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Cawkwell MJ, Manner VW. Properties of Erythritol Tetranitrate from Molecular Dynamics Simulation. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:5749-5758. [PMID: 38595775 PMCID: PMC11000242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The nonpolarizable force field for alkyl nitrates developed by Borodin et al. [J. Phys. Chem. B, 2008, 112, 734-742] has been employed to calculate selected properties of crystalline and liquid erythritol tetranitrate (ETN). The set of partial charges proposed by Borodin for pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) was used except for a small correction to the H atom charges to ensure charge neutrality owing to the absence of the neopentyl carbon in ETN. The force field was used to compute the isothermal compression curve, lattice parameters, heat capacity, thermal expansivity, single crystal elastic constants, and Gruneisen parameters of crystalline ETN. The density- and temperature-dependent viscosities of liquid ETN are also reported. We anticipate that these data will be of some utility to the development of equations of state and thermomechanical models for ETN.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Cawkwell
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - V. W. Manner
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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Nazarian A, Presser C. Thermochemical Analysis of Improvised Energetic Materials by Laser-Heating Calorimetry. THERMOCHIMICA ACTA 2022; 718:10.1016/j.tca.2022.179367. [PMID: 36593879 PMCID: PMC9805319 DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2022.179367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Thermochemical analysis of six improvised energetic materials was carried out using laser-heating calorimetry to demonstrate the feasibility of this methodology to provide distinctive thermal signatures and information on the material shelf life. The chemicals evaluated were erythritol tetranitrate, hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD), poor-man's C-4 (blend of potassium chlorate and petroleum jelly), R-salt (represented by 1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazinane), triacetone triperoxide (TATP), and urea nitrate. The measurement technique records the temperature rise with time, from which one can estimate the material endothermic/exothermic behavior, energy release rate, and total specific energy release (heating value, enthalpy of explosion), as well as the sample mass rate of change. Measurements were carried out in an inert nitrogen environment at laser heating rates up to 60 K/s with steady-state temperatures reaching about 933 K. Sample initial mass was between 1.0 mg and 4.0 mg. Experiments were carried out with freshly prepared samples, as well as refrigerated samples and those stored at room (laboratory) temperature for three years. Results indicated that the samples reacted rapidly between 0.50 s and 0.75 s, being initiated near the material decomposition temperature. The total specific energy release, using two different thermal-analysis models, was calculated and compared to values available in the literature. One model represents sample reaction and decomposition within the spherical reactor volume, while the second represents reactions emanating from sample in a pan centrally positioned within the sphere; the former model was found to be the more appropriate approach for these faster-reacting energetic materials. The thermal signatures (temperature-time derivatives with temperature) were different for each chemical, a feature that may be important for energetic material identification. The initiation and peak reaction temperatures were found to decrease with increasing initial sample mass. Also, the shelf life for TATP and HMTD was found not to degrade under nonideal conditions after three years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashot Nazarian
- Associate, Nanomechanical Properties Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Cary Presser
- Associate, Nanomechanical Properties Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
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Freye CE, Nguyen TD, Tappan BC. Investigation of the Impurities in Erythritol Tetranitrate (ETN) Using UHPLC‐QTOF. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris E. Freye
- Los Alamos National Laboratory Q-5, High Explosives Science and Technology Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Thuy‐Ai D. Nguyen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory Q-5, High Explosives Science and Technology Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Bryce C. Tappan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory Q-5, High Explosives Science and Technology Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
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McLennan L, Brown‐Nash A, Busby T, Canaria J, Kominia A, Smith JL, Oxley JC, Dubnikov F, Kosloff R, Zeiri Y. Characterization of the Hexanitrate Esters of Sugar Alcohols. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay McLennan
- Chemistry Department University of Rhode Island 140 Flagg Road Kingston RI 02881
| | - Audreyana Brown‐Nash
- Chemistry Department University of Rhode Island 140 Flagg Road Kingston RI 02881
| | - Taylor Busby
- Chemistry Department University of Rhode Island 140 Flagg Road Kingston RI 02881
| | - Jeffrey Canaria
- Chemistry Department University of Rhode Island 140 Flagg Road Kingston RI 02881
| | - Athina Kominia
- Chemistry Department University of Rhode Island 140 Flagg Road Kingston RI 02881
| | - James L. Smith
- Chemistry Department University of Rhode Island 140 Flagg Road Kingston RI 02881
| | - Jimmie C. Oxley
- Chemistry Department University of Rhode Island 140 Flagg Road Kingston RI 02881
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Zhang Y, Li Q, He Y. ReaxFF Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Hydrostatic and Uniaxial Compression of Nitrate Energetic Materials. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:18535-18543. [PMID: 32743232 PMCID: PMC7391943 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The physical and chemical properties of typical nitrate energetic materials under hydrostatic compression and uniaxial compression were studied using the ReaxFF/lg force field combined with the molecular dynamics simulation method. Under hydrostatic compression, the P-V curve and the bulk modulus (B 0) obtained using the VFRS equation of state show that the compressibility of the three crystals is nitroglycerine (NG) > erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) > 2,3-bis-hydroxymethyl-2,3-dinitro-1,4-butanediol tetranitrate (NEST-1). The a- and c-axis of ETN are easy to compress under the action of hydrostatic pressure, but the b-axis is not easy to compress. The b-axis of NEST-1 is the most compressible, while the a- and c-axis can be compressed slightly when the initial pressure increases and then remains unchanged afterward. The a-, b-, and c-axes of NG all have similar compressibilities. By analyzing the change trend of the main bond lengths of the crystals, it can be seen that the most stable of the three crystals is the N-O bond and the largest change is in the O-NO2 bond. The stability of the C-O bond shows that the NO3 produced by nitrates is not from the C-O bond fracture. Under uniaxial compression, the stress tensor component, the average principal stress, and the hydrostatic pressure have similar trends and amplitudes, indicating that the anisotropy behaviors of the three crystals ETN, NEST-1, and NG are weak. There is no significant correlation between maximum shear stress and sensitivity. The maximum shear stresses τ xy and τ yz of the ETN in the [010] direction are 1.5 GPa higher than τ xz . However, the maximum shear stress of NG shows irregularity in different compression directions, indicating that there is no obvious correlation between the maximum shear stress and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qikai Li
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering,
Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanhang He
- State
Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Lease N, Kay LM, Brown GW, Chavez DE, Robbins D, Byrd EFC, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Manner VW. Synthesis of Erythritol Tetranitrate Derivatives: Functional Group Tuning of Explosive Sensitivity. J Org Chem 2020; 85:4619-4626. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Lease
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Lisa M. Kay
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Brown
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - David E. Chavez
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - David Robbins
- Detonation Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Edward F. C. Byrd
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Adelphi, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- U.S. Navy Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- U.S. Navy Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Virginia W. Manner
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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Bezemer K, McLennan L, van Duin L, Kuijpers CJ, Koeberg M, van den Elshout J, van der Heijden A, Busby T, Yevdokimov A, Schoenmakers P, Smith J, Oxley J, van Asten A. Chemical attribution of the home-made explosive ETN – Part I: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of partially nitrated erythritol impurities. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 307:110102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Lease N, Kay L, Chavez DE, Robbins D, Manner VW. Increased handling sensitivity of molten erythritol tetranitrate (ETN). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 367:546-549. [PMID: 30641424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) is a well-studied homemade explosive (HME), which is known for its ability to be melt-cast at a fairly low temperature. We have observed dramatically increased handling sensitivity of ETN in the molten state, using temperature controlled drop-weight impact sensitivity measurements. Impact testing was performed using ERL Type 12 drop hammer equipment using a 2.5 kg weight, a 0.8 kg striker, an anvil and sound detection equipment. Most experiments were performed in the absence of standard grit paper, due to the elevated temperature measurements with a liquid. At room temperature, ETN exhibited an impact sensitivity of 14.7 ± 3.4 cm, which changed to 1.0 ± 0.6 cm in the liquid state at 65 °C. The change in sensitivity in the liquid state was found to be reversible upon solidification, and did not appear to correlate with temperature. Control experiments were performed in the same setup using standard explosives pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and triacetone triperoxide (TATP). This is the most sensitive material that we have been able to measure using our instrumentation, and indicates that ETN be handled with extreme caution during the melt-casting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Lease
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
| | - Lisa Kay
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
| | - David E Chavez
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
| | - David Robbins
- Detonation Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
| | - Virginia W Manner
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States.
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Stark KS, Alvino JF, Kirkbride KP, Sumby CJ, Metha GF, Lenehan CE, Fitzgerald M, Wall C, Mitchell M, Prior C. Crystal Structure, Sensitiveness and Theoretical Explosive Performance of Xylitol Pentanitrate (XPN). PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201800337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly‐Anne S. Stark
- Flinders University, South Australia Sturt Road Bedford Park, South Australia 5042 Australia
| | - Jason F. Alvino
- Department of Chemistry The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - K. Paul Kirkbride
- Flinders University, South Australia Sturt Road Bedford Park, South Australia 5042 Australia
| | - Christopher J. Sumby
- Department of Chemistry The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Gregory F. Metha
- Department of Chemistry The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Claire E. Lenehan
- Flinders University, South Australia Sturt Road Bedford Park, South Australia 5042 Australia
| | - Mark Fitzgerald
- Weapons and Combat Systems Division Defence Science and Technology Group West Avenue Edinburgh, South Australia 5111 Australia
| | - Craig Wall
- Weapons and Combat Systems Division Defence Science and Technology Group West Avenue Edinburgh, South Australia 5111 Australia
| | - Mark Mitchell
- Weapons and Combat Systems Division Defence Science and Technology Group West Avenue Edinburgh, South Australia 5111 Australia
| | - Chad Prior
- Weapons and Combat Systems Division Defence Science and Technology Group West Avenue Edinburgh, South Australia 5111 Australia
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Tagawa M, Hiyoshi RI, Takeuchi M, Akita K. Blast Waves and Fragment Velocities of Erythritol Tetranitrate. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201600073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tagawa
- Explosion Investigation Section; Second Department of Forensic Science; National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
| | - Reiko I. Hiyoshi
- Explosion Investigation Section; Second Department of Forensic Science; National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
| | - Masaru Takeuchi
- Explosion Investigation Section; Second Department of Forensic Science; National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
| | - Kimiya Akita
- Explosion Investigation Section; Second Department of Forensic Science; National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
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Fedorov IA, Fedorova TP, Zhuravlev YN. Hydrostatic Pressure Effects on Structural and Electronic Properties of ETN and PETN from First-Principles Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:3710-7. [PMID: 27128718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b03335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We studied the structural and electronic properties of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) crystals within the framework of density functional theory with van der Waals interactions. The computed lattice parameters have good agreement with experimental data. Electronic and structural properties of the crystals under 0-20 GPa hydrostatic pressure were studied. The parameters of equations of state calculated from the theoretical data show good agreement with experiment within the studied pressure intervals. We have also calculated the detonation velocity and pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Fedorov
- Physics Faculty, Kemerovo State University , Krasnaya 6, 650043, Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Tatyana P Fedorova
- Physics Faculty, Kemerovo State University , Krasnaya 6, 650043, Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Yuriy N Zhuravlev
- Physics Faculty, Kemerovo State University , Krasnaya 6, 650043, Kemerovo, Russia
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Matyáš R, Lyčka A, Jirásko R, Jakový Z, Maixner J, Mišková L, Künzel M. Analytical Characterization of Erythritol Tetranitrate, an Improvised Explosive. J Forensic Sci 2016; 61:759-64. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Matyáš
- Faculty of Chemical Technology; Institute of Energetic Materials; University of Pardubice; Studentska 95 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Lyčka
- Research Institute for Organic Syntheses (VUOS); Rybitvi 296 533 54 Pardubice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science; University of Hradec Kralove; Rokitanskeho 62 500 03 Hradec Kralove 3 Czech Republic
| | - Robert Jirásko
- Faculty of Chemical Technology; Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Pardubice; Studentska 573 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Jakový
- Faculty of Chemical Technology; Institute of Energetic Materials; University of Pardubice; Studentska 95 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Maixner
- University of Chemistry and Technology; Technicka 5 166 28 Praha 6 Czech Republic
| | - Linda Mišková
- Laboratory of Molecular Spectroscopy; University of Chemistry and Technology; Technicka 5 166 28 Praha 6 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Künzel
- Faculty of Chemical Technology; Institute of Energetic Materials; University of Pardubice; Studentska 95 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic
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Manner VW, Preston DN, Tappan BC, Sanders VE, Brown GW, Hartline E, Jensen B. Explosive Performance Properties of Erythritol Tetranitrate (ETN). PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201500066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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