p = .025. The responders' group showed lower LU scores 2 days after diuretics, with a median LU score of 6 (IQR: 3-12) versus 14 (IQR: 12-17) in the nonresponders group, p = .03; 1 week after (3 [IQR: 0-10] versus 12 [12-12], p = .04); and 3 weeks after (5 [IQR: 3-6] versus 12 [10-15], p = .01). RS also decreased at the same time: 7 out of 9 (78%) were extubated in the responders' group, and 1 out of 9 (11%) in the nonresponders group, p = .02, and these differences remained throughout the entire follow-up. CONCLUSIONS There is a group of PTB32W patients whose LU score improves after diuretics. This change appears only in those patients that can be weaned off from RS, and at the same period of time as the administration of diuretics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Alonso-Ojembarrena
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cádiz, Spain.,Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Alfonso María Lechuga-Sancho
- Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cádiz, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cádiz, Spain.,Department of Maternal and Child Health and Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Patricia Morales-Arandojo
- Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Silvia Acuñas-Soto
- Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rosa López-de-Francisco
- Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Simón Pedro Lubián-López
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cádiz, Spain.,Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cádiz, Spain.,Department of Maternal and Child Health and Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
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