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Cilostazol novel neuroprotective mechanism against rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease in rats: Correlation between Nrf2 and HMGB1/TLR4/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109986. [PMID: 37012873 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation induced by activation of the high mobility group box 1/ toll-like receptor 4 (HMGB1/TLR4) axis is one of the principal mechanisms involved in dopaminergic neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease (PD), and its activation exacerbates oxidative stress augmenting neurodegeneration. AIMS This study investigated the novel neuroprotective effect of cilostazol on rotenone-intoxicated rats focusing on the HMGB1/TLR4 axis, erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Protein kinase B (Akt)/the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. The aim is extended to correlate the Nrf2 expression with all assessed parameters as promising therapeutic targets for neuroprotection. MAIN METHODS Our experiment was designed as follows: vehicle group, cilostazol group, rotenone group (1.5 mg/kg, s.c), and the rotenone pretreated with cilostazol (50 mg/kg, p.o.) group. Eleven rotenone injections were injected day after day, while cilostazol was administered daily for 21 days. KEY FINDINGS Cilostazol significantly improved the neurobehavioral analysis, the histopathological examination, and dopamine levels. Moreover, the immunoreactivity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) enhanced. These effects were associated with enhancement of the antioxidant expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 by 1.01 and 1.08-fold, respectively, and repression of HMGB1/TLR4 pathway by 50.2 % and 39.3 %, respectively. Upregulation of the neuro-survival PI3K and Akt expression by 2.26 and 2.69-fold, respectively, and readjusting mTOR overexpression. SIGNIFICANCE Cilostazol exerts a novel neuroprotective strategy against rotenone-induced neurodegeneration via activation of Nrf2/HO-1, suppression of HMGB1/TLR4 axis, upregulation of PI3K/Akt besides mTOR inhibition that compels more investigations with different PD models to clarify its precise role.
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Modelling Parkinson's Disease: iPSCs towards Better Understanding of Human Pathology. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11030373. [PMID: 33799491 PMCID: PMC8000082 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, among which are bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor as well as mental symptoms such as dementia. The underlying cause of Parkinson disease is degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. It has been challenging to develop an efficient animal model to accurately represent the complex phenotypes found with PD. However, it has become possible to recapitulate the myriad of phenotypes underlying the PD pathology by using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology. Patient-specific iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons are available and present an opportunity to study many aspects of the PD phenotypes in a dish. In this review, we report the available data on iPSC-derived neurons derived from PD patients with identified gene mutations. Specifically, we will report on the key phenotypes of the generated iPSC-derived neurons from PD patients with different genetic background. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship these cellular phenotypes have to PD pathology and future challenges and prospects for iPSC modelling and understanding of the pathogenesis of PD.
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The role of KATP channel blockade and activation in the protection against neurodegeneration in the rotenone model of Parkinson's disease. Life Sci 2020; 257:118070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Bogetofte H, Jensen P, Ryding M, Schmidt SI, Okarmus J, Ritter L, Worm CS, Hohnholt MC, Azevedo C, Roybon L, Bak LK, Waagepetersen H, Ryan BJ, Wade-Martins R, Larsen MR, Meyer M. PARK2 Mutation Causes Metabolic Disturbances and Impaired Survival of Human iPSC-Derived Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:297. [PMID: 31333417 PMCID: PMC6624735 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein parkin, encoded by the PARK2 gene, is vital for mitochondrial homeostasis, and although it has been implicated in Parkinson’s disease (PD), the disease mechanisms remain unclear. We have applied mass spectrometry-based proteomics to investigate the effects of parkin dysfunction on the mitochondrial proteome in human isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons with and without PARK2 knockout (KO). The proteomic analysis quantified nearly 60% of all mitochondrial proteins, 119 of which were dysregulated in neurons with PARK2 KO. The protein changes indicated disturbances in oxidative stress defense, mitochondrial respiration and morphology, cell cycle control, and cell viability. Structural and functional analyses revealed an increase in mitochondrial area and the presence of elongated mitochondria as well as impaired glycolysis and lactate-supported respiration, leading to an impaired cell survival in PARK2 KO neurons. This adds valuable insight into the effect of parkin dysfunction in human neurons and provides knowledge of disease-related pathways that can potentially be targeted for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Bogetofte
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Medical Sciences Division, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pia Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Matias Ryding
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sissel I Schmidt
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Justyna Okarmus
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Louise Ritter
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christina S Worm
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michaela C Hohnholt
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carla Azevedo
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Laurent Roybon
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lasse K Bak
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle Waagepetersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brent J Ryan
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Medical Sciences Division, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Medical Sciences Division, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin R Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Jellinger KA. Neuropathology and pathogenesis of extrapyramidal movement disorders: a critical update-I. Hypokinetic-rigid movement disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:933-995. [PMID: 31214855 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extrapyramidal movement disorders include hypokinetic rigid and hyperkinetic or mixed forms, most of them originating from dysfunction of the basal ganglia (BG) and their information circuits. The functional anatomy of the BG, the cortico-BG-thalamocortical, and BG-cerebellar circuit connections are briefly reviewed. Pathophysiologic classification of extrapyramidal movement disorder mechanisms distinguish (1) parkinsonian syndromes, (2) chorea and related syndromes, (3) dystonias, (4) myoclonic syndromes, (5) ballism, (6) tics, and (7) tremor syndromes. Recent genetic and molecular-biologic classifications distinguish (1) synucleinopathies (Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease-dementia, and multiple system atrophy); (2) tauopathies (progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, FTLD-17; Guamian Parkinson-dementia; Pick's disease, and others); (3) polyglutamine disorders (Huntington's disease and related disorders); (4) pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration; (5) Wilson's disease; and (6) other hereditary neurodegenerations without hitherto detected genetic or specific markers. The diversity of phenotypes is related to the deposition of pathologic proteins in distinct cell populations, causing neurodegeneration due to genetic and environmental factors, but there is frequent overlap between various disorders. Their etiopathogenesis is still poorly understood, but is suggested to result from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Multiple etiologies and noxious factors (protein mishandling, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, energy failure, and chronic neuroinflammation) are more likely than a single factor. Current clinical consensus criteria have increased the diagnostic accuracy of most neurodegenerative movement disorders, but for their definite diagnosis, histopathological confirmation is required. We present a timely overview of the neuropathology and pathogenesis of the major extrapyramidal movement disorders in two parts, the first one dedicated to hypokinetic-rigid forms and the second to hyperkinetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
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Salari S, Bagheri M. In vivo, in vitro and pharmacologic models of Parkinson's disease. Physiol Res 2018; 68:17-24. [PMID: 30433804 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), which is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, is firstly defined after James Parkinson's report. It carries motor symptoms such as resting tremor, bradykinesia and rigidity of skeletal muscle and freezing of gait. Furthermore, non-motor symptoms such as cognitive and behavioral problems, besides sensory impairments are seen in the patients. However, they may also suffer from sleep disorders or autonomic dysfunction. Although there are some medications in order to symptomatic management, but unfortunately, scientist could not have found exact approaches to cure this disease. Hence, producing a model which can express the most pathophysiologic and behavioral aspects of the disease is a desire. In this paper, we aimed to describe the different models of Parkinson's disease in brief.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Salari
- Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
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Rocha S, Freitas A, Guimaraes SC, Vitorino R, Aroso M, Gomez-Lazaro M. Biological Implications of Differential Expression of Mitochondrial-Shaping Proteins in Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 7:E1. [PMID: 29267236 PMCID: PMC5789311 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been accepted that mitochondrial function and morphology is affected in Parkinson's disease, and that mitochondrial function can be directly related to its morphology. So far, mitochondrial morphological alterations studies, in the context of this neurodegenerative disease, have been performed through microscopic methodologies. The goal of the present work is to address if the modifications in the mitochondrial-shaping proteins occurring in this disorder have implications in other cellular pathways, which might constitute important pathways for the disease progression. To do so, we conducted a novel approach through a thorough exploration of the available proteomics-based studies in the context of Parkinson's disease. The analysis provided insight into the altered biological pathways affected by changes in the expression of mitochondrial-shaping proteins via different bioinformatic tools. Unexpectedly, we observed that the mitochondrial-shaping proteins altered in the context of Parkinson's disease are, in the vast majority, related to the organization of the mitochondrial cristae. Conversely, in the studies that have resorted to microscopy-based techniques, the most widely reported alteration in the context of this disorder is mitochondria fragmentation. Cristae membrane organization is pivotal for mitochondrial ATP production, and changes in their morphology have a direct impact on the organization and function of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes. To understand which biological processes are affected by the alteration of these proteins we analyzed the binding partners of the mitochondrial-shaping proteins that were found altered in Parkinson's disease. We showed that the binding partners fall into seven different cellular components, which include mitochondria, proteasome, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), amongst others. It is noteworthy that, by evaluating the biological process in which these modified proteins are involved, we showed that they are related to the production and metabolism of ATP, immune response, cytoskeleton alteration, and oxidative stress, amongst others. In summary, with our bioinformatics approach using the data on the modified proteins in Parkinson's disease patients, we were able to relate the alteration of mitochondrial-shaping proteins to modifications of crucial cellular pathways affected in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rocha
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Freitas
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- FMUP-Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sofia C Guimaraes
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Vitorino
- iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Aroso
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Gomez-Lazaro
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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Magalhães S, Aroso M, Roxo I, Ferreira S, Cerveira F, Ramalheira E, Ferreira R, Vitorino R. Proteomic profile of susceptible and multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae using label-free and immunoproteomic strategies. Res Microbiol 2016; 168:222-233. [PMID: 28040467 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae have exponentially increased in the past decade, and are a major concern in hospitals. In the first part of the work, we compared the proteome profile of MDR and susceptible clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in order to identify possible biological processes associated with drug resistance and susceptible phenotypes, using a label-free approach. In the second part, we used an immunoproteomics approach to identify immunoreactive proteins in the same isolates. A total of 388 and 377 proteins were identified in MDR and susceptible E. coli, respectively, evidencing that biological processes related to translation are upregulated in E. coli MDR, while there is an upregulation of processes related to catalytic activity in K. pneumoniae MDR. Both MDR strains show downregulation of processes related to amino acid activation and tRNA amino-acylation. Our data also suggest that MDR strains have higher immunoreactivity than the susceptible strains. The application of high-throughput mass spectrometry (MS) and bioinformatics to the study of modulation of biological processes might shed light on the characterization of multidrug resistance in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Magalhães
- QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; iBiMED - Institute for Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Miguel Aroso
- iBiMED - Institute for Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Inês Roxo
- Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, Oliveira do Bairro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Ferreira
- Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, Oliveira do Bairro, Portugal; Institute of Education and Citizenship, Oliveira do Bairro, Portugal
| | - Frederico Cerveira
- Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, Oliveira do Bairro, Portugal
| | - Elmano Ramalheira
- Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, Oliveira do Bairro, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- iBiMED - Institute for Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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