1
|
Davis PJ, Ponton R, Janney C. Analysis of Firework-Related Injuries to the Upper Extremity in the United States: 2011-2020. J Surg Res 2024; 301:224-230. [PMID: 38964012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2024.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study is to examine and characterize patterns of injury to the upper extremity caused by fireworks in a nationally representative sample of emergency department patients from 2011 to 2020. METHODS The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was queried for upper-extremity injuries caused by fireworks between 2011 and 2020. RESULTS One thousand two hundred fifty-one injuries were identified from the database representing 47,235 national cases that presented to emergency departments in the United States. Case frequency was stable during the period until 2020, which was nearly 70% higher than the previous 9-y average. Patients were generally young and male, with most cases in the 10-29-y age group and males over three times as likely to be injured as females. The most common injury was burn, and the week of July 4th accounted for 53% of cases alone. Diagnosis was also significantly associated with device type. CONCLUSIONS These data can be used to target prevention measures and campaigns to specific patient populations most at risk of injury, specifically young males. They may also be used to highlight the impact of policy changes on availability of fireworks, the need for public health education coinciding with injury incidence peaks, and secondary pandemic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Davis
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ryan Ponton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Cory Janney
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Q, Wang XH, Pan Q, Chang H, Yu HJ, Pang WQ. Thermal Behaviors and Interaction Mechanism of Ammonium Dinitramide with Nitrocellulose. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052346. [PMID: 36903591 PMCID: PMC10005589 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The initial interaction mechanism is very important for the design and safety of nano-scale composite energetic materials composed of ammonium dinitramide (ADN) and nitrocellulose (NC). The thermal behaviors of ADN, NC and an NC/ADN mixture under different conditions were studied by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with sealed crucibles, an accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC), a self-developed gas pressure measurement instrument and a DSC-thermogravimetry (TG)-quadrupole mass spectroscopy (MS)-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined technique. The results show that the exothermic peak temperature of the NC/ADN mixture shifted forward greatly in both open and closed circumstances compared to those of NC or ADN. After 585.5 min under quasi-adiabatic conditions, the NC/ADN mixture stepped into the self-heating stage at 106.4 °C, which was much less than the initial temperatures of NC or ADN. The significant reduction in net pressure increment of NC, ADN and the NC/ADN mixture under vacuum indicates that ADN initiated the interaction of NC with ADN. Compared to gas products of NC or ADN, two new kinds of oxidative gases O2 and HNO2 appeared for the NC/ADN mixture, while NH3 and aldehyde disappeared. The mixing of NC with ADN did not change the initial decomposition pathway of either, but NC made ADN more inclined to decompose into N2O, which resulted in the formation of oxidative gases O2 and HNO2. The thermal decomposition of ADN dominated the initial thermal decomposition stage of the NC/ADN mixture, followed by the oxidation of NC and the cation of ADN.
Collapse
|
3
|
Boukeciat H, Tarchoun AF, Trache D, Abdelaziz A, Ahmed Hamada R, Bouhantala A, Bousstila C, Hanafi S, Dourari M, Klapötke TM. Towards Investigating the Effect of Ammonium Nitrate on the Characteristics and Thermal Decomposition Behavior of Energetic Double Base NC/DEGDN Composite. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8138. [PMID: 36431624 PMCID: PMC9695715 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This research work aimed to elaborate on a new modified double-base propellant containing nitrocellulose (NC), ammonium nitrate (AN), and diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN). The developed AN/NC-DEGDN formulation was successfully obtained through a casting process and fully characterized in terms of its chemical structure, morphological features, and thermal behavior. Beforehand, theoretical calculation by the CEA-NASA program was applied to select the optimal composition of the formulation. Experimental findings demonstrated the homogenous dispersion of AN oxidizer in the NC-DEGDN matrix without alteration of their molecular structures. The catalytic influence of AN on the thermal decomposition behavior of NC-DEGDN film was also elucidated by thermal analyses. When AN was incorporated into the formulation, the decomposition peak temperatures for the different decomposition processes were shifted toward lower temperatures, while the total enthalpy of decomposition increased by around 1272.24 J/g. In addition, the kinetics of the thermal decomposition of the developed modified double base propellant were investigated using DSC results coupled with model kinetic approaches. It was found that the addition of AN decreases the activation energy of nitrate esters from 134.5 kJ/mol to 118.84 kJ/mol, providing evidence for its excellent catalytic effect. Overall, this investigation could serve as a reference for developing future generation of modified double-base propellants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hani Boukeciat
- Energetic Materials Laboratory (EMLab), Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri, Algiers 16046, Algeria
| | - Ahmed Fouzi Tarchoun
- Energetic Materials Laboratory (EMLab), Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri, Algiers 16046, Algeria
- Energetic Propulsion Laboratory, Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri, Algiers 16046, Algeria
| | - Djalal Trache
- Energetic Materials Laboratory (EMLab), Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri, Algiers 16046, Algeria
| | - Amir Abdelaziz
- Energetic Materials Laboratory (EMLab), Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri, Algiers 16046, Algeria
| | - Rania Ahmed Hamada
- Energetic Materials Laboratory (EMLab), Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri, Algiers 16046, Algeria
| | - Ayemen Bouhantala
- Energetic Materials Laboratory (EMLab), Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri, Algiers 16046, Algeria
| | - Chamseddine Bousstila
- Energetic Materials Laboratory (EMLab), Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri, Algiers 16046, Algeria
| | - Sabrina Hanafi
- Energetic Materials Laboratory (EMLab), Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri, Algiers 16046, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Dourari
- Energetic Materials Laboratory (EMLab), Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri, Algiers 16046, Algeria
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mirzajani V, Nazarpour‐Fard H, Farhadi K, Ghobadian A. Copper Oxide Nano‐Catalyst Incorporated TEGDN/NC/DAG Propellants: Thermal Behaviors and Kinetics. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Mirzajani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Urmia University 165-5715944931 Urmia Iran
| | - Hamed Nazarpour‐Fard
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Lorestan University 68151-44316 Khoram-Abad Iran
| | - Khalil Farhadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Urmia University 165-5715944931 Urmia Iran
| | - Ali Ghobadian
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Lorestan University 68151-44316 Khoram-Abad Iran
| |
Collapse
|