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Wu Q, Cao C, Wei S, He H, Chen K, Su L, Liu Q, Li S, Lai Y, Li J. Decreasing hydrophobicity or shielding hydrophobic areas of CH2 attenuates low pH-induced IgG4 aggregation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1257665. [PMID: 37711444 PMCID: PMC10497874 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1257665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation is a major challenge in the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Several stressors can cause protein aggregation, including temperature shifts, mechanical forces, freezing-thawing cycles, oxidants, reductants, and extreme pH. When antibodies are exposed to low pH conditions, aggregation increases dramatically. However, low pH treatment is widely used in protein A affinity chromatography and low pH viral inactivation procedures. In the development of an IgG4 subclass antibody, mAb1-IgG4 showed a strong tendency to aggregate when temporarily exposed to low pH conditions. Our findings showed that the aggregation of mAb1-IgG4 under low pH conditions is determined by the stability of the Fc. The CH2 domain is the least stable domain in mAb1-IgG4. The L309E, Q311D, and Q311E mutations in the CH2 domain significantly reduced the aggregation propensity, which could be attributed to a reduction in the hydrophobicity of the CH2 domain. Protein stabilizers, such as sucrose and mannose, could also attenuate low pH-induced mAb1-IgG4 aggregation by shielding hydrophobic areas and increasing protein stability. Our findings provide valuable strategies for managing the aggregation of protein therapeutics with a human IgG4 backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Zhuhai United Laboratories Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunlai Cao
- Zhuhai United Laboratories Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- The United Biotechnology (Zhuhai Hengqin) Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Suzhen Wei
- The United Biotechnology (Zhuhai Hengqin) Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua He
- The United Biotechnology (Zhuhai Hengqin) Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Kangyue Chen
- Zhuhai United Laboratories Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijuan Su
- Zhuhai United Laboratories Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiulian Liu
- Zhuhai United Laboratories Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjie Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zunyi Medical University (Zhuhai Campus), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Li
- Zhuhai United Laboratories Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
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2
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Sankar K, Trainor K, Blazer L, Adams J, Sidhu S, Day T, Meiering E, Maier J. A Descriptor set for Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship Prediction in Biologics. Mol Inform 2022; 41:e2100240. [PMID: 35277930 DOI: 10.1002/minf.202100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In addition to attaining the desired binding to their targets, a crucial aspect in the development of biotherapeutics is 'developability', which includes several desirable properties such as high solubility, low viscosity and aggregation, physico-chemical stability and low immunogenicity. The lack of any of these properties can lead to significant obstacles in advancing them to clinic; thus in silico methods capable of raising warning flags in earlier stages of development are highly beneficial. We have developed a computational framework based on a large and diverse set of protein specific descriptors ideal for making liability predictions using a machine-learning approach. This set offers a high degree of feature diversity classifiable by sequence, structure and surface patches. We assess the sensitivity and applicability of these descriptors in four dedicated case studies that are believed to be representative of biophysical characterizations commonly employed during the development process. In addition to data sets obtained from public sources, we have validated the descriptors on novel experimental data sets in order to address antibody developability and to generate prospective predictions on Adnectins. The results demonstrate that the descriptors are well suited to assist in the improvement of properties of systems that exhibit poor solubility or aggregation.
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Ghosh R, Chen G, Roshankhah R, Umatheva U, Gatt P. A z2 laterally-fed membrane chromatography device for fast high-resolution purification of biopharmaceuticals. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1629:461453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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5
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Wang D, Nowak C, Mason B, Katiyar A, Liu H. Analytical artifacts in characterization of recombinant monoclonal antibody therapeutics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 183:113131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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6
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Patel A, Gupta V, Hickey J, Nightlinger NS, Rogers RS, Siska C, Joshi SB, Seaman MS, Volkin DB, Kerwin BA. Coformulation of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies 3BNC117 and PGT121: Analytical Challenges During Preformulation Characterization and Storage Stability Studies. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:3032-3046. [PMID: 30176252 PMCID: PMC6269598 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated analytical challenges associated with the formulation of 2 anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), 3BNC117 and PGT121, both separately at 100 mg/mL and together at 50 mg/mL each. The bnAb formulations were characterized for relative solubility and conformational stability followed by accelerated and real-time stability studies. Although the bnAbs were stable during 4°C storage, incubation at 40°C differentiated their stability profiles. Specific concentration-dependent aggregation rates at 30°C and 40°C were measured by size exclusion chromatography for the individual bnAbs with the mixture showing intermediate behavior. Interestingly, although the relative ratio of the 2 bnAbs remained constant at 4°C, the ratio of 3BNC117 to PGT121 increased in the dimer that formed during storage at 40°C. A mass spectrometry-based multiattribute method, identified and quantified differences in modifications of the Fab regions for each bnAb within the mixture including clipping, oxidation, deamidation, and isomerization sites. Each bnAb showed slight differences in the levels and sites of lysine residue glycations. Together, these data demonstrate the ability to differentiate degradation products from individual antibodies within the bnAb mixture, and that degradation rates are influenced not only by the individual bnAb concentrations but also by the mixture concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashaben Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Vineet Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - John Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Nancy S Nightlinger
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Richard S Rogers
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Christine Siska
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
| | - Bruce A Kerwin
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109.
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7
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Probing Conformational Diversity of Fc Domains in Aggregation-Prone Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharm Res 2018; 35:220. [PMID: 30255351 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fc domains are an integral component of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and Fc-based fusion proteins. Engineering mutations in the Fc domain is a common approach to achieve desired effector function and clinical efficacy of therapeutic mAbs. It remains debatable, however, whether molecular engineering either by changing glycosylation patterns or by amino acid mutation in Fc domain could impact the higher order structure of Fc domain potentially leading to increased aggregation propensities in mAbs. METHODS Here, we use NMR fingerprinting analysis of Fc domains, generated from selected Pfizer mAbs with similar glycosylation patterns, to address this question. Specifically, we use high resolution 2D [13C-1H] NMR spectra of Fc fragments, which fingerprints methyl sidechain bearing residues, to probe the correlation of higher order structure with the storage stability of mAbs. Thermal calorimetric studies were also performed to assess the stability of mAb fragments. RESULTS Unlike NMR fingerprinting, thermal melting temperature as obtained from calorimetric studies for the intact mAbs and fragments (Fc and Fab), did not reveal any correlation with the aggregation propensities of mAbs. Despite >97% sequence homology, NMR data suggests that higher order structure of Fc domains could be dynamic and may result in unique conformation(s) in solution. CONCLUSION The overall glycosylation pattern of these mAbs being similar, these conformation(s) could be linked to the inherent plasticity of the Fc domain, and may act as early transients to the overall aggregation of mAbs.
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Okubo K, Ikeda K, Oaku A, Hiruta Y, Nagase K, Kanazawa H. Protein purification using solid-phase extraction on temperature-responsive hydrogel-modified silica beads. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1568:38-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Fate of a Stressed Therapeutic Antibody Tracked by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy: Folded Monomers Survive Aggregation. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:8085-8093. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b05603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Madadkar P, Sadavarte R, Butler M, Durocher Y, Ghosh R. Preparative separation of monoclonal antibody aggregates by cation-exchange laterally-fed membrane chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1055-1056:158-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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11
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Huang RYC, Iacob RE, Krystek SR, Jin M, Wei H, Tao L, Das TK, Tymiak AA, Engen JR, Chen G. Characterization of Aggregation Propensity of a Human Fc-Fusion Protein Therapeutic by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:795-802. [PMID: 27527097 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of protein therapeutics has long been a concern across different stages of manufacturing processes in the biopharmaceutical industry. It is often indicative of aberrant protein therapeutic higher-order structure. In this study, the aggregation propensity of a human Fc-fusion protein therapeutic was characterized. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) was applied to examine the conformational dynamics of dimers collected from a bioreactor. HDX-MS data combined with spatial aggregation propensity calculations revealed a potential aggregation interface in the Fc domain. This study provides a general strategy for the characterization of the aggregation propensity of Fc-fusion proteins at the molecular level.Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Y-C Huang
- Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Roxana E Iacob
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Stanley R Krystek
- Molecular Structure and Design, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Mi Jin
- Biologics Development and Operations, Global Manufacturing & Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 6000 Thompson Road, Syracuse, NY, 13057, USA
| | - Hui Wei
- Biologics Development and Operations, Global Manufacturing & Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Li Tao
- Biologics Development and Operations, Global Manufacturing & Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Tapan K Das
- Biologics Development and Operations, Global Manufacturing & Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Adrienne A Tymiak
- Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - John R Engen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Guodong Chen
- Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA.
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12
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Liquid-liquid phase separation causes high turbidity and pressure during low pH elution process in Protein A chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1488:57-67. [PMID: 28159365 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Turbid elution pools and high column back pressure are common during elution of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by acidic pH in Protein A chromatography. This phenomenon has been historically attributed to acid-induced precipitation of incorrectly folded or pH-sensitive mAbs and host cell proteins (HCPs). In this work, we propose a new mechanism that may account for some observations of elution turbidity in Protein A chromatography. We report several examples of turbidity and high column back pressure occurring transiently under a short course of neutral conditions during Protein A elution. A systematic study of three mAbs displaying this behavior revealed phase separation characterized by liquid drops under certain conditions including neutral pH, low ionic strength, and high protein concentration. These liquid droplets caused solution turbidity and exhibited extremely high viscosity, resulting in high column back pressure. We found out that the droplets were formed through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) as a result of protein self-association. We also found multiple factors, including pH, temperature, ionic strength, and protein concentration can affect LLPS behaviors. Careful selection of process parameters during protein A elution, including temperature, flow rate, buffer, and salt can inhibit formation of a dense liquid phase, reducing both turbidity (by 90%) and column back pressure (below 20 pounds per square inch). These findings provide both mechanistic insight and practical mitigation strategies for Protein A chromatography induced LLPS.
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13
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Thompson RW, Latypov RF, Wang Y, Lomakin A, Meyer JA, Vunnum S, Benedek GB. Evaluation of effects of pH and ionic strength on colloidal stability of IgG solutions by PEG-induced liquid-liquid phase separation. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:185101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4966708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald W. Thompson
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, USA
| | - Ramil F. Latypov
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Materials Processing Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Aleksey Lomakin
- Materials Processing Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Julie A. Meyer
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, USA
| | - Suresh Vunnum
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, USA
| | - George B. Benedek
- Materials Processing Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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14
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De Vos J, Kaal ER, Swart R, Baca M, Heyden YV, Eeltink S. Aqueous size-exclusion chromatographic separations of intact proteins under native conditions: Effect of pressure on selectivity and efficiency. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:689-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jelle De Vos
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Department of Chemical Engineering; Brussels Belgium
| | - Erwin R. Kaal
- DSM Biotechnology Center; part of DSM Food Specialties b.v; Delft The Netherlands
| | | | - Martyna Baca
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Department of Chemical Engineering; Brussels Belgium
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology; Brussels Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Department of Chemical Engineering; Brussels Belgium
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15
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Clark RH, Latypov RF, De Imus C, Carter J, Wilson Z, Manchulenko K, Brown ME, Ketchem RR. Remediating agitation-induced antibody aggregation by eradicating exposed hydrophobic motifs. MAbs 2015; 6:1540-50. [PMID: 25484048 PMCID: PMC4622659 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.36252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies must encompass drug product suitable attributes to be commercially marketed. An undesirable antibody characteristic is the propensity to aggregate. Although there are computational algorithms that predict the propensity of a protein to aggregate from sequence information alone, few consider the relevance of the native structure. The Spatial Aggregation Propensity (SAP) algorithm developed by Chennamsetty et. al. incorporates structural and sequence information to identify motifs that contribute to protein aggregation. We have utilized the algorithm to design variants of a highly aggregation prone IgG2. All variants were tested in a variety of high-throughput, small-scale assays to assess the utility of the method described herein. Many variants exhibited improved aggregation stability whether induced by agitation or thermal stress while still retaining bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutilio H Clark
- a Department of Therapeutic Discovery; Amgen Inc. ; Thousand Oaks , CA USA
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16
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Hasegawa H, Woods CE, Kinderman F, He F, Lim AC. Russell body phenotype is preferentially induced by IgG mAb clones with high intrinsic condensation propensity: relations between the biosynthetic events in the ER and solution behaviors in vitro. MAbs 2015; 6:1518-32. [PMID: 25484054 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.36242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying reasons for why some mAb (monoclonal antibody) clones are much more inclined to induce a Russell body (RB) phenotype during immunoglobulin biosynthesis remain elusive. Although RBs are morphologically understood as enlarged globular aggregates of immunoglobulins deposited in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), little is known about the properties of the RB-inducing mAb clones as secretory cargo and their physical behaviors in the extracellular space. To elucidate how RB-inducing propensities, secretion outputs, and the intrinsic physicochemical properties of individual mAb clones are interrelated, we used HEK293 cells to study the biosynthesis of 5 human IgG mAbs for which prominent solution behavior problems were known a priori. All 5 model mAbs with inherently high condensation propensities induced RB phenotypes both at steady state and under ER-to-Golgi transport block, and resulted in low secretion titer. By contrast, one reference mAb that readily crystallized at neutral pH in vitro produced rod-shaped crystalline bodies in the ER without inducing RBs. Another reference mAb without notable solution behavior issues did not induce RBs and was secreted abundantly. Intrinsic physicochemical properties of individual IgG clones thus directly affected the biosynthetic steps in the ER, and thereby produced distinctive cellular phenotypes and influenced IgG secretion output. The findings implicated that RB formation represents a phase separation event or a loss of colloidal stability in the secretory pathway organelles. The process of RB induction allows the cell to preemptively reduce the extracellular concentration of potentially pathogenic, highly aggregation-prone IgG clones by selectively storing them in the ER.
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Key Words
- BFA, Brefeldin A
- CB, crystalline body
- DIC, differential interference contrast
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum;
- Fab, fragment antigen binding
- HC, heavy chain
- HEK, human embryonic kidney
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- LC, light chain;
- RB, Russell body
- Russell body
- VH, heavy chain variable domain
- VL, light chain variable domain
- crystalline body
- endoplasmic reticulum
- gelation
- immunoglobulin
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- phase separation
- protein aggregation
- protein condensation
- protein crystallization
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Hasegawa
- a Department of Therapeutic Discovery; Amgen ; Seattle , WA USA
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17
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An Y, Zhang Y, Mueller HM, Shameem M, Chen X. A new tool for monoclonal antibody analysis: application of IdeS proteolysis in IgG domain-specific characterization. MAbs 2015; 6:879-93. [PMID: 24927271 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) products are extraordinarily heterogeneous due to the presence of a variety of enzymatic and chemical modifications, such as deamidation, isomerization, oxidation, glycosylation, glycation, and terminal cyclization. The modifications in different domains of the antibody molecule can result in different biological consequences. Therefore, characterization and routine monitoring of domain-specific modifications are essential to ensure the quality of the therapeutic antibody products. For this purpose, a rapid and informative methodology was developed to examine the heterogeneity of individual domains in mAb products. A recently discovered endopeptidase, IdeS, cleaves heavy chains below the hinge region, producing F(ab') 2 and Fc fragments. Following reduction of disulfide bonds, three antibody domains (LC, Fd, and Fc/2) can be released for further characterization. Subsequent analyses by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, capillary isoelectric focusing, and glycan mapping enable domain-specific profiling of oxidation, charge heterogeneity, and glycoform distribution. When coupled with reversed phase chromatography, the unique chromatographic profile of each molecule offers a simple strategy for an identity test, which is an important formal test for biopharmaceutical quality control purposes. This methodology is demonstrated for a number of IgGs of different subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG4), as well as an Fc fusion protein. The presented technique provides a convenient platform approach for scientific and formal therapeutic mAb product characterization. It can also be applied in regulated drug substance batch release and stability testing of antibody and Fc fusion protein products, in particular for identity and routine monitoring of domain-specific modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan An
- Sterile Product and Analytical Development; Merck Research Laboratories; Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Sterile Product and Analytical Development; Merck Research Laboratories; Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Hans-Martin Mueller
- Sterile Product and Analytical Development; Merck Research Laboratories; Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Mohammed Shameem
- Sterile Product and Analytical Development; Merck Research Laboratories; Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Sterile Product and Analytical Development; Merck Research Laboratories; Kenilworth, NJ USA
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18
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Majumdar R, Middaugh C, Weis DD, Volkin DB. Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry as an Emerging Analytical Tool for Stabilization and Formulation Development of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:327-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Joshi V, Shivach T, Yadav N, Rathore AS. Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy as a Tool for Monitoring Aggregation in Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11606-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503140j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Joshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Tarun Shivach
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Nitin Yadav
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anurag S. Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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20
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Joshi V, Shivach T, Kumar V, Yadav N, Rathore A. Avoiding antibody aggregation during processing: Establishing hold times. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:1195-205. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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21
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Wang Y, Lomakin A, Latypov RF, Laubach JP, Hideshima T, Richardson PG, Munshi NC, Anderson KC, Benedek GB. Phase transitions in human IgG solutions. J Chem Phys 2014; 139:121904. [PMID: 24089716 DOI: 10.1063/1.4811345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein condensations, such as crystallization, liquid-liquid phase separation, aggregation, and gelation, have been observed in concentrated antibody solutions under various solution conditions. While most IgG antibodies are quite soluble, a few outliers can undergo condensation under physiological conditions. Condensation of IgGs can cause serious consequences in some human diseases and in biopharmaceutical formulations. The phase transitions underlying protein condensations in concentrated IgG solutions is also of fundamental interest for the understanding of the phase behavior of non-spherical protein molecules. Due to the high solubility of generic IgGs, the phase behavior of IgG solutions has not yet been well studied. In this work, we present an experimental approach to study IgG solutions in which the phase transitions are hidden below the freezing point of the solution. Using this method, we have investigated liquid-liquid phase separation of six human myeloma IgGs and two recombinant pharmaceutical human IgGs. We have also studied the relation between crystallization and liquid-liquid phase separation of two human cryoglobulin IgGs. Our experimental results reveal several important features of the generic phase behavior of IgG solutions: (1) the shape of the coexistence curve is similar for all IgGs but quite different from that of quasi-spherical proteins; (2) all IgGs have critical points located at roughly the same protein concentration at ~100 mg/ml while their critical temperatures vary significantly; and (3) the liquid-liquid phase separation in IgG solutions is metastable with respect to crystallization. These features of phase behavior of IgG solutions reflect the fact that all IgGs have nearly identical molecular geometry but quite diverse net inter-protein interaction energies. This work provides a foundation for further experimental and theoretical studies of the phase behavior of generic IgGs as well as outliers with large propensity to condense. The investigation of the phase diagram of IgG solutions is of great importance for the understanding of immunoglobulin deposition diseases as well as for the understanding of the colloidal stability of IgG pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Materials Processing Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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22
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Wang Y, Latypov RF, Lomakin A, Meyer JA, Kerwin BA, Vunnum S, Benedek GB. Quantitative evaluation of colloidal stability of antibody solutions using PEG-induced liquid-liquid phase separation. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1391-402. [PMID: 24679215 DOI: 10.1021/mp400521b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal stability of antibody solutions, i.e., the propensity of the folded protein to precipitate, is an important consideration in formulation development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. In a protein solution, different pathways including crystallization, colloidal aggregation, and liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) can lead to the formation of precipitates. The kinetics of crystallization and aggregation are often slow and vary from protein to protein. Due to the diverse mechanisms of these protein condensation processes, it is a challenge to develop a standardized test for an early evaluation of the colloidal stability of antibody solutions. LLPS would normally occur in antibody solutions at sufficiently low temperature, provided that it is not preempted by freezing of the solution. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) can be used to induce LLPS at temperatures above the freezing point. Here, we propose a colloidal stability test based on inducing LLPS in antibody solutions and measuring the antibody concentration of the dilute phase. We demonstrate experimentally that such a PEG-induced LLPS test can be used to compare colloidal stability of different antibodies in different solution conditions and can be readily applied to high-throughput screening. We have derived an equation for the effects of PEG concentration and molecular weight on the results of the LLPS test. Finally, this equation defines a binding energy in the condensed phase, which can be determined in the PEG-induced LLPS test. This binding energy is a measure of attractive interactions between antibody molecules and can be used for quantitative characterization of the colloidal stability of antibody solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Materials Processing Center, ∥Department of Physics, and ⊥Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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23
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Sadavarte RH, Ghosh R. A Thermal-Cycling Method for Disaggregating Monoclonal Antibody Oligomers. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:870-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Zhang F, Roosen-Runge F, Sauter A, Wolf M, Jacobs RMJ, Schreiber F. Reentrant condensation, liquid–liquid phase separation and crystallization in protein solutions induced by multivalent metal ions. PURE APPL CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2014-5002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We briefly summarize the recent progress in tuning protein interactions as well as phase behavior in protein solutions using multivalent metal ions. We focus on the influence of control parameters and the mechanism of reentrant condensation, the metastable liquid–liquid phase separation and classical vs. non-classical pathways of protein crystallization.
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25
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Neergaard MS, Nielsen AD, Parshad H, Van De Weert M. Stability of monoclonal antibodies at high-concentration: head-to-head comparison of the IgG1 and IgG4 subclass. J Pharm Sci 2013; 103:115-27. [PMID: 24282022 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have so far directly compared the impact of antibody subclass on protein stability. This case study investigates two mAbs (one IgG1 and one IgG4 ) with identical variable region. Investigations of mAbs that recognize similar epitopes are necessary to identify possible differences between the IgG subclasses. Both physical and chemical stability were evaluated by applying a range of methods to measure formation of protein aggregates [size-exclusion chromatography (SEC)-HPLC and UV340 nm], structural integrity (circular dichroism and FTIR), thermodynamic stability (differential scanning calorimetry), colloidal interactions (dynamic light scattering), and fragmentation and deamidation (SEC-HPLC and capillary isoelectric focusing). The impact of pH (4-9) and ionic strength (10 and 150 mM) was investigated using highly-concentrated (150 mg/mL) mAb formulations. Lower conformational stability was identified for the IgG4 resulting in increased levels of soluble aggregates. The IgG1 was chemically less stable as compared with the IgG4 , presumably because of the higher flexibility in the IgG1 hinge region. The thermodynamic stability of individual mAb domains was also addressed in detail. The stability of our mAb molecules is clearly affected by the IgG framework, and this study suggests that subclass switching may alter aggregation propensity and aggregation pathway and thus potentially improve the overall formulation stability while retaining antigen specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Neergaard
- Section for Biologics, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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26
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Woodard J, Lau H, Latypov RF. Nondenaturing Size-Exclusion Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry to Measure Stress-Induced Aggregation in a Complex Mixture of Monoclonal Antibodies. Anal Chem 2013; 85:6429-36. [DOI: 10.1021/ac401455f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Woodard
- Drug Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | - Hollis Lau
- Drug Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | - Ramil F. Latypov
- Drug Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
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27
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Konstantinidis S, Kong S, Titchener-Hooker N. Identifying analytics for high throughput bioprocess development studies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:1924-35. [PMID: 23334907 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, high throughput screening (HTS) studies have been increasingly employed as an integral element of bioprocess development activities. These studies are often limited by an analytical bottleneck; they generate multiple samples for analysis and the available analytical methods cannot always cope with the added analytical burden. A potential solution to this challenge is offered by the deployment of appropriate analytics. This article outlines features of analytical methods that affect their fit to high throughput (HT) applications. These are discussed for a range of analytics frequently used in bioprocess development studies of monoclonal antibodies. It then outlines how these features need to be considered in order to classify analytical methods in terms of their particular application in high throughput scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Konstantinidis
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
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28
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O-linked glucosylation of a therapeutic recombinant humanised monoclonal antibody produced in CHO cells. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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29
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Aggregation mechanism of an IgG2 and two IgG1 monoclonal antibodies at low pH: from oligomers to larger aggregates. Pharm Res 2012; 30:641-54. [PMID: 23054090 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the aggregation mechanism and the stability characteristics of three different monoclonal antibodies under acidic conditions. METHODS The aggregation kinetics is analyzed by a combination of light scattering, size exclusion chromatography and fluorescence techniques and the aggregation data are correlated to protein structure, hydrophobicity, charge and antibody subclass. RESULTS In the investigated conditions, the antibody aggregation follows a mechanism consisting of two-steps: reversible monomer oligomerization followed by irreversible cluster-cluster aggregation. The kinetics of the two steps is differently affected by the operating conditions: mild destabilizing conditions induce formation of oligomers which are stable within weeks, while stronger denaturing conditions promote aggregation of oligomers to larger aggregates which eventually precipitate. For different antibodies significant differences in both oligomerization and growth rates are found, even for antibodies belonging to the same subclass. For all antibodies the aggregate formation is accompanied by a structure re-organization with an increase in the ordered β-sheet structures. At low pH the aggregation propensity of the investigated antibodies does not correlate with antibody subclass, surface net charge and hydrophobicity of the non-native state. CONCLUSIONS The aggregation mechanism of three antibodies in acidic conditions as well as differences and analogies in their stability behavior has been characterized.
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Abstract
Condensation of Igs has been observed in pharmaceutical formulations and in vivo in cases of cryoglobulinemia. We report a study of monoclonal IgG cryoglobulins overexpressed by two patients with multiple myeloma. These cryoglobulins form crystals, and we measured their solubility lines. Depending on the supersaturation, we observed a variety of condensate morphologies consistent with those reported in clinical investigations. Remarkably, the crystallization can occur at quite low concentrations. This suggests that, even within the regular immune response to infections, cryoprecipitation of Ig can be possible.
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31
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High-dose monoclonal antibodies via the subcutaneous route: challenges and technical solutions, an industry perspective. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:889-900. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the various challenges in product development involved in subcutaneous administration of high-dose monoclonal antibodies and attempts to provide an industry perspective of some of the available technologies and potential avenues to overcome these challenges.
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32
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Cordes AA, Carpenter JF, Randolph TW. Selective domain stabilization as a strategy to reduce human serum albumin-human granulocyte colony stimulating factor aggregation rate. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:2009-16. [PMID: 22422106 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins must be generally formulated to reduce unwanted aggregation. Fusion proteins, which comprise domains assembled from separate proteins, may require unique formulation strategies in order to maximize their stability. A fusion protein of human serum albumin (HSA) and human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF; HSA-GCSF) was used as a model to test the hypothesis that formulations that increase the thermodynamic conformational stability of the least stable domain of a fusion protein will stabilize the entire fusion protein against aggregation. Conformational stability of HSA-GCSF was modulated by addition of octanoic acid, which was previously shown to increase the conformational stability of HSA, the least stable domain. Contrary to our hypothesis, increased conformational stability of the HSA domain did not result in increased resistance to aggregation of HSA-GCSF. These results for HSA-GCSF were also compared with similar studies conducted previously on a therapeutic protein formed by the fusion of HSA and human growth hormone (hGH; HSA-hGH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Cordes
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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33
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Production and characterization of peptide antibodies. Methods 2011; 56:136-44. [PMID: 22178691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are effective immunogens for generation of antibodies. However, occasionally the native protein is known but not available for antibody production. In such cases synthetic peptides derived from the native protein are good alternatives for antibody production. These peptide antibodies are powerful tools in experimental biology and are easily produced to any peptide of choice. A widely used approach for production of peptide antibodies is to immunize animals with a synthetic peptide coupled to a carrier protein. Very important is the selection of the synthetic peptide, where factors such as structure, accessibility and amino acid composition are crucial. Since small peptides tend not to be immunogenic, it may be necessary to conjugate them to carrier proteins in order to enhance immune presentation. Several strategies for conjugation of peptide-carriers applied for immunization exist, including solid-phase peptide-carrier conjugation and peptide-carrier conjugation in solution. Upon immunization, adjuvants such as Al(OH)(3) are added together with the immunogenic peptide-carrier conjugate, which usually leads to high-titred antisera. Following immunization and peptide antibody purification, the antibodies are characterized based on their affinity or specificity. An efficient approach for characterization of peptide antibodies is epitope mapping using peptide based assays. This review describes standard solid-phase approaches for generation of peptide antibodies with special emphasis on peptide selection, generation of peptide conjugates for immunization and characterization of the resulting peptide antibodies.
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34
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Latypov RF, Hogan S, Lau H, Gadgil H, Liu D. Elucidation of acid-induced unfolding and aggregation of human immunoglobulin IgG1 and IgG2 Fc. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:1381-96. [PMID: 22084250 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.297697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of Fc aggregation is an important prerequisite for developing stable and efficacious antibody-based therapeutics. In our study, high resolution two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was employed to probe structural changes in the IgG1 Fc. A series of (1)H-(15)N heteronuclear single-quantum correlation NMR spectra were collected between pH 2.5 and 4.7 to assess whether unfolding of C(H)2 domains precedes that of C(H)3 domains. The same pH range was subsequently screened in Fc aggregation experiments that utilized molecules of IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses with varying levels of C(H)2 glycosylation. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry data were collected over a pH range of 3-7 to assess changes in C(H)2 and C(H)3 thermostability. As a result, compelling evidence was gathered that emphasizes the importance of C(H)2 stability in determining the rate and extent of Fc aggregation. In particular, we found that Fc domains of the IgG1 subclass have a lower propensity to aggregate compared with those of the IgG2 subclass. Our data for glycosylated, partially deglycosylated, and fully deglycosylated molecules further revealed the criticality of C(H)2 glycans in modulating Fc aggregation. These findings provide important insights into the stability of Fc-based therapeutics and promote better understanding of their acid-induced aggregation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramil F Latypov
- Drug Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, USA.
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35
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Phase separation in solutions of monoclonal antibodies and the effect of human serum albumin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:16606-11. [PMID: 21921237 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1112241108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the observation of liquid-liquid phase separation in a solution of human monoclonal antibody, IgG2, and the effects of human serum albumin, a major blood protein, on this phase separation. We find a significant reduction of phase separation temperature in the presence of albumin, and a preferential partitioning of the albumin into the antibody-rich phase. We provide a general thermodynamic analysis of the antibody-albumin mixture phase diagram and relate its features to the magnitude of the effective interprotein interactions. Our analysis suggests that additives (HSA in this report), which have moderate attraction with antibody molecules, may be used to forestall undesirable protein condensation in antibody solutions. Our findings are relevant to understanding the stability of pharmaceutical solutions of antibodies and the mechanisms of cryoglobulinemia.
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36
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Distinct Aggregation Mechanisms of Monoclonal Antibody Under Thermal and Freeze-Thaw Stresses Revealed by Hydrogen Exchange. Pharm Res 2011; 29:236-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Joubert MK, Luo Q, Nashed-Samuel Y, Wypych J, Narhi LO. Classification and characterization of therapeutic antibody aggregates. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:25118-33. [PMID: 21454532 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.160457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A host of diverse stress techniques was applied to a monoclonal antibody (IgG(2)) to yield protein particles with varying attributes and morphologies. Aggregated solutions were evaluated for percent aggregation, particle counts, size distribution, morphology, changes in secondary and tertiary structure, surface hydrophobicity, metal content, and reversibility. Chemical modifications were also identified in a separate report (Luo, Q., Joubert, M. K., Stevenson, R., Narhi, L. O., and Wypych, J. (2011) J. Biol. Chem. 286, 25134-25144). Aggregates were categorized into seven discrete classes, based on the traits described. Several additional molecules (from the IgG(1) and IgG(2) subtypes as well as intravenous IgG) were stressed and found to be defined with the same classification system. The mechanism of protein aggregation and the type of aggregate formed depends on the nature of the stress applied. Different IgG molecules appear to aggregate by a similar mechanism under the same applied stress. Aggregates created by harsh mechanical stress showed the largest number of subvisible particles, and the class generated by thermal stress displayed the largest number of visible particles. Most classes showed a disruption of the higher order structure, with the degree of disorder depending on the stress process. Particles in all classes (except thermal stress) were at least partially reversible upon dilution in pH 5 buffer. High copper content was detected in isolated metal-catalyzed aggregates, a stress previously shown to produce immunogenic aggregates. In conclusion, protein aggregates can be a very heterogeneous population, whose qualities are the result of the type of stress that was experienced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa K Joubert
- Department of Formulation and Analytical Resources, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA
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38
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Hari SB, Lau H, Razinkov VI, Chen S, Latypov RF. Acid-Induced Aggregation of Human Monoclonal IgG1 and IgG2: Molecular Mechanism and the Effect of Solution Composition. Biochemistry 2010; 49:9328-38. [DOI: 10.1021/bi100841u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay B. Hari
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Hollis Lau
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | - Vladimir I. Razinkov
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | - Shuang Chen
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ramil F. Latypov
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
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