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Is tumour-expressed aminopeptidase N (APN/CD13) structurally and functionally unique? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188641. [PMID: 34695533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase N (APN/CD13) is a multifunctional glycoprotein that acts as a peptidase, receptor, and signalling molecule in a tissue-dependent manner. The activities of APN have been implicated in the progression of many cancers, pointing toward significant therapeutic potential for cancer treatment. However, despite the tumour-specific functions of this protein that have been uncovered, the ubiquitous nature of its expression in normal tissues as generally reported remains a limitation to the potential utility of APN as a target for cancer therapeutics and drug discovery. With this in mind, we have extensively explored the literature, and present a comprehensive review that for the first-time provides evidence to support the suggestion that tumour-expressed APN may in fact be unique in structure, function, substrate specificity and activity, contrary to its nature in normal tissues. The review also focuses on the biology of APN, and its "moonlighting" functional roles in both normal physiology and cancer development. Several APN-targeting approaches that have been explored over recent decades as therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment, including APN-targeting agents reported both in preclinical and clinical studies, are also extensively discussed. This review concludes by posing critical questions about APN that remain unanswered and unexplored, hence providing opportunities for further research.
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2
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Yevtodiyenko A, Bazhin A, Khodakivskyi P, Godinat A, Budin G, Maric T, Pietramaggiori G, Scherer SS, Kunchulia M, Eppeldauer G, Polyakov SV, Francis KP, Bryan JN, Goun EA. Portable bioluminescent platform for in vivo monitoring of biological processes in non-transgenic animals. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2680. [PMID: 33976191 PMCID: PMC8113525 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22892-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescent imaging (BLI) is one of the most powerful and widely used preclinical imaging modalities. However, the current technology relies on the use of transgenic luciferase-expressing cells and animals and therefore can only be applied to a limited number of existing animal models of human disease. Here, we report the development of a “portable bioluminescent” (PBL) technology that overcomes most of the major limitations of traditional BLI. We demonstrate that the PBL method is capable of noninvasive measuring the activity of both extracellular (e.g., dipeptidyl peptidase 4) and intracellular (e.g., cytochrome P450) enzymes in vivo in non-luciferase-expressing mice. Moreover, we successfully utilize PBL technology in dogs and human cadaver, paving the way for the translation of functional BLI to the noninvasive quantification of biological processes in large animals. The PBL methodology can be easily adapted for the noninvasive monitoring of a plethora of diseases across multiple species. Bioluminescence imaging tends to rely on transgenic luciferase-expressing cells and animals. Here the authors report a portable bioluminescent system to non-invasively measure intra- and extracellular enzymes in vivo in non-transgenic animals which do not express luciferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Yevtodiyenko
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Arkadiy Bazhin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pavlo Khodakivskyi
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Aurelien Godinat
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ghyslain Budin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Maric
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Pietramaggiori
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Global Plastic Surgery, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sandra S Scherer
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Global Plastic Surgery, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marina Kunchulia
- Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Free University of Tbilisi, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - George Eppeldauer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Sergey V Polyakov
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA.,Physics Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kevin P Francis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Elena A Goun
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.
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3
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East AK, Lucero MY, Chan J. New directions of activity-based sensing for in vivo NIR imaging. Chem Sci 2020; 12:3393-3405. [PMID: 34163614 PMCID: PMC8179399 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo imaging is a powerful approach to study biological processes. Beyond cellular methods, in vivo studies allow for biological stimuli (small molecules or proteins) to be studied in their native environment. This has the potential to aid in the discovery of new biology and guide the development of diagnostics and therapies for diseases. To ensure selectivity and an observable readout, the probe development field is shifting towards activity-based sensing (ABS) approaches and near-infrared (NIR) imaging modalities. This perspective will highlight recent in vivo ABS applications that utilize NIR imaging platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K East
- Department of Chemistry, The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Melissa Y Lucero
- Department of Chemistry, The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Jefferson Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
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Adem S, Jain S, Sveiven M, Zhou X, O'Donoghue AJ, Hall DA. Giant magnetoresistive biosensors for real-time quantitative detection of protease activity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7941. [PMID: 32409675 PMCID: PMC7224196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are enzymes that cleave proteins and are crucial to physiological processes such as digestion, blood clotting, and wound healing. Unregulated protease activity is a biomarker of several human diseases. Synthetic peptides that are selectively hydrolyzed by a protease of interest can be used as reporter substrates of unregulated protease activity. We developed an activity-based protease sensor by immobilizing magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to the surface of a giant magnetoresistive spin-valve (GMR SV) sensor using peptides. Cleavage of these peptides by a protease releases the magnetic nanoparticles resulting in a time-dependent change in the local magnetic field. Using this approach, we detected a significant release of MNPs after 3.5 minutes incubation using just 4 nM of the cysteine protease, papain. In addition, we show that proteases in healthy human urine do not release the MNPs, however addition of 20 nM of papain to the urine samples resulted in a time-dependent change in magnetoresistance. This study lays the foundation for using GMR SV sensors as a platform for real-time, quantitative detection of protease activity in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Adem
- University of California - San Diego, Department of Bioengineering, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sonal Jain
- University of California - San Diego, Department of Bioengineering, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michael Sveiven
- University of California - San Diego, Department of Bioengineering, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Xiahan Zhou
- University of California - San Diego, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- University of California - San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Drew A Hall
- University of California - San Diego, Department of Bioengineering, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- University of California - San Diego, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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5
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Huang J, Jiang Y, Li J, He S, Huang J, Pu K. A Renal‐Clearable Macromolecular Reporter for Near‐Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Bladder Cancer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaguo Huang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University 70 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637457 Singapore
| | - Yuyan Jiang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University 70 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637457 Singapore
| | - Jingchao Li
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University 70 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637457 Singapore
| | - Shasha He
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University 70 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637457 Singapore
| | - Jingsheng Huang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University 70 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637457 Singapore
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University 70 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637457 Singapore
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Huang J, Jiang Y, Li J, He S, Huang J, Pu K. A Renal-Clearable Macromolecular Reporter for Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Bladder Cancer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4415-4420. [PMID: 31876017 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a prevalent disease with high morbidity and mortality; however, in vivo optical imaging of BC remains challenging because of the lack of cancer-specific optical agents with high renal clearance. Herein, a macromolecular reporter (CyP1) was synthesized for real-time near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging and urinalysis of BC in living mice. Because of the high renal clearance (ca. 94 % of the injection dosage at 24 h post-injection) and its cancer biomarker (APN=aminopeptidase N) specificity, CyP1 can be efficiently transported to the bladder and specially turn on its NIRF signal to report the detection of BC in living mice. Moreover, CyP1 can be used for optical urinalysis, permitting the ex vivo tracking of tumor progression for therapeutic evaluation and easy translation of CyP2 as an in vitro diagnostic assay. This study not only provides new opportunities for non-invasive diagnosis of BC, but also reveals useful guidelines for the development of molecular reporters for the detection of bladder diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaguo Huang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Yuyan Jiang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Jingchao Li
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Shasha He
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Jingsheng Huang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
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Bazhin AA, Chambon M, Vesin J, Bortoli J, Collins JW, Turcatti G, Chou CJ, Goun EA. A Universal Assay for Aminopeptidase Activity and Its Application for Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Drug Discovery. Anal Chem 2018; 91:1098-1104. [PMID: 30511572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aminopeptidases, such as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4, CD26), are potent therapeutic targets for pharmacological interventions because they play key roles in many important pathological pathways. To analyze aminopeptidase activity in vitro (including high-throughput screening [HTS]), in vivo, and ex vivo, we developed a highly sensitive and quantitative bioluminescence-based readout method. We successfully applied this method to screening drugs with potential DPP-4 inhibitory activity. Using this method, we found that cancer drug mitoxantrone possesses significant DPP-4 inhibitory activity both in vitro and in vivo. The pharmacophore of mitoxantrone was further investigated by testing a variety of its structural analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chieh Jason Chou
- Microbiome and Metabolism , Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA , Lausanne 1015 , Switzerland
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Abstract
Research efforts targeting the identification of bladder cancer biomarkers have been extensive during the past decade. Investigations have been performed at the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome levels and outputs have started appearing including the sketching of disease molecular subtypes. Proteins are directly linked to cell phenotype hence they accumulate special interest as both biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Multiple technical challenges exist, of the main, being the protein concentration vast dynamic range and presence of proteins in modified forms. The scope of this review is to summarize the contribution of proteomics research in this quest of bladder cancer biomarkers. To obtain an unbiased and comprehensive overview, the scientific literature was searched for manuscripts describing proteomic studies on urothelial cancer from the last ten years and those including independent verification studies in urine, tissue and blood are briefly presented. General observations include: a) in most cases, suboptimal experimental design including healthy controls in biomarker discovery and frequently biomarker verification, is followed; b) variability in protein findings between studies can be observed, to some extent reflecting complexity of experimental approaches and proteome itself; c) consistently reported biomarkers include mainly plasma proteins and d) compilation of protein markers into diagnostic panels appears the most promising way forward. Two main avenues of research can now be foreseen: targeting integration of the existing disparate data with proteomic findings being placed in the context of existing knowledge on bladder cancer subtypes and in parallel, accumulation of clinical samples to support proper validation studies of promising marker combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonia Vlahou
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens , Biotechnology Division, Athens, Greece
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10
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Protein amino-terminal modifications and proteomic approaches for N-terminal profiling. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 24:71-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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