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He X, Sun X, Shao Y. Network-based survival analysis to discover target genes for developing cancer immunotherapies and predicting patient survival. J Appl Stat 2021; 48:1352-1373. [PMID: 35444359 DOI: 10.1080/02664763.2020.1812543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, cancer immunotherapies have been life-savers, however, only a fraction of treated patients have durable responses. Consequently, statistical methods that enable the discovery of target genes for developing new treatments and predicting patient survival are of importance. This paper introduced a network-based survival analysis method and applied it to identify candidate genes as possible targets for developing new treatments. RNA-seq data from a mouse study was used to select differentially expressed genes, which were then translated to those in humans. We constructed a gene network and identified gene clusters using a training set of 310 human gliomas. Then we conducted gene set enrichment analysis to select the gene clusters with significant biological function. A penalized Cox model was built to identify a small set of candidate genes to predict survival. An independent set of 690 human glioma samples was used to evaluate predictive accuracy of the survival model. The areas under time-dependent ROC curves in both the training and validation sets are more than 90%, indicating strong association between selected genes and patient survival. Consequently, potential biomedical interventions targeting these genes might be able to alter their expressions and prolong patient survival.
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2
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Yang SA. Association study between ZFHX3 gene polymorphisms and obesity in Korean population. J Exerc Rehabil 2017; 13:491-494. [PMID: 29114518 PMCID: PMC5667630 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1735080.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of zinc finger homeobox 3 (ZFHX3 ) gene are susceptibility to obesity. Recently, several study suggested that specific polymorphisms in various genes may have effect to obesity. In present study, 54 SNPs of ZFHX3 gene were genotyped in 209 overweight and obese patients with a body mass index (BMI)≥23 kg/m2 (mean±standard deviation, 44.7±6.4 kg/m2) and 159 healthy controls with a BMI of 18.5–23.0 kg/m2 (43.6±6.2 kg/m2). Genotyping of each SNP was performed by custom DNA chip. Logistic regression models (dominant, recessive, and log-additive models) were used to calculate odds ratio, 95% confidence interval, and P-values. Significant association was considered at P<0.05. Among tested SNPs in ZFHX3 genes, seven SNPs of ZFHX3 gene showed significant association with obesity (P<0.05 in each model, respectively). In conclusion, these results indicate that SNPs of ZFHX3 gene might be contributed to development of obesity in the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ae Yang
- College of Nursing, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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Kawaguchi M, Hara N, Bilim V, Koike H, Suzuki M, Kim TS, Gao N, Dong Y, Zhang S, Fujinawa Y, Yamamoto O, Ito H, Tomita Y, Naruse Y, Sakamaki A, Ishii Y, Tsuneyama K, Inoue M, Itoh J, Yasuda M, Sakata N, Jung CG, Kanazawa S, Akatsu H, Minato H, Nojima T, Asai K, Miura Y. A diagnostic marker for superficial urothelial bladder carcinoma: lack of nuclear ATBF1 (ZFHX3) by immunohistochemistry suggests malignant progression. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:805. [PMID: 27756245 PMCID: PMC5070376 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2845-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pathological stage and grade have limited ability to predict the outcomes of superficial urothelial bladder carcinoma at initial transurethral resection (TUR). AT-motif binding factor 1 (ATBF1) is a tumor suppressive transcription factor that is normally localized to the nucleus but has been detected in the cytoplasm in several cancers. Here, we examined the diagnostic value of the intracellular localization of ATBF1 as a marker for the identification of high risk urothelial bladder carcinoma. Methods Seven anti-ATBF1 antibodies were generated to cover the entire ATBF1 sequence. Four human influenza hemagglutinin-derived amino acid sequence-tagged expression vectors with truncated ATBF1 cDNA were constructed to map the functional domains of nuclear localization signals (NLSs) with the consensus sequence KR[X10-12]K. A total of 117 samples from initial TUR of human bladder carcinomas were analyzed. None of the patients had received chemotherapy or radiotherapy before pathological evaluation. Results ATBF1 nuclear localization was regulated synergistically by three NLSs on ATBF1. The cytoplasmic fragments of ATBF1 lacked NLSs. Patients were divided into two groups according to positive nuclear staining of ATBF1, and significant differences in overall survival (P = 0.021) and intravesical recurrence-free survival (P = 0.013) were detected between ATBF1+ (n = 110) and ATBF1− (n = 7) cases. Multivariate analysis revealed that ATBF1 staining was an independent prognostic factor for intravesical recurrence-free survival after adjusting for cellular grading and pathological staging (P = 0.008). Conclusions Cleavage of ATBF1 leads to the cytoplasmic localization of ATBF1 fragments and downregulates nuclear ATBF1. Alterations in the subcellular localization of ATBF1 due to fragmentation of the protein are related to the malignant character of urothelial carcinoma. Pathological evaluation using anti-ATBF1 antibodies enabled the identification of highly malignant cases that had been overlooked at initial TUR. Nuclear localization of ATBF1 indicates better prognosis of urothelial carcinoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2845-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kawaguchi
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Niigata Rosai Hospital, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 1-7-12 Toh-un-cho, Johetsu, Niigata, 942-8502, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1-Chome, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Noboru Hara
- Division of Urology, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 754 Ichiban-cho, Asahimachi-dohri, Cyuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8520, Japan
| | - Vladimir Bilim
- Division of Urology, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 754 Ichiban-cho, Asahimachi-dohri, Cyuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8520, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koike
- Division of Urology, Niigata Rosai Hospital, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 1-7-12 Toh-un-cho, Johetsu, Niigata, 942-8502, Japan
| | - Mituko Suzuki
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, LG 581, Ghana.,Section of Environmental Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tae-Sun Kim
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1-Chome, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1-Chome, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yu Dong
- Department of Oncology, Immunology and Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1-Chome, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 11-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujinawa
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Niigata Rosai Hospital, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 1-7-12 Toh-un-cho, Johetsu, Niigata, 942-8502, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamamoto
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Niigata Rosai Hospital, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 1-7-12 Toh-un-cho, Johetsu, Niigata, 942-8502, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ito
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Tomita
- Division of Urology, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 754 Ichiban-cho, Asahimachi-dohri, Cyuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8520, Japan
| | - Yuchi Naruse
- Department of Human Science and Fundamental Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Akira Sakamaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ooshima Kurumi Hospital, 48 Kitano, Ooshima, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0271, Japan
| | - Yoko Ishii
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masaaki Inoue
- Division of Chest Surgery, Shimonoseki City Hospital, Koyo-cho, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, 750-8520, Japan
| | - Johbu Itoh
- Education and Research Support Center, School of Medicine, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Masanori Yasuda
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka, Saitama, 350-1298, Japan
| | - Nobuo Sakata
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Cha-Gyun Jung
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kanazawa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cyo, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Akatsu
- Department of Medicine for Aging in Place and Community-Based Medical Education, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Minato
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 11-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nojima
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 11-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Asai
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1-Chome, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yutaka Miura
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1-Chome, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan.
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Sun X, Xing C, Fu X, Li J, Zhang B, Frierson HF, Dong JT. Additive Effect of Zfhx3/Atbf1 and Pten Deletion on Mouse Prostatic Tumorigenesis. J Genet Genomics 2015; 42:373-82. [PMID: 26233892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and the zinc finger homeobox 3 (ZFHX3)/AT-motif binding factor 1 (ATBF1) genes have been established as tumor suppressor genes in prostate cancer by their frequent deletions and mutations in human prostate cancer and by the formation of mouse prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN) or tumor by their deletions in mouse prostates. However, whether ZFHX3/ATBF1 deletion together with PTEN deletion facilitates prostatic tumorigenesis is unknown. In this study, we simultaneously deleted both genes in mouse prostatic epithelia and performed histological and molecular analyses. While deletion of one Pten allele alone caused low-grade (LG) mPIN as previously reported, concurrent deletion of Zfhx3/Atbf1 promoted the progression to high-grade (HG) mPIN or early carcinoma. Zfhx3/Atbf1 and Pten deletions together increased cell proliferation, disrupted the smooth muscle layer between epithelium and stroma, and increased the number of apoptotic cells. Deletion of both genes also accelerated the activation of Akt and Erk1/2 oncoproteins. These results suggest an additive effect of ZFHX3/ATBF1 and PTEN deletions on the development and progression of prostate neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Sun
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, USA
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, USA
| | - Xiaoying Fu
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, USA; Department of Pathology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jie Li
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, USA
| | - Baotong Zhang
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, USA
| | - Henry F Frierson
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville 22908, USA
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, USA.
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Sun X, Fu X, Li J, Xing C, Frierson HF, Wu H, Ding X, Ju T, Cummings RD, Dong JT. Deletion of atbf1/zfhx3 in mouse prostate causes neoplastic lesions, likely by attenuation of membrane and secretory proteins and multiple signaling pathways. Neoplasia 2014; 16:377-89. [PMID: 24934715 PMCID: PMC4198693 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The ATBF1/ZFHX3 gene at 16q22 is the second most frequently mutated gene in human prostate cancer and has reduced expression or mislocalization in several types of human tumors. Nonetheless, the hypothesis that ATBF1 has a tumor suppressor function in prostate cancer has not been tested. In this study, we examined the role of ATBF1 in prostatic carcinogenesis by specifically deleting Atbf1 in mouse prostatic epithelial cells. We also examined the effect of Atbf1 deletion on gene expression and signaling pathways in mouse prostates. Histopathologic analyses showed that Atbf1 deficiency caused hyperplasia and mouse prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN) primarily in the dorsal prostate but also in other lobes. Hemizygous deletion of Atbf1 also increased the development of hyperplasia and mPIN, indicating a haploinsufficiency of Atbf1. The mPIN lesions expressed luminal cell markers and harbored molecular changes similar to those in human PIN and prostate cancer, including weaker expression of basal cell marker cytokeratin 5 (Ck5), cell adhesion protein E-cadherin, and the smooth muscle layer marker Sma; elevated expression of the oncoproteins phospho-Erk1/2, phospho-Akt and Muc1; and aberrant protein glycosylation. Gene expression profiling revealed a large number of genes that were dysregulated by Atbf1 deletion, particularly those that encode for secretory and cell membrane proteins. The four signaling networks that were most affected by Atbf1 deletion included those centered on Erk1/2 and IGF1, Akt and FSH, NF-κB and progesterone and β-estradiol. These findings provide in vivo evidence that ATBF1 is a tumor suppressor in the prostate, suggest that loss of Atbf1 contributes to tumorigenesis by dysregulating membrane and secretory proteins and multiple signaling pathways, and provide a new animal model for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Xiaoying Fu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322; Department of Pathology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Henry F Frierson
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Xiaokun Ding
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Tongzhong Ju
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Jin-Tang Dong
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322.
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Sun X, Li J, Dong FN, Dong JT. Characterization of nuclear localization and SUMOylation of the ATBF1 transcription factor in epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92746. [PMID: 24651376 PMCID: PMC3961433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ATBF1/ZFHX3 is a large transcription factor that functions in development, tumorigenesis and other biological processes. ATBF1 is normally localized in the nucleus, but is often mislocalized in the cytoplasm in cancer cells. The mechanism underlying the mislocalization of ATBF1 is unknown. In this study, we analyzed the nuclear localization of ATBF1, and found that ectopically expressed ATBF1 formed nuclear body (NB)-like dots in the nucleus, some of which indeed physically associated with promyelocytic leukemia (PML) NBs. We also defined a 3-amino acid motif, KRK2615-2617, as the nuclear localization signal (NLS) for ATBF1. Interestingly, diffusely distributed nuclear SUMO1 proteins were sequestered into ATBF1 dots, which could be related to ATBF1's physical association with PML NBs, known SUMOylation hotspots. Furthermore, ATBF1 itself was SUMOylated. ATBF1 SUMOylation occurred at more than 3 lysine residues including K2349, K2806 and K3258 and was nuclear specific. Finally, the PIAS3 SUMO1 E3 ligase, which interacts with ATBF1 directly, diminished rather than enhanced ATBF1 SUMOylation, preventing the co-localization of ATBF1 with SUMO1 in the nucleus. These findings suggest that nuclear localization and SUMOylation are important for the transcription factor function of ATBF1, and that ATBF1 could cooperate with PML NBs to regulate protein SUMOylation in different biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Sun
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jie Li
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Frederick N. Dong
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Oestrogen causes ATBF1 protein degradation through the oestrogen-responsive E3 ubiquitin ligase EFP. Biochem J 2012; 444:581-90. [PMID: 22452784 DOI: 10.1042/bj20111890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously that the tumour suppressor ATBF1 (AT motif-binding factor 1) formed an autoregulatory feedback loop with oestrogen-ERα (oestrogen receptor α) signalling to regulate oestrogen-dependent cell proliferation in breast cancer cells. In this loop ATBF1 inhibits the function of oestrogen-ERα signalling, whereas ATBF1 protein levels are fine-tuned by oestrogen-induced transcriptional up-regulation as well as UPP (ubiquitin-proteasome pathway)-mediated protein degradation. In the present study we show that EFP (oestrogen-responsive finger protein) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase mediating oestrogen-induced ATBF1 protein degradation. Knockdown of EFP increases ATBF1 protein levels, whereas overexpression of EFP decreases ATBF1 protein levels. EFP interacts with and ubiquitinates ATBF1 protein. Furthermore, we show that EFP is an important factor in oestrogen-induced ATBF1 protein degradation in which some other factors are also involved. In human primary breast tumours the levels of ATBF1 protein are positively correlated with the levels of EFP protein, as both are directly up-regulated ERα target gene products. However, the ratio of ATBF1 protein to EFP protein is negatively correlated with EFP protein levels. Functionally, ATBF1 antagonizes EFP-mediated cell proliferation. These findings not only establish EFP as the E3 ubiquitin ligase for oestrogen-induced ATBF1 protein degradation, but further support the autoregulatory feedback loop between ATBF1 and oestrogen-ERα signalling and thus implicate ATBF1 in oestrogen-dependent breast development and carcinogenesis.
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Sun X, Li J, Sica G, Fan SQ, Wang Y, Chen Z, Muller S, Chen ZG, Fu X, Dong XY, Guo P, Shin DM, Dong JT. Interruption of nuclear localization of ATBF1 during the histopathologic progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2012; 35:1007-14. [PMID: 22791392 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The AT-motif binding factor 1 (ATBF1) gene is frequently altered at the genetic level in several types of cancer, but its protein expression and subcellular localization have not been well studied in human cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). METHODS ATBF1 expression and localization were examined in 5 cell lines and 197 clinical specimens of HNSCC, and correlated with pathologic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS ATBF1 was predominantly localized in the nucleus of hyperplastic squamous epithelium. Whereas nuclear ATBF1 dramatically decreased in invasive tumors (p = .0012), cytoplasmic ATBF1 levels progressively increased from dysplasia to invasive tumors (p < .0001), and the increase correlated with poor survival. Reduced nuclear ATBF1 level was also detected in HNSCC cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Nuclear localization of ATBF1 is frequently interrupted in HNSCC, and the interruption is significantly associated with the progression of HNSCC. The cytoplasmic ATBF1 level could be useful for predicting patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Sun X, Fu X, Li J, Xing C, Martin DW, Zhang HH, Chen Z, Dong JT. Heterozygous deletion of Atbf1 by the Cre-loxP system in mice causes preweaning mortality. Genesis 2012; 50:819-27. [PMID: 22644989 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
ATBF1 is a large nuclear protein that contains multiple zinc-finger motifs and four homeodomains. In mammals, ATBF1 regulates differentiation, and its mutation and/or downregulation is involved in tumorigenesis in several organs. To gain more insight into the physiological functions of ATBF1, we generated and validated a conditional allele of mouse Atbf1 in which exons 7 and 8 were flanked by loxP sites (Atbf1(flox) ). Germline deletion of a single Atbf1 allele was achieved by breeding to EIIa-cre transgenic mice, and Atbf1 heterozygous mice displayed reduced body weight, preweaning mortality, increased cell proliferation, and attenuated cytokeratin 18 expression, indicating haploinsufficiency of Atbf1. Floxed Atbf1 mice will help us understand such biological processes as neuronal differentiation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Orloff M, Peterson C, He X, Ganapathi S, Heald B, Yang YR, Bebek G, Romigh T, Song JH, Wu W, David S, Cheng Y, Meltzer SJ, Eng C. Germline mutations in MSR1, ASCC1, and CTHRC1 in patients with Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. JAMA 2011; 306:410-9. [PMID: 21791690 PMCID: PMC3574553 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Barrett esophagus (BE) occurs in 1% to 10% of the general population and is believed to be the precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). The incidence of EAC has increased 350% in the last 3 decades without clear etiology. Finding predisposition genes may improve premorbid risk assessment, genetic counseling, and management. Genome-wide multiplatform approaches may lead to the identification of genes important in BE/EAC development. OBJECTIVE To identify risk alleles or mutated genes associated with BE/EAC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Model-free linkage analyses of 21 concordant-affected sibling pairs with BE/EAC and 11 discordant sibling pairs (2005-2006). Significant germline genomic regions in independent prospectively accrued series of 176 white patients with BE/EAC and 200 ancestry-matched controls (2007-2010) were validated and fine mapped. Integrating data from these significant genomic regions with somatic gene expression data from 19 BE/EAC tissues yielded 12 "priority" candidate genes for mutation analysis (2010). Genes that showed mutations in cases but not in controls were further screened in an independent prospectively accrued validation series of 58 cases (2010). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Identification of germline mutations in genes associated with BE/EAC cases. Functional interrogation of the most commonly mutated gene. RESULTS Three major genes, MSR1, ASCC1, and CTHRC1 were associated with BE/EAC (all P < .001). In addition, 13 patients (11.2%) with BE/EAC carried germline mutations in MSR1, ASCC1, or CTHRC1. MSR1 was the most frequently mutated, with 8 of 116 (proportion, 0.069; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.030-0.130; P < .001) cases with c.877C>T (p.R293X). An independent validation series confirmed germline MSR1 mutations in 2 of 58 cases (proportion, 0.035; 95% CI, 0.004-0.120; P = .09). MSR1 mutation resulted in CCND1 up-regulation in peripheral-protein lysate. Immunohistochemistry of BE tissues in MSR1-mutation carriers showed increased nuclear expression of CCND1. CONCLUSION MSR1 was significantly associated with the presence of BE/EAC in derivation and validation samples, although it was only present in a small percentage of the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Orloff
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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11
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Dong XY, Guo P, Sun X, Li Q, Dong JT. Estrogen up-regulates ATBF1 transcription but causes its protein degradation in estrogen receptor-alpha-positive breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:13879-90. [PMID: 21367855 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.187849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper level of estrogen-estrogen receptor (ER) signaling is important for the maintenance of epithelial homeostasis in the breast. In a previous study we demonstrated that ATBF1, which has been suggested as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer, inhibited estrogen-mediated cell proliferation by selectively competing with AIB1 for binding to the ER. However, the expression of ATBF1 mRNA was shown to positively correlate with ER in breast cancer specimens. We, therefore, examined whether estrogen regulates ATBF1. We demonstrated that estrogen up-regulated the transcription of ATBF1, which was mediated by the direct binding of the ER onto the ATBF1 promoter, and that a half-estrogen-responsive element in the ATBF1 promoter was essential for ER direct binding. Furthermore, we found that estrogen at lower levels increased, but at higher levels decreased the expression of ATBF1 protein, which involved the degradation of ATBF1 protein by the estrogen-responsive proteasome system. ATBF1 protein levels fluctuate with estrogen levels. Although lower levels of estrogen increased ATBF1 protein expression, ATBF1 still inhibited cell proliferation caused by lower levels of estrogen. These findings not only reveal an autoregulatory feedback loop between ATBF1 and estrogen-ER signaling but also suggest that ATBF1 plays a role in both the maintenance of breast epithelial homeostasis and breast tumorigenesis caused by elevated estrogen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yuan Dong
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Dong XY, Sun X, Guo P, Li Q, Sasahara M, Ishii Y, Dong JT. ATBF1 inhibits estrogen receptor (ER) function by selectively competing with AIB1 for binding to the ER in ER-positive breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:32801-32809. [PMID: 20720010 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.128330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of the q22 band of chromosome 16 is a frequent genetic event in breast cancer, and the candidate tumor suppressor gene, ATBF1, has been implicated in breast cancer by genomic deletion, transcriptional down-regulation, and association with better prognostic parameters. In addition, estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer expresses a higher level of ATBF1, suggesting a role of ATBF1 in ER-positive breast cancer. In this study, we examined whether and how ATBF1 affects the ER function in breast cancer cells. We found that ATBF1 inhibited ER-mediated gene transcription, cell growth, and proliferation in ER-positive breast cancer cells. In vitro and in vivo immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that ATBF1 interacted physically with the ER and that multiple domains in both ATBF1 and ER proteins mediated the interaction. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ATBF1 inhibited ER function by selectively competing with the steroid receptor coactivator AIB1 but not GRIP1 or SRC1 for binding to the ER. These findings not only support the concept that ATBF1 plays a tumor-suppressive role in breast cancer, they also provide a mechanism for how ATBF1 functions as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yuan Dong
- From the Winship Cancer Institute and Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- From the Winship Cancer Institute and Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Peng Guo
- From the Winship Cancer Institute and Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Qunna Li
- From the Winship Cancer Institute and Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Masakiyo Sasahara
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoko Ishii
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- From the Winship Cancer Institute and Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.
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Kai K, Zhang Z, Yamashita H, Yamamoto Y, Miura Y, Iwase H. Loss of heterozygosity at the ATBF1-A locus located in the 16q22 minimal region in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:262. [PMID: 18796146 PMCID: PMC2564977 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on the long arm of chromosome 16 is one of the most frequent genetic events in solid tumors. Recently, the AT-motif binding factor 1 (ATBF1)-A gene, which has been assigned to chromosome 16q22.3-23.1, was identified as a plausible candidate for tumor suppression in solid tumors due to its functional inhibition of cell proliferation and high mutation rate in prostate cancer. We previously reported that a reduction in ATBF1-A mRNA levels correlated with a worse prognosis in breast cancer. However, the mechanisms regulating the reduction of ATBF1-A mRNA levels (such as mutation, methylation in the promoter region, or deletion spanning the coding region) have not been fully examined. In addition, few studies have analyzed LOH status at the ATBF1-A locus, located in the 16q22 minimal region. Methods Profiles of ATBF1-A mRNA levels that we previously reported for 127 cases were used. In this study, breast cancer specimens as well as autologous blood samples were screened for LOH using 6 polymorphic microsatellite markers spanning chromosome band 16q22. For mutational analysis, we selected 12 cases and analyzed selected spots in the ATBF1-A coding region at which mutations have been frequently reported in prostate cancer. Results Forty-three cases that yielded clear profiles of LOH status at both D16S3106 and D16S3018 microsatellites, nearest to the location of the ATBF1-A gene, were regarded as informative and were classified into two groups: LOH (22 cases) and retention of heterozygosity (21 cases). Comparative assessment of the ATBF1-A mRNA levels according to LOH status at the ATBF1-A locus demonstrated no relationship between them. In the 12 cases screened for mutational analysis, there were no somatic mutations with amino acid substitution or frameshift; however, two germ line alterations with possible polymorphisms were observed. Conclusion These findings imply that ATBF1-A mRNA levels are regulated at the transcriptional stage, but not by genetic mechanisms, deletions (LOH), or mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuharu Kai
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Abstract
The integrity of genomic DNA is challenged by genotoxic stress originating during normal cellular metabolism or by external insults. Cellular responses to DNA damage involve elegant checkpoint cascades enforcing cell cycle arrest, damage repair, apoptosis or cellular senescence. The loss or alterations of genes involved in the damage response pathways have been reported in many cancer susceptibility syndromes and in sporadic tumors. Furthermore, this surveillance pathway is activated during early tumourigenesis presumably due to uncontrolled replicative cycles and has been recognized as one of the main barriers against the development of cancer. This review discusses the relevance of prostatic epithelial cells in prostate tumourigenesis and highlights common molecular changes associated with prostate cancer. Furthermore, DNA damage responses of primary cultures of human prostatic epithelial cells and fresh human prostate tissues are discussed providing evidence for alterations in crucial DNA damage checkpoint molecules. New insights connecting prostate tumourigenesis to alterations and defects in the pathways maintaining genomic integrity will be discussed.
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Cleton-Jansen AM, van Eijk R, Lombaerts M, Schmidt MK, Van't Veer LJ, Philippo K, Zimmerman RME, Peterse JL, Smit VTBHM, van Wezel T, Cornelisse CJ. ATBF1 and NQO1 as candidate targets for allelic loss at chromosome arm 16q in breast cancer: absence of somatic ATBF1 mutations and no role for the C609T NQO1 polymorphism. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:105. [PMID: 18416817 PMCID: PMC2377272 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at chromosome arm 16q is frequently observed in human breast cancer, suggesting that one or more target tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) are located there. However, detailed mapping of the smallest region of LOH has not yet resulted in the identification of a TSG at 16q. Therefore, the present study attempted to identify TSGs using an approach based on mRNA expression. Methods A cDNA microarray for the 16q region was constructed and analyzed using RNA samples from 39 breast tumors with known LOH status at 16q. Results Five genes were identified to show lower expression in tumors with LOH at 16q compared to tumors without LOH. The genes for NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone (NQO1) and AT-binding transcription factor 1 (ATBF1) were further investigated given their functions as potential TSGs. NQO1 has been implicated in carcinogenesis due to its role in quinone detoxification and in stabilization of p53. One inactive polymorphic variant of NQO1 encodes a product showing reduced enzymatic activity. However, we did not find preferential targeting of the active NQO1 allele in tumors with LOH at 16q. Immunohistochemical analysis of 354 invasive breast tumors revealed that NQO1 protein expression in a subset of breast tumors is higher than in normal epithelium, which contradicts its proposed role as a tumor suppressor gene. ATBF1 has been suggested as a target for LOH at 16q in prostate cancer. We analyzed the entire coding sequence in 48 breast tumors, but did not identify somatic sequence changes. We did find several in-frame insertions and deletions, two variants of which were reported to be somatic pathogenic mutations in prostate cancer. Here, we show that these variants are also present in the germline in 2.5% of 550 breast cancer patients and 2.9% of 175 healthy controls. This indicates that the frequency of these variants is not increased in breast cancer patients. Moreover, there is no preferential LOH of the wildtype allele in breast tumors. Conclusion Two likely candidate TSGs at 16q in breast cancer, NQO1 and ATBF1, were identified here as showing reduced expression in tumors with 16q LOH, but further analysis indicated that they are not target genes of LOH. Furthermore, our results call into question the validity of the previously reported pathogenic variants of the ATBF1 gene.
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Kim CJ, Song JH, Cho YG, Cao Z, Lee YS, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Down-regulation of ATBF1 is a major inactivating mechanism in hepatocellular carcinoma. Histopathology 2008; 52:552-9. [PMID: 18312352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2008.02980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) is frequently detected in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and AT motif binding factor 1 (ATBF1) down-regulates AFP gene expression in hepatic cells. The ATBF1 gene also inhibits cell growth and differentiation, and altered gene expression is associated with malignant transformation. The aim was to investigate the potential role of the ATBF1 gene in HCCs. METHODS AND RESULTS Somatic mutations, allelic loss and hypermethylation of the ATBF1 gene were analysed in 76 sporadic HCCs. The level of ATBF-1 mRNA expression was analysed using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Genetic studies of the ATBF1 gene revealed absence of somatic mutation in the hotspot region and 15 (25%) of 60 informative cases showed allelic loss at the ATBF1 locus. Hypermethylation in the intron 1 region of the ATBF1 gene was detected in only one case. Interestingly, ATBF1 mRNA expression in HCCs was significantly reduced in 55 (72.4%) samples compared with the corresponding surrounding liver tissues. Reduced expression was not statistically associated with clinicopathological parameters including stage, histological grade, infective virus type, and serum alpha-fetoprotein level. CONCLUSIONS The ATBF1 gene may contribute to the development of HCCs via transcriptional down-regulation of mRNA expression, but not by genetic or epigenetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Cho YG, Song JH, Kim CJ, Lee YS, Kim SY, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Genetic alterations of the ATBF1 gene in gastric cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:4355-9. [PMID: 17671116 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-producing gastric cancers are aggressive tumors with venous and lymphatic invasion and hepatic metastasis. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether somatic changes of the AFP-negative regulator AT motif binding factor-1 (ATBF1) gene are involved in the development or progression of gastric cancers and the production of AFP in gastric cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We searched for genetic alterations of the ATBF1 gene by single-strand conformational polymorphism and sequencing methods as well as allelic loss analysis with the microsatellite markers D16S3066 and D16S3139. Immunochemistry for AFP expression in gastric cancer cells was also done. RESULTS In 81 sporadic gastric cancers, four mutations were detected in seven cases: one was a missense mutation and three were deletions; loss of heterozygosity at the ATBF1 locus was detected in 52.9% of informative samples. Five of the eight cancers with AFP expression showed ATBF1 genetic alterations. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that genetic alteration of the ATBF1 gene may contribute to the aggressive nature of gastric cancers and the production of AFP in gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gu Cho
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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