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Tessmann JW, Rocha MR, Morgado-Díaz JA. Mechanisms of radioresistance and the underlying signaling pathways in colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:31-45. [PMID: 36565460 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the most common modalities for the treatment of a wide range of tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC); however, radioresistance of cancer cells remains a major limitation for this treatment. Following radiotherapy, the activities of various cellular mechanisms and cell signaling pathways are altered, resulting in the development of radioresistance, which leads to therapeutic failure and poor prognosis in patients with cancer. Furthermore, even though several inhibitors have been developed to target tumor resistance, these molecules can induce side effects in nontumor cells due to low specificity and efficiency. However, the role of these mechanisms in CRC has not been extensively studied. This review discusses recent studies regarding the relationship between radioresistance and the alterations in a series of cellular mechanisms and cell signaling pathways that lead to therapeutic failure and tumor recurrence. Our review also presents recent advances in the in vitro/in vivo study models aimed at investigating the radioresistance mechanism in CRC. Furthermore, it provides a relevant biochemical basis in theory, which can be useful to improve radiotherapy sensitivity and prolong patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane W Tessmann
- Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Murilo R Rocha
- Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose A Morgado-Díaz
- Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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2
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Mishra SK, Dhadve AC, Mal A, Reddy BPK, Hole A, Chilakapati MK, Ray P, Srivastava R, De A. Photothermal therapy (PTT) is an effective treatment measure against solid tumors which fails to respond conventional chemo/radiation therapies in clinic. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 143:213153. [PMID: 36343390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) has emerged as a fast, precisive, and cost-effective anticancer therapy protocol. Here we applied our previously designed nanomaterial (Tocophotoxil) for prospective PTT application to manage radiation- and chemo-resistant cancers in a preclinical model. A PTT dose vs. efficacy relationship was established for radioresistant breast (ZR-75-1 50Gy, 4T1 20Gy) and chemo-resistant ovarian (A2780LR) cancer cells and tumors in mice models. Compared to the sensitive cases, resistant cells treated with PTT for a shorter duration show higher endurance. However, preclinical tumor xenografts treated with optimal PTT dose show 2-3 fold higher longevity (P ≤ 0.05) of treated mice monitored by non-invasive imaging methods. Elevated ERK and AKT activation in radioresistant or only AKT activation in chemo-resistant cells were contributory to higher cell survival in sub-optimal PTT dose. A comprehensive single-cell Raman map of PTT treated ZR-75-1 cell reveals broad-spectrum macromolecular deformities, including protein damage features. Marked induction of pJNK, unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lipid peroxidation in PTT-treated cells disrupted the intracellular homeostasis. Analyzing cellular ultrastructure, the coexistence of swollen endoplasmic reticulum, and autophagic bodies after PTT indicate possible coordination between UPR and autophagy pathways. Therefore, this comprehensive study provides new evidence on the potential impact of PTT as a standalone therapy for ablation of failed conventional therapy-resistant cancers in vivo, the success of which is intricately linked to the PTT dose optimization. The study, for the first time, also illustrates that under PTT treatment, concerted action of novel molecular switches such as JNK activation and UPR activation plays a vital role in triggering autophagy and cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit K Mishra
- Molecular Functional Imaging Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India; Department of Life Sciences, Homi Bhaba National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Ajit C Dhadve
- Imaging Cell Signaling and Therapeutics Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India; Department of Life Sciences, Homi Bhaba National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Arijit Mal
- Molecular Functional Imaging Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India; Department of Life Sciences, Homi Bhaba National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - B Pradeep K Reddy
- NanoBios Lab, Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Arti Hole
- Chilakapati Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Murali Krishna Chilakapati
- Chilakapati Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India; Department of Life Sciences, Homi Bhaba National Institute, Mumbai, India.
| | - Pritha Ray
- Imaging Cell Signaling and Therapeutics Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India; Department of Life Sciences, Homi Bhaba National Institute, Mumbai, India.
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- NanoBios Lab, Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.
| | - Abhijit De
- Molecular Functional Imaging Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India; Department of Life Sciences, Homi Bhaba National Institute, Mumbai, India.
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Gupta S, Verma V, Dwarakanath BS. Emerging concepts in cancer therapy: Mechanisms of resistance. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2022; 5:e1715. [PMID: 36083019 PMCID: PMC9780417 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Gupta
- The Loop Immuno‐Oncology Laboratory, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer CenterGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Vivek Verma
- The Loop Immuno‐Oncology Laboratory, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer CenterGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- The Hormel Institute, Masonic Cancer CenterUniversity of MinnesotaAustinMinnesotaUSA
| | - Bilikere S. Dwarakanath
- Central Research FacilitySri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research InstituteChennaiIndia
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Li M, Mei S, Yang Y, Shen Y, Chen L. Strategies to mitigate the on- and off-target toxicities of recombinant immunotoxins: an antibody engineering perspective. Antib Ther 2022; 5:164-176. [PMID: 35928456 PMCID: PMC9344849 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapies using immunotoxins has achieved remarkable efficacies in hematological malignancies. However, the clinical development of immunotoxins is also faced with many challenges like anti-drug antibodies and dose-limiting toxicity issues. Such a poor efficacy/safety ratio is also the major hurdle in the research and development of antibody-drug conjugates. From an antibody engineering perspective, various strategies were summarized/proposed to tackle the notorious on target off tumor toxicity issues, including passive strategy (XTENylation of immunotoxins) and active strategies (modulating the affinity and valency of the targeting moiety of immunotoxins, conditionally activating immunotoxins in the tumor microenvironments and reconstituting split toxin to reduce systemic toxicity etc.). By modulating the functional characteristics of the targeting moiety and the toxic moiety of immunotoxins, selective tumor targeting can be augmented while sparing the healthy cells in normal tissues expressing the same target of interest. If successful, the improved therapeutic index will likely help to address the dose-limiting toxicities commonly observed in the clinical trials of various immunotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Li
- Department of Postgraduate , Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P.R. China
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong, P.R. China
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Pharmaceutical College, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Sen Mei
- Biotherapeutics , Biocytogen Jiangsu Co. Ltd, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong, P.R. China
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Pharmaceutical College, Nantong, P.R. China
- Institute of Innovative Medicine , Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuelei Shen
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong, P.R. China
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Pharmaceutical College, Nantong, P.R. China
- Biotherapeutics , Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Innovative Medicine , Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Biotherapeutics , Biocytogen Jiangsu Co. Ltd, Nantong, P.R. China
- Biotherapeutics , Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
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Kaposi Sarcoma, a Trifecta of Pathogenic Mechanisms. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12051242. [PMID: 35626397 PMCID: PMC9140574 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12051242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma is a rare disease with four known variants: classic, epidemic, endemic and iatrogenic (transplant-related), all caused by an oncogenic virus named Human Herpes Virus 8. The viral infection in itself, along with the oncogenic properties of HHV8 and with immune system dysfunction, forms the grounds on which Kaposi’s Sarcoma may develop. Infection with HHV8 occurs through saliva via close contacts, blood, blood products, solid organ donation and, rarely, vertical transmission. Chronic inflammation and oncogenesis are promoted by a mix of viral genes that directly promote cell survival and transformation or interfere with the regular cell cycle and cell signaling (of particular note: LANA-1, v-IL6, vBCL-2, vIAP, vIRF3, vGPCR, gB, K1, K8.1, K15). The most common development sites for Kaposi’s sarcoma are the skin, mucocutaneous zones, lymph nodes and visceral organs, but it can also rarely appear in the musculoskeletal system, urinary system, endocrine organs, heart or eye. Histopathologically, spindle cell proliferation with slit-like vascular spaces, plasma cell and lymphocyte infiltrate are characteristic. The clinical presentation is heterogenic depending on the variant; some patients have indolent disease and others have aggressive disease. The treatment options include highly active antiretroviral therapy, surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. A literature search was carried out using the MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS and Google Scholar databases with a combination of keywords with the aim to provide critical, concise, and comprehensive insights into advances in the pathogenic mechanism of Kaposi’s sarcoma.
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Mahmoudi R, Saidijam M, Nikzad S, Tapak L, Alvandi M, Afshar S. Human exposure to low dose ionizing radiation affects miR-21 and miR-625 expression levels. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1321-1327. [PMID: 34797493 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06960-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently exposure to ionizing radiation driven by artificial radiation sources such as Medical X-rays and Nuclear medicine has increased hastily. Ionizing radiation-induced the DNA damage and activate the DNA damage response signaling pathways. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of miR-21 and miR-625 in response to low-dose ionizing radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, the blood sample of 38 volunteer patients who underwent Cardiac scans before and after 99mTc-MIBI injection were used. The WBC of patients was used for RNA extraction and after cDNA synthesis by the poly-A method the expression level of miR-21 and miR-625 was evaluated by real-time PCR method. RESULTS The results of this study indicated that miR-21 and miR- 625 were significantly upregulated under exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation. The expression level of these miRNAs was not significantly correlated with the age and BMI of patients. More ever the bioinformatics analysis indicated that SP1 was a common target of both miRNAs and had the highest degree between hub genes. CONCLUSION In summary miR-21 and miR-625 can contribute to the response to acute low dose ionizing radiation by targeting the SP1. However further studies should be carried out on the molecular mechanism of effects of miR-21 and miR-625 in response to low dose ionizing radiation by targeting the SP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Mahmoudi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Safoora Nikzad
- Department of Medical Physics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Leili Tapak
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Alvandi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saeid Afshar
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Butein combined with radiotherapy enhances radioresponse of gastric cancer cell by impairing DNA damage repair. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 570:35-40. [PMID: 34271434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is common in the current procedures of cancer treatment, but in many cases, radiation resistance of cancerous tissue limits efficacy in clinical applications. Therefore, the use of radiosensitizers has been introduced as an effective strategy to increase the efficiency of radiotherapy. Butein (2', 3, 4, 4'-Tetrahydroxychalcone), a polyphenolic compound of flavonoids family, presents anti-cancer properties and inhibits the signaling pathways associated with radiation resistance. Therefore, we hypothesized that butein in combination with radiation may increase radiosensitivity. To evaluate the radiosensitizing effect of butein, we used MKN-45 cell line and performed several assays such as MTT, soft-agar colony formation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and comet assays. Based on obtained results, butein significantly enhanced radiosensitivity of MKN-45 cells. Butein treatment abrogated the radiation-induced G2/M cell cycle arrest, increased DNA damage, enhanced apoptosis, and reduced colony-forming ability of irradiated cells. This study on MKN-45 cells demonstrates that combination of butein with radiotherapy increases its radiosensitivity by abrogating the radiation-induced G2/M blockage, impairing DNA repair, and enhancing apoptotic and reproductive cell death. Therefore, we suggest butein as a candidate for combination with radiation therapy to decrease dose of radiation delivered to the patients and its corresponding side effects.
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