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Gikanga B, Adeniji NS, Patapoff TW, Chih HW, Yi L. Cathepsin B Cleavage of vcMMAE-Based Antibody-Drug Conjugate Is Not Drug Location or Monoclonal Antibody Carrier Specific. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1040-9. [PMID: 26914498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) require thorough characterization and understanding of product quality attributes. The framework of many ADCs comprises one molecule of antibody that is usually conjugated with multiple drug molecules at various locations. It is unknown whether the drug release rate from the ADC is dependent on drug location, and/or local environment, dictated by the sequence and structure of the antibody carrier. This study addresses these issues with valine-citrulline-monomethylauristatin E (vc-MMAE)-based ADC molecules conjugated at reduced disulfide bonds, by evaluating the cathepsin B catalyzed drug release rate of ADC molecules with different drug distributions or antibody carriers. MMAE drug release rates at different locations on ADC I were compared to evaluate the impact of drug location. No difference in rates was observed for drug released from the V(H), V(L), or C(H)2 domains of ADC I. Furthermore, four vc-MMAE ADC molecules were chosen as substrates for cathepsin B for evaluation of Michaelis-Menten parameters. There was no significant difference in K(M) or k(cat) values, suggesting that different sequences of the antibody carrier do not result in different drug release rates. Comparison between ADCs and small molecules containing vc-MMAE moieties as substrates for cathepsin B suggests that the presence of IgG1 antibody carrier, regardless of its bulkiness, does not impact drug release rate. Finally, a molecular dynamics simulation on ADC II revealed that the val-cit moiety at each of the eight possible conjugation sites was, on average, solvent accessible over 50% of its maximum solvent accessible surface area (SASA) during a 500 ns trajectory. Combined, these results suggest that the cathepsin cleavage sites for conjugated drugs are exposed enough for the enzyme to access and that the drug release rate is rather independent of drug location or monoclonal antibody carrier. Therefore, the distribution of drug conjugation at different sites is not a critical parameter to control in manufacturing of the vc-MMAE-based ADC conjugated at reduced disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson Gikanga
- Pharmaceutical Processing and Technology Development, ‡Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nia S Adeniji
- Pharmaceutical Processing and Technology Development, ‡Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas W Patapoff
- Pharmaceutical Processing and Technology Development, ‡Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hung-Wei Chih
- Pharmaceutical Processing and Technology Development, ‡Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Li Yi
- Pharmaceutical Processing and Technology Development, ‡Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Redecke L, Nass K, DePonte DP, White TA, Rehders D, Barty A, Stellato F, Liang M, Barends TR, Boutet S, Williams GJ, Messerschmidt M, Seibert MM, Aquila A, Arnlund D, Bajt S, Barth T, Bogan MJ, Caleman C, Chao TC, Doak RB, Fleckenstein H, Frank M, Fromme R, Galli L, Grotjohann I, Hunter MS, Johansson LC, Kassemeyer S, Katona G, Kirian RA, Koopmann R, Kupitz C, Lomb L, Martin AV, Mogk S, Neutze R, Shoeman RL, Steinbrener J, Timneanu N, Wang D, Weierstall U, Zatsepin NA, Spence JCH, Fromme P, Schlichting I, Duszenko M, Betzel C, Chapman HN. Natively inhibited Trypanosoma brucei cathepsin B structure determined by using an X-ray laser. Science 2013; 339:227-230. [PMID: 23196907 PMCID: PMC3786669 DOI: 10.1126/science.1229663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The Trypanosoma brucei cysteine protease cathepsin B (TbCatB), which is involved in host protein degradation, is a promising target to develop new treatments against sleeping sickness, a fatal disease caused by this protozoan parasite. The structure of the mature, active form of TbCatB has so far not provided sufficient information for the design of a safe and specific drug against T. brucei. By combining two recent innovations, in vivo crystallization and serial femtosecond crystallography, we obtained the room-temperature 2.1 angstrom resolution structure of the fully glycosylated precursor complex of TbCatB. The structure reveals the mechanism of native TbCatB inhibition and demonstrates that new biomolecular information can be obtained by the "diffraction-before-destruction" approach of x-ray free-electron lasers from hundreds of thousands of individual microcrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Redecke
- Joint Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, and Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Karol Nass
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel P. DePonte
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas A. White
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Rehders
- Joint Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, and Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anton Barty
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Francesco Stellato
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mengning Liang
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas R.M. Barends
- Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck Advanced Study Group, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Garth J. Williams
- Linac Coherent Light Source, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Marc Messerschmidt
- Linac Coherent Light Source, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - M. Marvin Seibert
- Linac Coherent Light Source, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Andrew Aquila
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Arnlund
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sasa Bajt
- Photon Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Barth
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael J. Bogan
- Photon Ultrafast Laser Science and Engineering (PULSE) Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Carl Caleman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tzu-Chiao Chao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - R. Bruce Doak
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Holger Fleckenstein
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Frank
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Raimund Fromme
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Lorenzo Galli
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Grotjohann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Mark S. Hunter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Linda C. Johansson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephan Kassemeyer
- Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck Advanced Study Group, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gergely Katona
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard A. Kirian
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Rudolf Koopmann
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chris Kupitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Lukas Lomb
- Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck Advanced Study Group, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrew V. Martin
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Mogk
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Richard Neutze
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert L. Shoeman
- Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck Advanced Study Group, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Steinbrener
- Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck Advanced Study Group, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicusor Timneanu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dingjie Wang
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Uwe Weierstall
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Nadia A. Zatsepin
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - John C. H. Spence
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Petra Fromme
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Ilme Schlichting
- Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck Advanced Study Group, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Duszenko
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Betzel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, at DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henry N. Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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