1
|
MALDI-TOF MS Characterisation of the Serum Proteomic Profile in Insulin-Resistant Normal-Weight Individuals. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113853. [PMID: 34836106 PMCID: PMC8620204 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is one of the most common metabolic disorders worldwide and is involved in the development of diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, affecting civilisations. The possibility of understanding the molecular mechanism and searching for new biomarkers useful in assessing IR can be achieved through modern research techniques such as proteomics. This study assessed the protein–peptide profile among normal-weight patients with IR to understand the mechanisms and to define new risk biomarkers. The research involved 21 IR and 43 healthy, normal-weight individuals, aged 19–65. Serum proteomic patterns were obtained using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The proposed methodology identified six proteins differentiating normal weight IR and insulin sensitive individuals. They were fibrinogen alpha chain, serum albumin, kininogen-1, complement C3, serotransferrin, and Ig gamma-1 chain, which could potentially be related to inflammation. However, further investigation is required to confirm their correlation with IR.
Collapse
|
2
|
Matuszewska E, Matysiak J, Bręborowicz A, Olejniczak K, Kycler Z, Kokot ZJ, Matysiak J. Proteomic features characterization of Hymenoptera venom allergy. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2019; 15:77. [PMID: 31798646 PMCID: PMC6881982 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-019-0387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hymenoptera venom allergy is one of the most frequent causes of anaphylaxis. In its most severe form, the reaction to wasp and honey bee stings may be life-threatening. Therefore, immediate and proper diagnosis of venom allergy and implementation of suitable therapy are extremely important. Broadening the knowledge on the mechanism of the allergic reaction may contribute to the improvement of both diagnostic and treatment methods. Thus, this study aimed to discover changes in protein expression in serum of patients allergic to Hymenoptera (wasp and honeybee) venom and to point out proteins and peptides involved in the allergic inflammation. Methods Serum proteomic patterns typical to allergic patients and healthy volunteers were obtained with MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight) mass spectrometer. The spectra were processed, analyzed and compared using advanced bioinformatics tools. The discriminative peaks were subjected to identification with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Results This methodology allowed for the identification of four features differentiating between allergy and control groups. They were: fibrinogen alpha chain, coagulation factor XIII chain A, complement C4-A, and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4. All of these proteins are involved in allergic inflammatory response. Conclusions Extending the knowledge of the Hymenoptera venom sensitization will contribute to the development of novel, sensitive and specific methods for quick and unambiguous allergy diagnosis. Understanding the basis of the allergy at the proteomic level will support the improvement of preventive and therapeutic measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Matuszewska
- 1Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Matysiak
- Medical Faculty, Higher Vocational State School, 13 Kaszubska Street, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland
| | - Anna Bręborowicz
- 3Department of Pulmonology, Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna Street, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Olejniczak
- 3Department of Pulmonology, Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna Street, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Zdzisława Kycler
- 3Department of Pulmonology, Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna Street, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Zenon J Kokot
- 1Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jan Matysiak
- 1Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang X, Shen S, Rasam SS, Qu J. MS1 ion current-based quantitative proteomics: A promising solution for reliable analysis of large biological cohorts. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2019; 38:461-482. [PMID: 30920002 PMCID: PMC6849792 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly-advancing field of pharmaceutical and clinical research calls for systematic, molecular-level characterization of complex biological systems. To this end, quantitative proteomics represents a powerful tool but an optimal solution for reliable large-cohort proteomics analysis, as frequently involved in pharmaceutical/clinical investigations, is urgently needed. Large-cohort analysis remains challenging owing to the deteriorating quantitative quality and snowballing missing data and false-positive discovery of altered proteins when sample size increases. MS1 ion current-based methods, which have become an important class of label-free quantification techniques during the past decade, show considerable potential to achieve reproducible protein measurements in large cohorts with high quantitative accuracy/precision. Nonetheless, in order to fully unleash this potential, several critical prerequisites should be met. Here we provide an overview of the rationale of MS1-based strategies and then important considerations for experimental and data processing techniques, with the emphasis on (i) efficient and reproducible sample preparation and LC separation; (ii) sensitive, selective and high-resolution MS detection; iii)accurate chromatographic alignment; (iv) sensitive and selective generation of quantitative features; and (v) optimal post-feature-generation data quality control. Prominent technical developments in these aspects are discussed. Finally, we reviewed applications of MS1-based strategy in disease mechanism studies, biomarker discovery, and pharmaceutical investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Department of Cell Stress BiologyRoswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffaloNew York
| | - Shichen Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity at BuffaloState University of New YorkNew YorkNew York
| | - Sailee Suryakant Rasam
- Department of Biochemistry, University at BuffaloState University of New YorkNew YorkNew York
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Cell Stress BiologyRoswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffaloNew York
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity at BuffaloState University of New YorkNew YorkNew York
- Department of Biochemistry, University at BuffaloState University of New YorkNew YorkNew York
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Anwar MA, Dai DL, Wilson‐McManus J, Smith D, Francis GA, Borchers CH, McManus BM, Hill JS, Cohen Freue GV. Multiplexed LC–ESI–MRM‐MS‐based Assay for Identification of Coronary Artery Disease Biomarkers in Human Plasma. Proteomics Clin Appl 2019; 13:e1700111. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201700111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Derek Smith
- The UVic‐Genome BC Proteomics CentreUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Gordon A. Francis
- Providence Heart and Lung Institute and the James Hogg Research CenterSt. Paul's HospitalUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of MedicineUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Christoph H Borchers
- The UVic‐Genome BC Proteomics CentreUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Bruce M. McManus
- NCE CECR PROOF Centre of Excellence Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - John S. Hill
- The UVic‐Genome BC Proteomics CentreUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Gabriela V. Cohen Freue
- NCE CECR PROOF Centre of Excellence Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zaslavsky BY, Uversky VN, Chait A. Analytical applications of partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems: Exploring protein structural changes and protein–partner interactions in vitro and in vivo by solvent interaction analysis method. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:622-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
6
|
Battle KN, Uba FI, Soper SA. Microfluidics for the analysis of membrane proteins: How do we get there? Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2253-66. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina N. Battle
- Department of Chemistry; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge LA USA
| | - Franklin I. Uba
- Department of Chemistry; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Steven A. Soper
- Department of Chemistry; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge LA USA
- Department of Chemistry; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC USA
- BioFluidica, LLC, c/o Carolina Kick-Start; Chapel Hill NC USA
- School of Nano-Bioscience and Chemical Engineering; Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology; Ulsan Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Electrocatalytic oxidation of tyrosines shows signal enhancement in label-free protein biosensors. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
8
|
Rucevic M, Hixson D, Josic D. Mammalian plasma membrane proteins as potential biomarkers and drug targets. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1549-64. [PMID: 21706493 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Defining the plasma membrane proteome is crucial to understand the role of plasma membrane in fundamental biological processes. Change in membrane proteins is one of the first events that take place under pathological conditions, making plasma membrane proteins a likely source of potential disease biomarkers with prognostic or diagnostic potential. Membrane proteins are also potential targets for monoclonal antibodies and other drugs that block receptors or inhibit enzymes essential to the disease progress. Despite several advanced methods recently developed for the analysis of hydrophobic proteins and proteins with posttranslational modifications, integral membrane proteins are still under-represented in plasma membrane proteome. Recent advances in proteomic investigation of plasma membrane proteins, defining their roles as diagnostic and prognostic disease biomarkers and as target molecules in disease treatment, are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Rucevic
- COBRE Center for Cancer Research Development, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gheith OAA. Gene expression profiling in organ transplantation. Int J Nephrol 2011; 2011:180201. [PMID: 21845224 PMCID: PMC3154482 DOI: 10.4061/2011/180201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of Review.
Huge effort is being made among the transplant community investigating novel
biomarkers that enable transplant clinicians to identify patients at risk for allograft
rejection or those who will develop tolerance so that immunosuppression could be
safely minimized or even ideally withdrawn.
Despite the important advances achieved in the identification of several potential
biomarkers of tolerance, rejection, or both, validation and demonstration of their clinical
utility still needs to be tested, which will need international cooperative networks.
It is important to note that the reproducibility of differently expressed genes might be
affected by many factors such as gene ranking and selection methods, inherent
differences between types, and the choice of thresholds. However, because microarray
analyses are expensive and time consuming and their statistical evaluation is often very
difficult, gene expression analysis using the RTPCR method is nowadays
recommended.
Conclusions.
In the field of organ transplantation, gene-expression-based decision might help in
improving patient and graft outcome and there are a multitude of studies showing that
gene-expression profiling is feasible.
Collapse
|
10
|
Characterization of acute renal allograft rejection by proteomic analysis of renal tissue in rat. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:1315-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
11
|
Effects of Sample Timing and Treatment on Gene Expression in Early Acute Renal Allograft Rejection. Transplantation 2011; 91:323-9. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182029b16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
12
|
Wang F, Han G, Yu Z, Jiang X, Sun S, Chen R, Ye M, Zou H. Fractionation of phosphopeptides on strong anion-exchange capillary trap column for large-scale phosphoproteome analysis of microgram samples. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1879-87. [PMID: 20533337 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is one of the key issues to develop powerful fractionating method to increase the identification of the low-abundance phosphopeptides. In this study, a semi-online 2-D LC separation strategy based on three-step fractionation of the enriched peptides on strong anion-exchange trap column was developed. It was demonstrated that the sensitivity and phosphoproteome coverage obtained by this fractionating method with strong anion-exchange trap column is much higher than those by the conventional methods based on C18 trap column. In addition, when the same amount of sample was loaded, the number of identified phosphopeptides had increased 108%. Combination of this three-step fractionation method with RPLC-MS/MS analysis by 300 min RP-gradient separation was applied to phosphoproteome analysis of human liver proteins, and 853 unique phosphopeptides was positively identified from 500 microg tryptic digest of human liver proteins. After three cycles' consecutive analyses, 1554 unique phosphopeptides and 1566 phosphorylated sites were totally identified from 735 phosphorylated proteins at a false discovery rate of <1% in about 54 h of analysis time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangjun Wang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Freue GVC, Sasaki M, Meredith A, Günther OP, Bergman A, Takhar M, Mui A, Balshaw RF, Ng RT, Opushneva N, Hollander Z, Li G, Borchers CH, Wilson-McManus J, McManus BM, Keown PA, McMaster WR. Proteomic signatures in plasma during early acute renal allograft rejection. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:1954-67. [PMID: 20501940 PMCID: PMC2938106 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute graft rejection is an important clinical problem in renal transplantation and an adverse predictor for long term graft survival. Plasma biomarkers may offer an important option for post-transplant monitoring and permit timely and effective therapeutic intervention to minimize graft damage. This case-control discovery study (n = 32) used isobaric tagging for relative and absolute protein quantification (iTRAQ) technology to quantitate plasma protein relative concentrations in precise cohorts of patients with and without biopsy-confirmed acute rejection (BCAR). Plasma samples were depleted of the 14 most abundant plasma proteins to enhance detection sensitivity. A total of 18 plasma proteins that encompassed processes related to inflammation, complement activation, blood coagulation, and wound repair exhibited significantly different relative concentrations between patient cohorts with and without BCAR (p value <0.05). Twelve proteins with a fold-change >or=1.15 were selected for diagnostic purposes: seven were increased (titin, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, peptidase inhibitor 16, complement factor D, mannose-binding lectin, protein Z-dependent protease and beta(2)-microglobulin) and five were decreased (kininogen-1, afamin, serine protease inhibitor, phosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferase, and sex hormone-binding globulin) in patients with BCAR. The first three principal components of these proteins showed clear separation of cohorts with and without BCAR. Performance improved with the inclusion of sequential proteins, reaching a primary asymptote after the first three (titin, kininogen-1, and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein). Longitudinal monitoring over the first 3 months post-transplant based on ratios of these three proteins showed clear discrimination between the two patient cohorts at time of rejection. The score then declined to baseline following treatment and resolution of the rejection episode and remained comparable between cases and controls throughout the period of quiescent follow-up. Results were validated using ELISA where possible, and initial cross-validation estimated a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 90% for classification of BCAR based on a four-protein ELISA classifier. This study provides evidence that protein concentrations in plasma may provide a relevant measure for the occurrence of BCAR and offers a potential tool for immunologic monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela V Cohen Freue
- Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF) Centre of Excellence, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Keown PA, McMaster WR, McManus BM. Tools to identify organ rejection and immune quiescence for biological understanding and personalized medical care. Biomark Med 2010; 4:115-21. [PMID: 20387307 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
|
15
|
A strategy with label-free quantification of the targeted peptides for quantitative peptidome analysis of human serum. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-0127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
16
|
Gil-Dones F, Alonso-Orgaz S, Avila G, Martin-Rojas T, Moral-Darde V, Barroso G, Vivanco F, Scott-Taylor J, Barderas MG. An optimal protocol to analyze the rat spinal cord proteome. Biomark Insights 2009; 4:135-64. [PMID: 20029654 PMCID: PMC2796866 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s2965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the function of the spinal cord depends on the proteins found there, better defing the normal Spinal Cord Proteome is an important and challenging task. Although brain and cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with different central nervous system (CNS) disorders have been studied, a thorough examination of specific spinal cord proteins and the changes induced by injury or associated to conditions such as neurodegeneration, spasticity and neuropathies has yet to be performed. In the present study, we aimed to describe total protein content in the spinal cord of healthy rats, employing different proteomics tools. Accordingly, we have developed a fast, easy, and reproducible sequential protocol for protein extraction from rat spinal cords. We employed conventional two dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) in different pH ranges (eg. 4–7, 3–11 NL) combined with identification by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF), as well as first dimension protein separation combined with Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to maximise the benefits of this technology. The value of these techniques is demonstrated here by the identification of several proteins known to be associated with neuroglial structures, neurotransmission, cell survival and nerve growth in the central nervous system. Furthermore this study identified many spinal proteins that have not previously been described in the literature and which may play an important role as either sensitive biomarkers of dysfunction or of recovery after Spinal Cord Injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Gil-Dones
- Department of Vascular Pathophysiology, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos (HNP), SESCAM, Toledo
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
MacAleese L, Stauber J, Heeren RMA. Perspectives for imaging mass spectrometry in the proteomics landscape. Proteomics 2009; 9:819-34. [PMID: 19212956 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A number of techniques are used in the field of proteomics that can be combined to get the most molecular information from a specific biological sample, fluid or tissue. Imaging techniques are often used to obtain local information from tissue samples. However, imaging experiments are often staining experiments, which rely on specific or aspecific interactions between fluorescent markers and pre-defined (families of) peptide or protein. Therefore, imaging is often used as a screening or validation tool for the local presence of proteins that have been identified by other means. Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) combines the advantages of MS and microscopy in a single experiment. It is a technique that does not require any labeling of the analytes and provides a high multiplexing capability combined with the potential for analyte identification. It enables simultaneous detection of potentially all peptides and proteins present at a tissue surface and is used for the determination and identification of tissue-specific disease markers. The workflows of IMS experiments closely resemble those of conventional proteomics. In this review, we describe IMS experiments step-by-step to position and evaluate the role of IMS in a comparative proteomics landscape. We illustrate in a concise review that IMS is a true discovery oriented tool for proteomics that seamlessly integrates in conventional proteomics workflows and can be perceived as either an alternative or complementary proteomics technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke MacAleese
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
From Our Sister Journal: Proteomics 20/2007. Proteomics 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200790084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|