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Cancer proteomics: Application of case studies in diverse cancers. Proteomics 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-95072-5.00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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Zambonin C, Aresta A. MALDI-TOF/MS Analysis of Non-Invasive Human Urine and Saliva Samples for the Identification of New Cancer Biomarkers. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061925. [PMID: 35335287 PMCID: PMC8951187 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer represents a group of heterogeneous diseases that are a leading global cause of death. Even though mortality has decreased in the past thirty years for different reasons, most patients are still diagnosed at the advanced stage, with limited therapeutic choices and poor outcomes. Moreover, the majority of cancers are detected using invasive painful methods, such as endoscopic biopsy, making the development of non-invasive or minimally invasive methods for the discovery and fast detection of specific biomarkers a crucial need. Among body fluids, a valuable non-invasive alternative to tissue biopsy, the most accessible and least invasive are undoubtedly urine and saliva. They are easily retrievable complex fluids containing a large variety of endogenous compounds that may provide information on the physiological condition of the body. The combined analysis of these fluids with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS), a reliable and easy-to-use instrumentation that provides information with relatively simple sample pretreatments, could represent the ideal option to rapidly achieve fast early stage diagnosis of tumors and their real-time monitoring. On this basis, the present review summarizes the recently reported applications relevant to the MALDI analysis of human urine and saliva samples.
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Chen YT, Tsai CH, Chen CL, Yu JS, Chang YH. Development of biomarkers of genitourinary cancer using mass spectrometry-based clinical proteomics. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:387-403. [PMID: 30987711 PMCID: PMC9296213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate, bladder and kidney cancer are the three most common types of genitourinary cancer in the world. Of these, prostate and bladder cancers are within the top 10 most common cancers in men. Notably, kidney cancer causes no obvious symptoms in the early stages. To satisfy clinical-management requirements, researchers have developed numerous biomarkers by applying proteomic approaches using clinical serum, urine and tissue specimens, as well as cell and animal models. Through application of biomarker pipeline protocols, including discovery, verification and validation phases, and mass-spectrometric based proteomic platforms coupled with multiplexed quantification assays, these studies have led to recent rapid progress in this area. With improvements in mass-spectrometric based proteomic techniques, numerous promising biomarker candidates and marker panels for various clinical purposes have been proposed. Verification of novel protein biomarker candidates is very resource demanding (e.g. on the clinical and laboratory sides). With the support of national consortia, it is now possible to investigate the future clinical use of such biomarker strategies and assess their cost-effectiveness in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan,
Taiwan
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan,
Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan,
Taiwan
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taiwan University, Taoyuan,
Taiwan
- Corresponding author. Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan,
Taiwan
| | - Chien-Lun Chen
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan,
Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan,
Taiwan
| | - Jau-Song Yu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan,
Taiwan
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan,
Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou,
Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsu Chang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, LinKou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan,
Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan,
Taiwan
- Corresponding author. Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, LinKou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. E-mail addresses: (Y.-T. Chen), (Y.-H. Chang)
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Jedinak A, Loughlin KR, Moses MA. Approaches to the discovery of non-invasive urinary biomarkers of prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:32534-32550. [PMID: 30197761 PMCID: PMC6126692 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) continues to be one of the most common cancers in men worldwide. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) measured in blood has been used for decades as an aid for physicians to detect the presence of prostate cancer. However, the PSA test has limited sensitivity and specificity, leading to unnecessary biopsies, overdiagnosis and overtreatment of patients. For these reasons, there is an urgent need for more accurate PCa biomarkers that can detect PCa with high sensitivity and specificity. Urine is a unique source of potential protein biomarkers that can be measured in a non-invasive way. This review comprehensively summarizes state of the art approaches used in the discovery and validation of urinary biomarkers for PCa. Numerous strategies are currently being used in the discovery of urinary biomarkers for prostate cancer including gel-based separation techniques, mass spectrometry, activity-based proteomic assays and software approaches. Antibody-based approaches remain preferred method for validation of candidate biomarkers with rapidly advancing multiplex immunoassays and MS-based targeted approaches. In the last decade, there has been a dramatic acceleration in the development of new techniques and approaches in the discovery of protein biomarkers for prostate cancer including computational, statistical and data mining methods. Many urinary-based protein biomarkers have been identified and have shown significant promise in initial studies. Examples of these potential biomarkers and the methods utilized in their discovery are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Jedinak
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin R Loughlin
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marsha A Moses
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Flores-Morales A, Iglesias-Gato D. Quantitative Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Profiling for Precision Medicine in Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2017; 7:267. [PMID: 29164064 PMCID: PMC5674010 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancer among men in the western societies. Many PCa patients bear tumors that will not threat their lives if left untreated or if treatment is delayed. Our inability for early identification of these patients has resulted in massive overtreatment. Therefore, there is a great need of finding biomarkers for patient stratification according to prognostic risk; as well as there is a need for novel targets that can allow the development of effective treatments for patients that progress to castration-resistant PCa. Most biomarkers in cancer are proteins, including the widely-used prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Recent developments in mass spectrometry allow the identification and quantification of thousands of proteins and posttranslational modifications from small amounts of biological material, including formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues, and biological fluids. Novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers have been identified in tissue, blood, urine, and seminal plasma of PCa patients, and new insights in the ethology and progression of this disease have been achieved using this technology. In this review, we summarize these findings and discuss the potential of this technology to pave the way toward the clinical implementation of precision medicine in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amilcar Flores-Morales
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Diego Iglesias-Gato
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Tonry CL, Leacy E, Raso C, Finn SP, Armstrong J, Pennington SR. The Role of Proteomics in Biomarker Development for Improved Patient Diagnosis and Clinical Decision Making in Prostate Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2016; 6:E27. [PMID: 27438858 PMCID: PMC5039561 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics6030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate Cancer (PCa) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide. Although increased expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an effective indicator for the recurrence of PCa, its intended use as a screening marker for PCa is of considerable controversy. Recent research efforts in the field of PCa biomarkers have focused on the identification of tissue and fluid-based biomarkers that would be better able to stratify those individuals diagnosed with PCa who (i) might best receive no treatment (active surveillance of the disease); (ii) would benefit from existing treatments; or (iii) those who are likely to succumb to disease recurrence and/or have aggressive disease. The growing demand for better prostate cancer biomarkers has coincided with the development of improved discovery and evaluation technologies for multiplexed measurement of proteins in bio-fluids and tissues. This review aims to (i) provide an overview of these technologies as well as describe some of the candidate PCa protein biomarkers that have been discovered using them; (ii) address some of the general limitations in the clinical evaluation and validation of protein biomarkers; and (iii) make recommendations for strategies that could be adopted to improve the successful development of protein biomarkers to deliver improvements in personalized PCa patient decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Tonry
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Emma Leacy
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Cinzia Raso
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Stephen P Finn
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | | | - Stephen R Pennington
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Chiang CY, Pan CC, Chang HY, Lai MD, Tzai TS, Tsai YS, Ling P, Liu HS, Lee BF, Cheng HL, Ho CL, Chen SH, Chow NH. SH3BGRL3 Protein as a Potential Prognostic Biomarker for Urothelial Carcinoma: A Novel Binding Partner of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:5601-11. [PMID: 26286913 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mass spectrometry-based biomarker discovery has clinical benefit. To identify novel biomarkers for urothelial carcinoma, we performed quantitative proteomics on pooled urine pairs from patients with and without urothelial carcinoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Shot-gun proteomics using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and stable isotope dimethyl labeling identified 219 candidate proteins. The potential implication of SH3 domain binding glutamic acid-rich protein like 3 (SH3BGRL3) was examined by immunoblotting of the urine (n = 13) and urothelial tumors (n = 32). Additional immunohistochemistry was performed on bladder cancer array (n = 1145) and correlated with tumor aggressiveness. Then, biologic functions and signaling pathways of SH3BGRL3 were explored using stable cell lines. RESULTS The detectable urine SH3BGRL3 in patients with urothelial carcinoma was positively associated with higher histologic grading and muscle invasiveness of urothelial carcinoma. SH3BGRL3 is expressed in 13.9% (159/1145) of bladder cancer cohort and is positively associated with muscle invasion (P = 0.0028). SH3BGRL3 expression is associated with increased risk of progression in patients with nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (P = 0.032). SH3BGRL3 expression is significantly associated with a high level of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in bladder cancer (P < 0.0001). SH3BGRL3 promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell migration, and proliferation of urothelial carcinoma in vitro. SH3BGRL3 interacts with phosphor-EGFR at Y1068, Y1086, and Y1173 through Grb2 by its proline-rich motif, and activates the Akt-associated signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of SH3BGRL3 expression status or urine content may identify a subset of patients with bladder cancer who may require more intensive treatment. SH3BGRL3 deserves further investigation as a cotargeting candidate for designing EGFR-based cancer therapies. Clin Cancer Res; 21(24); 5601-11. ©2015 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yao Chiang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chen Pan
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Yi Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Derg Lai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shin Tzai
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Shyan Tsai
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pin Ling
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Sheng Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Fang Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Ling Cheng
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Liang Ho
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Haw Chow
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Wood SL, Knowles MA, Thompson D, Selby PJ, Banks RE. Proteomic studies of urinary biomarkers for prostate, bladder and kidney cancers. Nat Rev Urol 2013; 10:206-18. [PMID: 23443013 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2013.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Urine is an ideal body fluid for the detection of protein markers produced by urological cancers as it can be sampled noninvasively and contains secreted and directly shed proteins from the prostate, bladder and kidney. Major challenges of working with urine include high inter-individual and intra-individual variability, low protein concentration, the presence of salts and the dynamic range of protein expression. Despite these challenges, significant progress is being made using modern proteomic methods to identify and characterize protein-based markers for urological cancers. The development of robust, easy-to-use clinical tests based on novel biomarkers has the potential to impact upon diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring and could revolutionize the treatment and management of these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Wood
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, 27 Palatine Road, Withington, Manchester M20 3LJ, UK.
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Gianazza E, Chinello C, Mainini V, Cazzaniga M, Squeo V, Albo G, Signorini S, Di Pierro SS, Ferrero S, Nicolardi S, van der Burgt YE, Deelder AM, Magni F. Alterations of the serum peptidome in renal cell carcinoma discriminating benign and malignant kidney tumors. J Proteomics 2012; 76 Spec No.:125-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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10
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Kovanich D, Cappadona S, Raijmakers R, Mohammed S, Scholten A, Heck AJR. Applications of stable isotope dimethyl labeling in quantitative proteomics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:991-1009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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He W, Huang C, Luo G, Prà ID, Feng J, Chen W, Ma L, Wang Y, Chen X, Tan J, Zhang X, Armato U, Wu J. A stable panel comprising 18 urinary proteins in the human healthy population. Proteomics 2012; 12:1059-72. [PMID: 22522811 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics; State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Institute of Burn Research; Southwest Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing; China
| | - Chibing Huang
- Department of Urology; Xinqiao Hospital; The Third Military Medical University; Chongqing; China
| | - Gaoxing Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics; State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Institute of Burn Research; Southwest Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing; China
| | - Ilaria Dal Prà
- Histology & Embryology Section; Department of Life & Reproduction Sciences; University of Verona; Verona; Italy
| | - Jiayu Feng
- Department of Urology; Xinqiao Hospital; The Third Military Medical University; Chongqing; China
| | - Wei Chen
- Agilent Technologies (China); Beijing; China
| | - Li Ma
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics; State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Institute of Burn Research; Southwest Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing; China
| | - Ying Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics; State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Institute of Burn Research; Southwest Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing; China
| | - Xiwei Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics; State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Institute of Burn Research; Southwest Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing; China
| | - Jiangling Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics; State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Institute of Burn Research; Southwest Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing; China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics; State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Institute of Burn Research; Southwest Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing; China
| | - Ubaldo Armato
- Histology & Embryology Section; Department of Life & Reproduction Sciences; University of Verona; Verona; Italy
| | - Jun Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics; State Key Laboratory of Trauma; Burns and Combined Injury; Institute of Burn Research; Southwest Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing; China
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Stastna M, Van Eyk JE. Secreted proteins as a fundamental source for biomarker discovery. Proteomics 2012; 12:722-35. [PMID: 22247067 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The proteins secreted by various cells (the secretomes) are a potential rich source of biomarkers as they reflect various states of the cells at real time and at given conditions. To have accessible, sufficient and reliable protein markers is desirable as they mark various stages of disease development and their presence/absence can be used for diagnosis, prognosis, risk stratification and therapeutic monitoring. As direct analysis of blood/plasma, a common and noninvasive patient screening method, can be difficult for candidate protein biomarker identification, the alternative/complementary approaches are required, one of them is the analysis of secretomes in cell conditioned media in vitro. As the proteins secreted by cells as a response to various stimuli are most likely secreted into blood/plasma, the identification and pre-selection of candidate protein biomarkers from cell secretomes with subsequent validation of their presence at higher levels in serum/plasma is a promising approach. In this review, we discuss the proteins secreted by three progenitor cell types (smooth muscle, endothelial and cardiac progenitor cells) and two adult cell types (neonatal rat ventrical myocytes and smooth muscle cells) which can be relevant to cardiovascular research and which have been recently published in the literature. We found, at least for secretome studies included in this review, that secretomes of progenitor and adult cells overlap by 48% but the secretomes are very distinct among progenitor cell themselves as well as between adult cells. In addition, we compared secreted proteins to protein identifications listed in the Human Plasma PeptideAtlas and in two reports with cardiovascular-related proteins and we performed the extensive literature search to find if any of these secreted proteins were identified in a biomarker study. As expected, many proteins have been identified as biomarkers in cancer but 18 proteins (out of 62) have been tested as biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Stastna
- Johns Hopkins Bayview Proteomics Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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