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Jin J, Yuan Y, Xian W, Tang Z, Fu J, Liu X. The ever-increasing necessity of mass spectrometry in dissecting protein post-translational modifications catalyzed by bacterial effectors. Mol Microbiol 2023. [PMID: 37127430 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as ADP-ribosylation and phosphorylation, regulate multiple fundamental biological processes in cells. During bacterial infection, effector proteins are delivered into host cells through dedicated bacterial secretion systems and can modulate important cellular pathways by covalently modifying their host targets. These strategies enable intruding bacteria to subvert various host processes, thereby promoting their own survival and proliferation. Despite rapid expansion of our understanding of effector-mediated PTMs in host cells, analytical measurements of these molecular events still pose significant challenges in the study of host-pathogen interactions. Nevertheless, with major technical breakthroughs in the last two decades, mass spectrometry (MS) has evolved to be a valuable tool for detecting protein PTMs and mapping modification sites. Additionally, large-scale PTM profiling, facilitated by different enrichment strategies prior to MS analysis, allows high-throughput screening of host enzymatic substrates of bacterial effectors. In this review, we summarize the advances in the studies of two representative PTMs (i.e., ADP-ribosylation and phosphorylation) catalyzed by bacterial effectors during infection. Importantly, we will discuss the ever-increasing role of MS in understanding these molecular events and how the latest MS-based tools can aid in future studies of this booming area of pathogenic bacteria-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xian
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiheng Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Fu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology Center, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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2
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St. Louis BM, Quagliato SM, Lee PC. Bacterial effector kinases and strategies to identify their target host substrates. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1113021. [PMID: 36846793 PMCID: PMC9950578 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1113021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are critical in regulating protein function by altering chemical characteristics of proteins. Phosphorylation is an integral PTM, catalyzed by kinases and reversibly removed by phosphatases, that modulates many cellular processes in response to stimuli in all living organisms. Consequently, bacterial pathogens have evolved to secrete effectors capable of manipulating host phosphorylation pathways as a common infection strategy. Given the importance of protein phosphorylation in infection, recent advances in sequence and structural homology search have significantly expanded the discovery of a multitude of bacterial effectors with kinase activity in pathogenic bacteria. Although challenges exist due to complexity of phosphorylation networks in host cells and transient interactions between kinases and substrates, approaches are continuously being developed and applied to identify bacterial effector kinases and their host substrates. In this review, we illustrate the importance of exploiting phosphorylation in host cells by bacterial pathogens via the action of effector kinases and how these effector kinases contribute to virulence through the manipulation of diverse host signaling pathways. We also highlight recent developments in the identification of bacterial effector kinases and a variety of techniques to characterize kinase-substrate interactions in host cells. Identification of host substrates provides new insights for regulation of host signaling during microbial infection and may serve as foundation for developing interventions to treat infection by blocking the activity of secreted effector kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendyn M. St. Louis
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Sydney M. Quagliato
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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3
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Krysińska M, Baranowski B, Deszcz B, Pawłowski K, Gradowski M. Pan-kinome of Legionella expanded by a bioinformatics survey. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21782. [PMID: 36526881 PMCID: PMC9758233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic Legionella bacteria are notorious for delivering numerous effector proteins into the host cell with the aim of disturbing and hijacking cellular processes for their benefit. Despite intensive studies, many effectors remain uncharacterized. Motivated by the richness of Legionella effector repertoires and their oftentimes atypical biochemistry, also by several known atypical Legionella effector kinases and pseudokinases discovered recently, we undertook an in silico survey and exploration of the pan-kinome of the Legionella genus, i.e., the union of the kinomes of individual species. In this study, we discovered 13 novel (pseudo)kinase families (all are potential effectors) with the use of non-standard bioinformatic approaches. Together with 16 known families, we present a catalog of effector and non-effector protein kinase-like families within Legionella, available at http://bioinfo.sggw.edu.pl/kintaro/ . We analyze and discuss the likely functional roles of the novel predicted kinases. Notably, some of the kinase families are also present in other bacterial taxa, including other pathogens, often phylogenetically very distant from Legionella. This work highlights Nature's ingeniousness in the pathogen-host arms race and offers a useful resource for the study of infection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Krysińska
- grid.13276.310000 0001 1955 7966Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences — SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Baranowski
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Laboratory of Plant Pathogenesis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Deszcz
- grid.13276.310000 0001 1955 7966Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences — SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pawłowski
- grid.13276.310000 0001 1955 7966Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences — SGGW, Warsaw, Poland ,grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA ,grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden ,grid.413575.10000 0001 2167 1581Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Marcin Gradowski
- grid.13276.310000 0001 1955 7966Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences — SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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Kufer TA, Kaparakis-Liaskos M. A Brief Introduction to Effector-Triggered Immunity. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2523:1-8. [PMID: 35759187 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2449-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Detection of microbes by the host is essential to restrict microbial colonization, to clear pathogens, and to mount adapted defense reactions, and thus is the key function of the innate immune systems of plants and mammals. Here we provide an introduction into pathogen recognition by the innate immune system of both plants and animals. We will particularly focus on the concept of effector-triggered immunity, and similarities and differences in its function between plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Kufer
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, School of Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Identification of a Family of Vibrio Type III Secretion System Effectors That Contain a Conserved Serine/Threonine Kinase Domain. mSphere 2021; 6:e0059921. [PMID: 34346702 PMCID: PMC8386410 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00599-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a marine Gram-negative bacterium that is a leading cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis. Pandemic strains of V. parahaemolyticus rely on a specialized protein secretion machinery known as the type III secretion system 2 (T3SS2) to cause disease. The T3SS2 mediates the delivery of effector proteins into the cytosol of infected cells, where they subvert multiple cellular pathways. Here, we identify a new T3SS2 effector protein encoded by VPA1328 (VP_RS21530) in V. parahaemolyticus RIMD2210633. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that VPA1328 is part of a larger family of uncharacterized T3SS effector proteins with homology to the VopG effector protein in Vibrio cholerae AM-19226. These VopG-like proteins are found in many but not all T3SS2 gene clusters and are distributed among diverse Vibrio species, including V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae, V. mimicus, and V. diabolicus and also in Shewanella baltica. Structure-based prediction analyses uncovered the presence of a conserved C-terminal kinase domain in VopG orthologs, similar to the serine/threonine kinase domain found in the NleH family of T3SS effector proteins. However, in contrast to NleH effector proteins, in tissue culture-based infections, VopG did not impede host cell death or suppress interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion, suggesting a yet undefined role for VopG during V. parahaemolyticus infection. Collectively, our work reveals that VopG effector proteins, a new family of likely serine/threonine kinases, is widely distributed in the T3SS2 effector armamentarium among marine bacteria. IMPORTANCE Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading bacterial cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis worldwide. The pathogen relies on a type III secretion system to deliver a variety of effector proteins into the cytosol of infected cells to subvert cellular function. In this study, we identified a novel Vibrio parahaemolyticus effector protein that is similar to the VopG effector of Vibrio cholerae. VopG-like effectors were found in diverse Vibrio species and contain a conserved serine/threonine kinase domain that bears similarity to the kinase domain in the enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and Shigella NleH effectors that manipulate host cell survival pathways and host immune responses. Together our findings identify a new family of Vibrio effector proteins and highlight the role of horizontal gene transfer events among marine bacteria in shaping T3SS gene clusters.
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Integrated mass spectrometry-based multi-omics for elucidating mechanisms of bacterial virulence. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1905-1926. [PMID: 34374408 DOI: 10.1042/bst20191088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite being considered the simplest form of life, bacteria remain enigmatic, particularly in light of pathogenesis and evolving antimicrobial resistance. After three decades of genomics, we remain some way from understanding these organisms, and a substantial proportion of genes remain functionally unknown. Methodological advances, principally mass spectrometry (MS), are paving the way for parallel analysis of the proteome, metabolome and lipidome. Each provides a global, complementary assay, in addition to genomics, and the ability to better comprehend how pathogens respond to changes in their internal (e.g. mutation) and external environments consistent with infection-like conditions. Such responses include accessing necessary nutrients for survival in a hostile environment where co-colonizing bacteria and normal flora are acclimated to the prevailing conditions. Multi-omics can be harnessed across temporal and spatial (sub-cellular) dimensions to understand adaptation at the molecular level. Gene deletion libraries, in conjunction with large-scale approaches and evolving bioinformatics integration, will greatly facilitate next-generation vaccines and antimicrobial interventions by highlighting novel targets and pathogen-specific pathways. MS is also central in phenotypic characterization of surface biomolecules such as lipid A, as well as aiding in the determination of protein interactions and complexes. There is increasing evidence that bacteria are capable of widespread post-translational modification, including phosphorylation, glycosylation and acetylation; with each contributing to virulence. This review focuses on the bacterial genotype to phenotype transition and surveys the recent literature showing how the genome can be validated at the proteome, metabolome and lipidome levels to provide an integrated view of organism response to host conditions.
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The Legionella kinase LegK7 exploits the Hippo pathway scaffold protein MOB1A for allostery and substrate phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14433-14443. [PMID: 32513747 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000497117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During infection, the bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila manipulates a variety of host cell signaling pathways, including the Hippo pathway which controls cell proliferation and differentiation in eukaryotes. Our previous studies revealed that L. pneumophila encodes the effector kinase LegK7 which phosphorylates MOB1A, a highly conserved scaffold protein of the Hippo pathway. Here, we show that MOB1A, in addition to being a substrate of LegK7, also functions as an allosteric activator of its kinase activity. A crystallographic analysis of the LegK7-MOB1A complex revealed that the N-terminal half of LegK7 is structurally similar to eukaryotic protein kinases, and that MOB1A directly binds to the LegK7 kinase domain. Substitution of interface residues critical for complex formation abrogated allosteric activation of LegK7 both in vitro and within cells and diminished MOB1A phosphorylation. Importantly, the N-terminal extension (NTE) of MOB1A not only regulated complex formation with LegK7 but also served as a docking site for downstream substrates such as the transcriptional coregulator YAP1. Deletion of the NTE from MOB1A or addition of NTE peptides as binding competitors attenuated YAP1 recruitment to and phosphorylation by LegK7. By providing mechanistic insight into the formation and regulation of the LegK7-MOB1A complex, our study unravels a sophisticated molecular mimicry strategy that is used by L. pneumophila to take control of the host cell Hippo pathway.
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Molecular Mechanisms That Define Redox Balance Function in Pathogen-Host Interactions-Is There a Role for Dietary Bioactive Polyphenols? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246222. [PMID: 31835548 PMCID: PMC6940965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To ensure a functional immune system, the mammalian host must detect and respond to the presence of pathogenic bacteria during infection. This is accomplished in part by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that target invading bacteria; a process that is facilitated by NADPH oxidase upregulation. Thus, bacterial pathogens must overcome the oxidative burst produced by the host innate immune cells in order to survive and proliferate. In this way, pathogenic bacteria develop virulence, which is related to the affinity to secrete effector proteins against host ROS in order to facilitate microbial survival in the host cell. These effectors scavenge the host generated ROS directly, or alternatively, manipulate host cell signaling mechanisms designed to benefit pathogen survival. The redox-balance of the host is important for the regulation of cell signaling activities that include mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p21-activated kinase (PAK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathways. An understanding of the function of pathogenic effectors to divert host cell signaling is important to ascertain the mechanisms underlying pathogen virulence and the eventual host–pathogen relationship. Herein, we examine the effectors produced by the microbial secretion system, placing emphasis on how they target molecular signaling mechanisms involved in a host immune response. Moreover, we discuss the potential impact of bioactive polyphenols in modulating these molecular interactions that will ultimately influence pathogen virulence.
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Kho ZY, Lal SK. The Human Gut Microbiome - A Potential Controller of Wellness and Disease. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1835. [PMID: 30154767 PMCID: PMC6102370 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest toward the human microbiome, particularly gut microbiome has flourished in recent decades owing to the rapidly advancing sequence-based screening and humanized gnotobiotic model in interrogating the dynamic operations of commensal microbiota. Although this field is still at a very preliminary stage, whereby the functional properties of the complex gut microbiome remain less understood, several promising findings have been documented and exhibit great potential toward revolutionizing disease etiology and medical treatments. In this review, the interactions between gut microbiota and the host have been focused on, to provide an overview of the role of gut microbiota and their unique metabolites in conferring host protection against invading pathogen, regulation of diverse host physiological functions including metabolism, development and homeostasis of immunity and the nervous system. We elaborate on how gut microbial imbalance (dysbiosis) may lead to dysfunction of host machineries, thereby contributing to pathogenesis and/or progression toward a broad spectrum of diseases. Some of the most notable diseases namely Clostridium difficile infection (infectious disease), inflammatory bowel disease (intestinal immune-mediated disease), celiac disease (multisystemic autoimmune disorder), obesity (metabolic disease), colorectal cancer, and autism spectrum disorder (neuropsychiatric disorder) have been discussed and delineated along with recent findings. Novel therapies derived from microbiome studies such as fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotic and prebiotics to target associated diseases have been reviewed to introduce the idea of how certain disease symptoms can be ameliorated through dysbiosis correction, thus revealing a new scientific approach toward disease treatment. Toward the end of this review, several research gaps and limitations have been described along with suggested future studies to overcome the current research lacunae. Despite the ongoing debate on whether gut microbiome plays a role in the above-mentioned diseases, we have in this review, gathered evidence showing a potentially far more complex link beyond the unidirectional cause-and-effect relationship between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Y Kho
- School of Science, Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Sunil K Lal
- School of Science, Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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10
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Chen Y, Fokar M, Kang M, Chen N, Allen RD, Chen Y. Phosphorylation of Arabidopsis SINA2 by CDKG1 affects its ubiquitin ligase activity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:147. [PMID: 30012094 PMCID: PMC6048857 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SEVEN IN ABSENTIA (SINA) is a RING domain-containing ubiquitin ligase involved in Drosophila eye formation. SINA-like proteins in plants are involved in several signaling pathways. Of the 18 SINA-like proteins identified in Arabidopsis, SEVEN IN ABSENTIA 2 (SINA2) lacks a canonical RING domain and is thought to lack ubiquitin ligase activity. RESULTS Our results show that SINA2 has E3 ligase activity in vitro, raising the possibility that a modified B-box domain may compensate for its lack of a RING domain. SINA2 physically interacts with the nuclear protein CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE G1 (CDKG1), which acts as a positive regulator of plant responses to abiotic stress. CDKG1 is expressed in multiple tissues and its expression increased in response to abscisic acid (ABA) and osmotic stress. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants that ectopically express CDKG1 exhibit increased tolerance to ABA and osmotic stress treatments during seed germination and cotyledon development, while the loss-of-function cdkg1 mutant plants show reduced tolerance to ABA and osmotic stress treatments. Moreover, CDKG1-dependent phosphorylation of SINA2 positively affects its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, we propose that CDKG1 modulates SINA2 ubiquitin ligase activity to regulate its effect on plant responses to ABA and osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- College of Agriculture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 Republic of China
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Mohamed Fokar
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Miyoung Kang
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Naichong Chen
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Randy D. Allen
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Yaofeng Chen
- College of Agriculture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 Republic of China
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11
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Kralicek SE, Nguyen M, Rhee KJ, Tapia R, Hecht G. EPEC NleH1 is significantly more effective in reversing colitis and reducing mortality than NleH2 via differential effects on host signaling pathways. J Transl Med 2018; 98:477-488. [PMID: 29396422 PMCID: PMC5920738 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-017-0016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a foodborne pathogen that uses a type III secretion system to translocate effector molecules into host intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) subverting several host cell processes and signaling cascades. Interestingly, EPEC infection induces only modest intestinal inflammation in the host. The homologous EPEC effector proteins, NleH1 and NleH2, suppress the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway and apoptosis in vitro. Increased apoptosis and activation of NF-κB and MAP kinases (MAPK) contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The aim of this study was to determine if NleH1 and NleH2 also block MAPK pathways in vitro and in vivo, and to compare the effects of these bacterial proteins on a murine model of colitis. Cultured IECs were infected with various strains of EPEC expressing NleH1 and NleH2, or not, and the activation of ERK1/2 and p38 was determined. In addition, the impact of infection with various strains of EPEC on murine DSS colitis was assessed by change in body weight, colon length, histology, and survival. Activation of apoptosis and MAPK signaling were also evaluated. Our data show that NleH1, but not NleH2, suppresses ERK1/2 and p38 activation in vitro. Interestingly, NleH1 affords significantly greater protection against and hastens recovery from dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis compared to NleH2. Strikingly, colitis-associated mortality was abolished by infection with EPEC strains expressing NleH1. Interestingly, in vivo NleH1 suppresses activation of ERK1/2 and p38 and blocks apoptosis independent of the kinase domain that inhibits NF-κB. In contrast, NleH2 suppresses only caspase-3 and p38, but not ERK1/2. We conclude that NleH1 affords greater protection against and improves recovery from DSS colitis compared to NleH2 due to its ability to suppress ERK1/2 in addition to NF-κB, p38, and apoptosis. These findings warrant further investigation of anti-inflammatory bacterial proteins as novel treatments for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Kralicek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Mai Nguyen
- Cortexyme Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ki-Jong Rhee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University at Wonju, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Rocio Tapia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Gail Hecht
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA. .,Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA.
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12
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Repka LM, Chekan JR, Nair SK, van der Donk WA. Mechanistic Understanding of Lanthipeptide Biosynthetic Enzymes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5457-5520. [PMID: 28135077 PMCID: PMC5408752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Lanthipeptides
are ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally
modified peptides (RiPPs) that display a wide variety of biological
activities, from antimicrobial to antiallodynic. Lanthipeptides that
display antimicrobial activity are called lantibiotics. The post-translational
modification reactions of lanthipeptides include dehydration of Ser
and Thr residues to dehydroalanine and dehydrobutyrine, a transformation
that is carried out in three unique ways in different classes of lanthipeptides.
In a cyclization process, Cys residues then attack the dehydrated
residues to generate the lanthionine and methyllanthionine thioether
cross-linked amino acids from which lanthipeptides derive their name.
The resulting polycyclic peptides have constrained conformations that
confer their biological activities. After installation of the characteristic
thioether cross-links, tailoring enzymes introduce additional post-translational
modifications that are unique to each lanthipeptide and that fine-tune
their activities and/or stability. This review focuses on studies
published over the past decade that have provided much insight into
the mechanisms of the enzymes that carry out the post-translational
modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Repka
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, and §Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jonathan R Chekan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, and §Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Satish K Nair
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, and §Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Wilfred A van der Donk
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, and §Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Lerner A, Aminov R, Matthias T. Dysbiosis May Trigger Autoimmune Diseases via Inappropriate Post-Translational Modification of Host Proteins. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:84. [PMID: 26903965 PMCID: PMC4742538 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut ecosystem with myriads of microorganisms and the high concentration of immune system cells can be considered as a separate organ on its own. The balanced interaction between the host and microbial cells has been shaped during the long co-evolutionary process. In dysbiotic conditions, however, this balance is compromised and results in abnormal interaction between the host and microbiota. It is hypothesize here that the changed spectrum of microbial enzymes involved in post-translational modification of proteins (PTMP) may contribute to the aberrant modification of host proteins thus generating autoimmune responses by the host, resulting in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa, Israel; AESKU.KIPP InstituteWendelsheim, Germany
| | - Rustam Aminov
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
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14
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Flayhan A, Bergé C, Baïlo N, Doublet P, Bayliss R, Terradot L. The structure of Legionella pneumophila LegK4 type four secretion system (T4SS) effector reveals a novel dimeric eukaryotic-like kinase. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14602. [PMID: 26419332 PMCID: PMC4588518 DOI: 10.1038/srep14602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens subvert signalling pathways to promote invasion and/or replication into the host. LegK1-4 proteins are eukaryotic-like serine/threonine kinases that are translocated by the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system (T4SS) of several Legionella pneumophila strains. We present the crystal structures of an active fragment of the LegK4 protein in apo and substrate-bound states. The structure of LegK41–445 reveals a eukaryotic-like kinase domain flanked by a novel cap domain and a four-helix bundle. The protein self-assembles through interactions mediated by helices αF and αG that generate a dimeric interface not previously observed in a protein kinase. The helix αG is displaced compared to previous kinase structures, and its role in stabilization of the activation loop is taken on by the dimerisation interface. The apo-form of the protein has an open conformation with a disordered P-loop but a structured activation segment in absence of targeted phosphorylation. The nucleotide-binding site of LegK4 contains an unusual set of residues that mediate non-canonical interactions with AMP-PNP. Nucleotide binding results in limited changes in the active site, suggesting that LegK4 constitutive kinase activity does not depend on phosphorylation of the activation loop but on the stabilizing effects of the dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Flayhan
- UMR 5086 BMSSI CNRS-Université de Lyon, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, 7 Passage du Vercors, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Célia Bergé
- UMR 5086 BMSSI CNRS-Université de Lyon, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, 7 Passage du Vercors, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Nathalie Baïlo
- Legionella Pathogenesis Group, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon Lyon, France.,INSERM U1111 Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Suptérieure de Lyon Lyon, France.,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1 Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308 Lyon, France
| | - Patricia Doublet
- Legionella Pathogenesis Group, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon Lyon, France.,INSERM U1111 Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Suptérieure de Lyon Lyon, France.,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1 Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308 Lyon, France
| | - Richard Bayliss
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Terradot
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
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Chetouhi C, Panek J, Bonhomme L, ElAlaoui H, Texier C, Langin T, de Bekker C, Urbach S, Demettre E, Missé D, Holzmuller P, Hughes DP, Zanzoni A, Brun C, Biron DG. Cross-talk in host–parasite associations: What do past and recent proteomics approaches tell us? INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 33:84-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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