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Cawkwell MJ, Manner VW. Properties of Erythritol Tetranitrate from Molecular Dynamics Simulation. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:5749-5758. [PMID: 38595775 PMCID: PMC11000242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The nonpolarizable force field for alkyl nitrates developed by Borodin et al. [J. Phys. Chem. B, 2008, 112, 734-742] has been employed to calculate selected properties of crystalline and liquid erythritol tetranitrate (ETN). The set of partial charges proposed by Borodin for pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) was used except for a small correction to the H atom charges to ensure charge neutrality owing to the absence of the neopentyl carbon in ETN. The force field was used to compute the isothermal compression curve, lattice parameters, heat capacity, thermal expansivity, single crystal elastic constants, and Gruneisen parameters of crystalline ETN. The density- and temperature-dependent viscosities of liquid ETN are also reported. We anticipate that these data will be of some utility to the development of equations of state and thermomechanical models for ETN.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Cawkwell
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - V. W. Manner
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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Mittal AK, Pathak P, Prakash G, Maiti D. Highly Scalable and Inherently Safer Preparation of Di, Tri and Tetra Nitrate Esters Using Continuous Flow Chemistry. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301662. [PMID: 37505482 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate esters are important organic compounds having wide application in energetic materials, medicines and fuel additives. They are synthesized through nitration of aliphatic polyols. But the process safety challenges associated with nitration reaction makes the production process complicated and economically unviable. Herein, we have developed a continuous flow process wherein polyol and nitric acid are reacted in a microreactor to produce nitrate ester continuously. Our developed process is inherently safer and efficient. The process was optimized for industrially important nitrate esters containing two, three and four nitro groups. Substrates include glycol dinitrates: 1,2-propylene glycol dinitrate (PGDN), ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN), diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN), triethylene glycol dinitrate (TEGDN); trinitrates: trimethylolethane trinitrate (TMETN), 1,2,4-butanetriol trinitrate (BTTN); and tetranitrates: erythritol tetranitrate (ETN). The optimized process for each molecule provided yield >90 % in a short residence time of 1 min corresponding to a space time yield of >18 g/h/mL of reactor volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar Mittal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Pramod Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Gaurav Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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Hallstadius P. Development of an analytical exponential-6 equation of state through Monte Carlo simulations. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:164501. [PMID: 37870139 DOI: 10.1063/5.0171319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The exponential-6 (exp-6) potential is commonly used to model fluids at high densities. In this paper, I propose a new equation of state (EOS) in the form of an analytical expression for the excess Helmholtz free energy of an exp-6 fluid. The EOS is based on extensive Monte Carlo simulations and therefore combines the excellent accuracy of the simulations with the numerical efficiency of a polynomial expression. The mean relative error in compressibility factor and internal energy is 0.14% and 0.25% respectively, which is a significant improvement over statistical mechanical theories. The EOS was implemented into a thermochemical code in order to optimize gas parameters and evaluate its performance on pure gas data, shock compression and detonation properties. Predicted gas densities, heat capacities and speed of sound for pure gases were generally within experimental uncertainties at pressures up to 1 GPa and temperatures above 300 K. For polar molecules, a simple free energy correction was introduced which greatly improved accuracy at low temperature. Calculated shock Hugoniots showed excellent agreement with experimental values up to 150 GPa and 10 000 K, and the detonation performance was accurately predicted for a number of different types of explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hallstadius
- Department of Energy Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Freye CE, Nguyen TD, Tappan BC. Investigation of the Impurities in Erythritol Tetranitrate (ETN) Using UHPLC‐QTOF. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris E. Freye
- Los Alamos National Laboratory Q-5, High Explosives Science and Technology Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Thuy‐Ai D. Nguyen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory Q-5, High Explosives Science and Technology Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Bryce C. Tappan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory Q-5, High Explosives Science and Technology Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
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McLennan L, Brown‐Nash A, Busby T, Canaria J, Kominia A, Smith JL, Oxley JC, Dubnikov F, Kosloff R, Zeiri Y. Characterization of the Hexanitrate Esters of Sugar Alcohols. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay McLennan
- Chemistry Department University of Rhode Island 140 Flagg Road Kingston RI 02881
| | - Audreyana Brown‐Nash
- Chemistry Department University of Rhode Island 140 Flagg Road Kingston RI 02881
| | - Taylor Busby
- Chemistry Department University of Rhode Island 140 Flagg Road Kingston RI 02881
| | - Jeffrey Canaria
- Chemistry Department University of Rhode Island 140 Flagg Road Kingston RI 02881
| | - Athina Kominia
- Chemistry Department University of Rhode Island 140 Flagg Road Kingston RI 02881
| | - James L. Smith
- Chemistry Department University of Rhode Island 140 Flagg Road Kingston RI 02881
| | - Jimmie C. Oxley
- Chemistry Department University of Rhode Island 140 Flagg Road Kingston RI 02881
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Lease N, Kay LM, Brown GW, Chavez DE, Robbins D, Byrd EFC, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Manner VW. Synthesis of Erythritol Tetranitrate Derivatives: Functional Group Tuning of Explosive Sensitivity. J Org Chem 2020; 85:4619-4626. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Lease
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Lisa M. Kay
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Brown
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - David E. Chavez
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - David Robbins
- Detonation Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Edward F. C. Byrd
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Adelphi, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- U.S. Navy Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- U.S. Navy Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Virginia W. Manner
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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Lease N, Kay L, Chavez DE, Robbins D, Manner VW. Increased handling sensitivity of molten erythritol tetranitrate (ETN). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 367:546-549. [PMID: 30641424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) is a well-studied homemade explosive (HME), which is known for its ability to be melt-cast at a fairly low temperature. We have observed dramatically increased handling sensitivity of ETN in the molten state, using temperature controlled drop-weight impact sensitivity measurements. Impact testing was performed using ERL Type 12 drop hammer equipment using a 2.5 kg weight, a 0.8 kg striker, an anvil and sound detection equipment. Most experiments were performed in the absence of standard grit paper, due to the elevated temperature measurements with a liquid. At room temperature, ETN exhibited an impact sensitivity of 14.7 ± 3.4 cm, which changed to 1.0 ± 0.6 cm in the liquid state at 65 °C. The change in sensitivity in the liquid state was found to be reversible upon solidification, and did not appear to correlate with temperature. Control experiments were performed in the same setup using standard explosives pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and triacetone triperoxide (TATP). This is the most sensitive material that we have been able to measure using our instrumentation, and indicates that ETN be handled with extreme caution during the melt-casting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Lease
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
| | - Lisa Kay
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
| | - David E Chavez
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
| | - David Robbins
- Detonation Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
| | - Virginia W Manner
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States.
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Stark KS, Alvino JF, Kirkbride KP, Sumby CJ, Metha GF, Lenehan CE, Fitzgerald M, Wall C, Mitchell M, Prior C. Crystal Structure, Sensitiveness and Theoretical Explosive Performance of Xylitol Pentanitrate (XPN). PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201800337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly‐Anne S. Stark
- Flinders University, South Australia Sturt Road Bedford Park, South Australia 5042 Australia
| | - Jason F. Alvino
- Department of Chemistry The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - K. Paul Kirkbride
- Flinders University, South Australia Sturt Road Bedford Park, South Australia 5042 Australia
| | - Christopher J. Sumby
- Department of Chemistry The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Gregory F. Metha
- Department of Chemistry The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Claire E. Lenehan
- Flinders University, South Australia Sturt Road Bedford Park, South Australia 5042 Australia
| | - Mark Fitzgerald
- Weapons and Combat Systems Division Defence Science and Technology Group West Avenue Edinburgh, South Australia 5111 Australia
| | - Craig Wall
- Weapons and Combat Systems Division Defence Science and Technology Group West Avenue Edinburgh, South Australia 5111 Australia
| | - Mark Mitchell
- Weapons and Combat Systems Division Defence Science and Technology Group West Avenue Edinburgh, South Australia 5111 Australia
| | - Chad Prior
- Weapons and Combat Systems Division Defence Science and Technology Group West Avenue Edinburgh, South Australia 5111 Australia
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Tagawa M, Hiyoshi RI, Takeuchi M, Akita K. Blast Waves and Fragment Velocities of Erythritol Tetranitrate. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201600073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tagawa
- Explosion Investigation Section; Second Department of Forensic Science; National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
| | - Reiko I. Hiyoshi
- Explosion Investigation Section; Second Department of Forensic Science; National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
| | - Masaru Takeuchi
- Explosion Investigation Section; Second Department of Forensic Science; National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
| | - Kimiya Akita
- Explosion Investigation Section; Second Department of Forensic Science; National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
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Fedorov IA, Fedorova TP, Zhuravlev YN. Hydrostatic Pressure Effects on Structural and Electronic Properties of ETN and PETN from First-Principles Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:3710-7. [PMID: 27128718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b03335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We studied the structural and electronic properties of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) crystals within the framework of density functional theory with van der Waals interactions. The computed lattice parameters have good agreement with experimental data. Electronic and structural properties of the crystals under 0-20 GPa hydrostatic pressure were studied. The parameters of equations of state calculated from the theoretical data show good agreement with experiment within the studied pressure intervals. We have also calculated the detonation velocity and pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Fedorov
- Physics Faculty, Kemerovo State University , Krasnaya 6, 650043, Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Tatyana P Fedorova
- Physics Faculty, Kemerovo State University , Krasnaya 6, 650043, Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Yuriy N Zhuravlev
- Physics Faculty, Kemerovo State University , Krasnaya 6, 650043, Kemerovo, Russia
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Matyáš R, Lyčka A, Jirásko R, Jakový Z, Maixner J, Mišková L, Künzel M. Analytical Characterization of Erythritol Tetranitrate, an Improvised Explosive. J Forensic Sci 2016; 61:759-64. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Matyáš
- Faculty of Chemical Technology; Institute of Energetic Materials; University of Pardubice; Studentska 95 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Lyčka
- Research Institute for Organic Syntheses (VUOS); Rybitvi 296 533 54 Pardubice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science; University of Hradec Kralove; Rokitanskeho 62 500 03 Hradec Kralove 3 Czech Republic
| | - Robert Jirásko
- Faculty of Chemical Technology; Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Pardubice; Studentska 573 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Jakový
- Faculty of Chemical Technology; Institute of Energetic Materials; University of Pardubice; Studentska 95 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Maixner
- University of Chemistry and Technology; Technicka 5 166 28 Praha 6 Czech Republic
| | - Linda Mišková
- Laboratory of Molecular Spectroscopy; University of Chemistry and Technology; Technicka 5 166 28 Praha 6 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Künzel
- Faculty of Chemical Technology; Institute of Energetic Materials; University of Pardubice; Studentska 95 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic
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