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Javed S, Marsay L, Wareham A, Lewandowski KS, Williams A, Dennis MJ, Sharpe S, Vipond R, Silman N, Ball G, Kempsell KE. Temporal Expression of Peripheral Blood Leukocyte Biomarkers in a Macaca fascicularis Infection Model of Tuberculosis; Comparison with Human Datasets and Analysis with Parametric/Non-parametric Tools for Improved Diagnostic Biomarker Identification. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154320. [PMID: 27228113 PMCID: PMC4882019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A temporal study of gene expression in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) from a Mycobacterium tuberculosis primary, pulmonary challenge model Macaca fascicularis has been conducted. PBL samples were taken prior to challenge and at one, two, four and six weeks post-challenge and labelled, purified RNAs hybridised to Operon Human Genome AROS V4.0 slides. Data analyses revealed a large number of differentially regulated gene entities, which exhibited temporal profiles of expression across the time course study. Further data refinements identified groups of key markers showing group-specific expression patterns, with a substantial reprogramming event evident at the four to six week interval. Selected statistically-significant gene entities from this study and other immune and apoptotic markers were validated using qPCR, which confirmed many of the results obtained using microarray hybridisation. These showed evidence of a step-change in gene expression from an ‘early’ FOS-associated response, to a ‘late’ predominantly type I interferon-driven response, with coincident reduction of expression of other markers. Loss of T-cell-associate marker expression was observed in responsive animals, with concordant elevation of markers which may be associated with a myeloid suppressor cell phenotype e.g. CD163. The animals in the study were of different lineages and these Chinese and Mauritian cynomolgous macaque lines showed clear evidence of differing susceptibilities to Tuberculosis challenge. We determined a number of key differences in response profiles between the groups, particularly in expression of T-cell and apoptotic makers, amongst others. These have provided interesting insights into innate susceptibility related to different host `phenotypes. Using a combination of parametric and non-parametric artificial neural network analyses we have identified key genes and regulatory pathways which may be important in early and adaptive responses to TB. Using comparisons between data outputs of each analytical pipeline and comparisons with previously published Human TB datasets, we have delineated a subset of gene entities which may be of use for biomarker diagnostic test development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Javed
- Public Health England, Infection Services, Health Protection Agency Porton, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Marsay
- Public Health England, Infection Services, Health Protection Agency Porton, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Wareham
- Public Health England, Infection Services, Health Protection Agency Porton, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kuiama S. Lewandowski
- Public Health England, Infection Services, Health Protection Agency Porton, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Williams
- Public Health England, Infection Services, Health Protection Agency Porton, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Dennis
- Public Health England, Infection Services, Health Protection Agency Porton, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Sharpe
- Public Health England, Infection Services, Health Protection Agency Porton, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Vipond
- Public Health England, Infection Services, Health Protection Agency Porton, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Silman
- Public Health England, Infection Services, Health Protection Agency Porton, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Ball
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Kempsell
- Public Health England, Infection Services, Health Protection Agency Porton, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Comparative evaluation of 5-15-kDa salivary proteins from patients with different oral diseases by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:729-37. [PMID: 25078551 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to determine the potential use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization with time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS) for analyzing specific patterns of mass signals of low-molecular-weight proteins in saliva from patients with different oral diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from healthy subjects (n = 30) and patients with oral diseases including oral cancer (n = 30), oral lichen planus (n = 30), and chronic periodontitis (n = 30). Proteomic profiles of 5,000-15,000-Da salivary proteins were evaluated by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Quantification of mass signals was performed by FlexAnalysis and ClinProTool software. RESULTS In oral cancer, the percentages of mass signals at 5,592.26 and 8,301.46 Da were significantly increased as compared with other groups (p = 0.002 and p = 0.030, respectively). In oral lichen planus, the percentages of mass signals at 12,964.55 and 13,279.08 Da were significantly increased as compared with other groups (p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). In chronic periodontitis, the percentages of mass signals at 5,835.73 and 9,801.83 Da were significantly decreased as compared with other groups (p = 0.003 and p = 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated a potential use of MALDI-TOF/TOF as a rapid screening method to differentiate one oral disease from others by identifying specific patterns of mass signals in saliva from patients. However, MALDI-TOF/TOF has several limitations regarding the identification of the candidate mass signals. CLINICAL RELEVANCE MALDI-TOF/TOF MS can be used as a rapid screening method to differentiate one oral disease from others with a caution concerning peptide identity.
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Barar J, Omidi Y. Surface modified multifunctional nanomedicines for simultaneous imaging and therapy of cancer. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2014; 4:3-14. [PMID: 24790893 PMCID: PMC4005281 DOI: 10.5681/bi.2014.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To date, a growing number of advanced anticancer nanomedicines (e.g., Doxil(®), Lipoxal(®), DepoCyte(®)) have entered into different phases of clinical trials. However, most of these medicaments fail to differentiate between diseased and normal cells. They also do not have capability of real time monitoring of disease status trough on-demand imaging/sensing of target molecule(s). Multifunctional nanomedicines and theranostics can resolve such limitations, while formulation of these advanced seamless systems appear to involve various sophisticated process, exploiting several bioconjugations. METHODS Recent works upon multifunctional nanomedicines for simultaneous imaging and therapy of cancer have been systematically reviewed, focusing on surface modification and application of advanced nanobiomaterials. RESULTS Ultimate therapy of malignancies, as complex systems, demands implementation of seamless nanosystems (NSs) that can specifically target the cancerous cells and smartly deliver the anticancer agent(s) into the desired target site. Engineering of such NSs requires in-situ coordination of various technologies (e.g., synthesis, surface modification and bioconjugation) in order to achieve improved pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics outcomes. CONCLUSION Seamless multimodal NSs have potential to simultaneously target and monitor the tumor cells through homing and imaging/sensing devices and deliver the therapeutic agents. However, to achieve superior pharmacokinetics with maximal efficacy and minimal side effects, these advanced NSs need to become much more intelligent to sense the disease condition and liberate therapeutics on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Rodrigo MAM, Zitka O, Krizkova S, Moulick A, Adam V, Kizek R. MALDI-TOF MS as evolving cancer diagnostic tool: a review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 95:245-55. [PMID: 24699369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in mass spectrometry have introduced clinical proteomics to the forefront of diseases diagnosis, offering reliable, robust and efficient analytical method for biomarker discovery and monitoring. MALDI-TOF is a powerful tool for surveying proteins and peptides comprising the realm for clinical analysis. MALDI-TOF has the potential to revolutionize cancer diagnostics by facilitating biomarker discovery, enabling tissue imaging and quantifying biomarker levels. Healthy (control) and cancerous tissues can be analyzed on the basis of mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) imaging to identify cancer-specific changes that may prove to be clinically useful. We review MALDI-TOF profiling techniques as tools for detection of cancer biomarkers in various cancers. We mainly discuss recent advances including period from 2011 to 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Merlos Rodrigo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sona Krizkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Amitava Moulick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Acute phase proteins (APP) were first identified in the early 1900s as early reactants to infectious disease. They are now understood to be an integral part of the acute phase response (APR) which is the cornerstone of innate immunity. APP have been shown to be valuable biomarkers as increases can occur with inflammation, infection, neoplasia, stress, and trauma. All animals--from fish to mammals--have demonstrable APP, but the type of major APP differs by species. While the primary application of these proteins in a clinical setting is prognostication, studies in animals have demonstrated relevance to diagnosis and detection and monitoring for subclinical disease. APP have been well documented in laboratory, companion, and large animals. With the advent of standardized and automated assays, these biomarkers are available for use in all fields of veterinary medicine as well as basic and clinical research.
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