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Atceken N, Hemingway J, Bull CL, Liu X, Michalchuk AAL, Konar S, Morrison CA, Pulham CR. High-pressure structural studies and pressure-induced sensitisation of 3,4,5-trinitro-1 H-pyrazole. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31646-31654. [PMID: 37986575 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04526a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the first high-pressure study of the energetic material 3,4,5-trinitro-1H-pyrazole (3,4,5-TNP) using neutron powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. A new high-pressure phase, termed Form II, was first identified through a substantial change in the neutron powder diffraction patterns recorded over the range 4.6-5.3 GPa, and was characterised further by compression of a single crystal to 5.3 GPa in a diamond-anvil cell using X-ray diffraction. 3,4,5-TNP was found to be sensitive to initiation under pressure, as demonstrated by its unexpected and violent decomposition at elevated pressures in successive powder diffraction experiments. Initiation coincided with the sluggish phase transition from Form I to Form II. Using a vibrational up-pumping model, its increased sensitivity under pressure can be explained by pressure-induced mode hardening. These findings have potential implications for the safe handling of 3,4,5-TNP, on the basis that shock- or pressure-loading may lead to significantly increased sensitivity to initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurunnisa Atceken
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, 35430, İzmir, Turkey
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Jack Hemingway
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Craig L Bull
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK.
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Xiaojiao Liu
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Adam A L Michalchuk
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sumit Konar
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK.
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Carole A Morrison
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Colin R Pulham
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK.
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2
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O’Connor D, Bier I, Tom R, Hiszpanski AM, Steele BA, Marom N. Ab Initio Crystal Structure Prediction of the Energetic Materials LLM-105, RDX, and HMX. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:6275-6289. [PMID: 38173900 PMCID: PMC10763925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Crystal structure prediction (CSP) is performed for the energetic materials (EMs) LLM-105 and α-RDX, as well as the α and β conformational polymorphs of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (HMX), using the genetic algorithm (GA) code, GAtor, and its associated random structure generator, Genarris. Genarris and GAtor successfully generate the experimental structures of all targets. GAtor's symmetric crossover scheme, where the space group symmetries of parent structures are treated as genes inherited by offspring, is found to be particularly effective. However, conducting several GA runs with different settings is still important for achieving diverse samplings of the potential energy surface. For LLM-105 and α-RDX, the experimental structure is ranked as the most stable, with all of the dispersion-inclusive density functional theory (DFT) methods used here. For HMX, the α form was persistently ranked as more stable than the β form, in contrast to experimental observations, even when correcting for vibrational contributions and thermal expansion. This may be attributed to insufficient accuracy of dispersion-inclusive DFT methods or to kinetic effects not considered here. In general, the ranking of some putative structures is found to be sensitive to the choice of the DFT functional and the dispersion method. For LLM-105, GAtor generates a putative structure with a layered packing motif, which is desirable thanks to its correlation with low sensitivity. Our results demonstrate that CSP is a useful tool for studying the ubiquitous polymorphism of EMs and shows promise of becoming an integral part of the EM development pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana O’Connor
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Imanuel Bier
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rithwik Tom
- Department
of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Anna M. Hiszpanski
- Materials
Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Brad A. Steele
- Materials
Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Noa Marom
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department
of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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3
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Li D, Zhang S, Jia H, Song M, Zhang Y, Li H, Zhou M. High pressure Raman study of LiClO 4. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 285:121914. [PMID: 36183538 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), as one of the new high-energy oxidizers, is chosen for high pressure Raman research to gain a better understanding of the structure and stability, which is very important for the performance of an explosive. Raman spectra of LiClO4 crystal have been measured from ambient to 25.07 GPa with diamond anvil cells (DACs) at room temperature to investigate the structural stability of this system. Raman vibrational modes of LiClO4 crystal at ambient pressure were resolved comprehensively on the basis of our experimental and calculated results. Upon increase of pressure on LiClO4 crystal sample to 1.96 GPa, it was found that the LiClO4 crystal exhibited a pressure-induced first-order phase transformation behavior. The occurrence of a second phase transformation of LiClO4 crystal induced by pressure was observed at about 5.09 GPa. Both phase transformations were demonstrated based on the detailed spectroscopic analysis of the variations in the number of lattice modes, splitting of Raman bands and frequency jumps of the Raman vibrational modes of LiClO4 crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- DongFei Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, Jilin Province, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Hongsheng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, Jilin Province, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Mingxing Song
- College of Information and Technology, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, Jilin Province, PR China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Physics, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130013, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin Province, PR China.
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4
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Sorescu DC, Larentzos JP, Rice BM, Brennan JK. Toward Addressing the Challenge to Predict the Heat Capacities of RDX and HMX Energetic Materials. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan C. Sorescu
- U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory Pittsburgh PA 15236 USA
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Chemical Engineering Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
| | - James P. Larentzos
- U.S. Army DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland 21005 USA
| | - Betsy M. Rice
- U.S. Army DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland 21005 USA
| | - John K. Brennan
- U.S. Army DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland 21005 USA
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5
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Wang C, Zhang C, Xue X. Pressure and Polymorph Dependent Thermal Decomposition Mechanism of Molecular Materials: A Case of 1,3,5,-Trinitro-1,3,5,-triazine. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:463-472. [PMID: 35061375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
1,3,5,-Trinitro-1,3,5,-triazine (RDX) serves as an important energetic material and is widely used as various solid propellants and explosives. Understanding the thermal decomposition behaviors of various polymorphs of RDX at high pressure and high temperature is significantly important for safe storage and handling. The present work reveals the early thermal decay mechanisms of two polymorphs (α- and ε-forms) of RDX at high pressure and high temperature by ReaxFF reactive molecular dynamic simulations and climbing image nudged elastic band (CI-NEB) static calculations. It is found that the thermal decomposition rate has positive and negative effects on the pressure for α- and ε-RDX, respectively. This difference originates from the difference of pressure effect on the intermolecular H transfer of the two polymorphs, as we confirm that the bimolecular H transfer rather than the NO2 partition initiates the decay with a significantly lower energy barrier therein. This finding may be beneficial to understand the pressure and polymorph dependent effect on the decay of RDX and to develop a kinetic model for the combustion of solid RDX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyu Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P.O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, Sichuan 621999, China.,Department of Materials Science and the Advanced Coatings Research Center of the China Educational Ministry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P.O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, Sichuan 621999, China.,Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xianggui Xue
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P.O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, Sichuan 621999, China
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6
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Gao C, Zhang X, Zhang C, Sui Z, Hou M, Dai R, Wang Z, Zheng X, Zhang Z. Effect of pressure gradient and new phases for 1,3,5-trinitrohexahydro-s-triazine (RDX) under high pressures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:14374-14383. [PMID: 29770413 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01192c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, pressure-induced phase transitions of RDX up to 50 GPa were systematically studied under different compression conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Gao
- Department of Physics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
| | - Xueyong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Chuanchao Zhang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Zhilei Sui
- Institute of Fluid Physics
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Meng Hou
- Department of Physics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
| | - Rucheng Dai
- The Centre for Physical Experiments
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
| | - Zhongping Wang
- The Centre for Physical Experiments
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
| | - Xianxu Zheng
- Institute of Fluid Physics
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Zengming Zhang
- The Centre for Physical Experiments
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
- Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics
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7
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Cheng H, Huang Z, Chen T. Electronic structure and optical properties of α-RDX crystal under pressure from first-principles calculations. Mol Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2016.1169326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Phase transition, thermodynamics properties and IR spectrum of α- and γ-RDX: First principles and MD studies. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Wu Q, Zhu W, Xiao H. DFT study of structural, electronic, and absorption properties of crystalline β-RDX under pressures. CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2013-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The structural, electronic, and absorption properties of crystalline hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) under hydrostatic pressure of 0–50 GPa were studied using density functional theory. As the pressure increases, the lattice constants and the unit cell volume decrease gradually. The compressibility of RDX crystal is anisotropic. The different changing trends of bond lengths and bond angles under pressures show that both the ring opening and the N–NO2 cleavage are possible to trigger the RDX decomposition. The interactions between electrons, especially for the valence electrons, are strengthened under the influence of pressure. The absorption spectra of RDX display more and stronger bands in the fundamental absorption region at high pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Heming Xiao
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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10
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Ye CC, Zhao FQ, Xu SY, Ju XH. Adsorption and decomposition mechanism of hexogen (RDX) on Al(111) surface by periodic DFT calculations. J Mol Model 2013; 19:2451-8. [PMID: 23435519 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-1796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Chao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of MOE, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
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11
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Goldberg IG, Vila FD, Jach T. Surface Effects on the Crystallization of Cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine (RDX) and the Consequences for its N K X-ray Emission Spectrum. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:9897-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp306978x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilana G. Goldberg
- Transportation Security Laboratory, Atlantic City, New Jersey 08405, United
States
| | - Fernando D. Vila
- Department
of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Terrence Jach
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8371, United States
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12
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Dreger ZA, McCluskey MD, Gupta YM. High pressure-high temperature decomposition of γ-cyclotrimethylene trinitramine. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:9680-8. [PMID: 22971173 DOI: 10.1021/jp307373v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Decomposition of γ-cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (γ-RDX) under high pressure-high temperature conditions was examined to elucidate the reactive behavior of RDX crystals. Vibrational spectroscopy measurements were obtained for single crystals in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) at pressures from 6 to 12 GPa and temperatures up to 600 K. Global decomposition rates, activation energies, and activation volumes at several pressures and temperatures below the P-T locus for the γ-RDX decomposition were obtained. Similar to ε-RDX, but in contrast to α-RDX, we found that pressure decelerates the decomposition of γ-RDX. The decomposition deceleration with pressure in the γ-phase can be attributed to pressure-inhibiting bond homolysis step(s). The main decomposition species were identified as N(2)O, CO(2), and H(2)O, in accord with the species reported for the α-phase decomposition at high pressures. This work complements previous studies on RDX at HP-HT conditions and provides comprehensive results on the reactive behavior of γ-RDX; the γ-phase plays a key role in RDX decomposition at P-T conditions relevant to shock wave initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew A Dreger
- Institute for Shock Physics and Department of Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2816, USA.
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13
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Munday LB, Chung PW, Rice BM, Solares SD. Simulations of High-Pressure Phases in RDX. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:4378-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jp112042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn B. Munday
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Peter W. Chung
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Betsy M. Rice
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Santiago D. Solares
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Dreger ZA, Gupta YM. Phase Diagram of Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine Crystals at High Pressures and Temperatures. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:8099-105. [DOI: 10.1021/jp105226s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew A. Dreger
- Institute for Shock Physics and Department of Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2816
| | - Yogendra M. Gupta
- Institute for Shock Physics and Department of Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2816
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15
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Millar DI, Marshall WG, Oswald ID, Pulham CR. High-pressure structural studies of energetic materials. CRYSTALLOGR REV 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/08893110903443422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Guadarrama-Pérez C, Martínez de La Hoz JM, Balbuena PB. Theoretical Infrared and Terahertz Spectra of an RDX/Aluminum Complex. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:2284-92. [PMID: 20102217 DOI: 10.1021/jp909976d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Perla B. Balbuena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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Millar DIA, Oswald IDH, Barry C, Francis DJ, Marshall WG, Pulham CR, Cumming AS. Pressure-cooking of explosives—the crystal structure of ε-RDX as determined by X-ray and neutron diffraction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:5662-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc00368a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Ciezak J. The High-Pressure Characterization of Energetic Materials: Diaminotetrazolium Nitrate (HDAT-NO3
). PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.200800086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Millar DIA, Oswald IDH, Francis DJ, Marshall WG, Pulham CR, Cumming AS. The crystal structure of β-RDX—an elusive form of an explosive revealed. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:562-4. [PMID: 19283291 DOI: 10.1039/b817966b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David I A Millar
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK EH9 3JJ
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