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Zhang H, Wang Y, Hu L, Cong J, Xu Z, Chen X, Rao S, Li M, Shen Z, Mauck J, Loor JJ, Yang Z, Mao Y. Potential Role of Lauric Acid in Milk Fat Synthesis in Chinese Holstein Cows Based on Integrated Analysis of Ruminal Microbiome and Metabolome. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1493. [PMID: 38791709 PMCID: PMC11117337 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The composition and metabolic profile of the ruminal microbiome have an impact on milk composition. To unravel the ruminal microbiome and metabolome affecting milk fat synthesis in dairy cows, 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene sequencing, as well as ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) methods were used to investigate the significant differences in ruminal bacterial and fungal communities as well as metabolome among Chinese Holstein cows with contrasting milk fat contents under the same diet (H-MF 5.82 ± 0.41% vs. L-MF 3.60 ± 0.12%). Another objective was to culture bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) to assess the effect of metabolites on lipid metabolism. Results showed that the acetate-to-propionate ratio and xylanase activity in ruminal fluid were both higher in H-MF. Microbiome sequencing identified 10 types of bacteria and four types of fungi differently abundant at the genus level. Metabolomics analysis indicated 11 different ruminal metabolites between the two groups, the majority of which were lipids and organic acids. Among these, lauric acid (LA) was enriched in fatty acid biosynthesis with its concentration in milk fat of H-MF cows being greater (217 vs. 156 mg per 100 g milk), thus, it was selected for an in vitro study with BMECs. Exogenous LA led to a marked increase in intracellular triglyceride (TG) content and lipid droplet formation, and it upregulated the mRNA abundance of fatty acid uptake and activation (CD36 and ACSL1), TG synthesis (DGAT1, DGAT2 and GPAM), and transcriptional regulation (SREBP1) genes. Taken together, the greater relative abundance of xylan-fermenting bacteria and fungi, and lower abundance of bacteria suppressing short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria or participating in fatty acid hydrogenation altered lipids and organic acids in the rumen of dairy cows. In BMECs, LA altered the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism in mammary cells, ultimately promoting milk fat synthesis. Thus, it appears that this fatty acid plays a key role in milk fat synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.Z.)
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.Z.)
| | - Liping Hu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.Z.)
| | - Jiahe Cong
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.Z.)
| | - Zhengzhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shengqi Rao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mingxun Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.Z.)
| | - Ziliang Shen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.Z.)
| | - John Mauck
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Zhangping Yang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.Z.)
| | - Yongjiang Mao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.Z.)
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Zhu Y, Fan L, Zhu H, Gong Y, Chi C, Wang Y, Pan J, Dong B, Xue W. Transcriptomic signature defines two subtypes of locally advanced PCa with distinct neoadjuvant therapy benefits. Front Oncol 2023; 13:963411. [PMID: 37265786 PMCID: PMC10229793 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.963411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with locally advanced prostate cancer (LAPCa) received docetaxel-based neoadjuvant chemo-hormonal therapy (NCHT) had better clinical outcomes after surgery compared to neoadjuvant hormonal therapy (NHT) groups, but not all patients experienced favorable clinical outcomes with NCHT, raising the necessity for potential biomarker assessment. The transcriptomic profiling offers a unique opportunity to interrogate the accurate response to NCHT and NHT treatment and to identify the predictive biomarkers for neoadjuvant therapy. Methods The whole transcriptomic profiling was performed on baseline biopsies and surgical tissue specimens from 64 patients with LAPCa at Renji Hospital between 2014 and 2018. Biochemical progression-free survival (bPFS)-based gene-by-treatment interaction effects were used to identify predictive biomarkers for guiding treatment selection. Results Comparing the transcriptome profiling of pre- and post-treatment LAPCa specimens, NHT and NCHT shared 1917 up- and 670 down-regulated DEGs at least 2-fold. Pathway enrichment analysis showed up-regulated pathways in response to NHT and NCHT were both enriched in cytokine receptor interaction pathways, and down-regulated pathways in response to NCHT were enriched in cell cycle pathways. By comprehensive transcriptome profiling of 64 baseline specimens, ten predictive markers were identified. We integrated them into the signature to evaluate the relative benefits of neoadjuvant therapy, which categorizes patients into two subgroups with relative bPFS benefits from either NHCT or NHT. In the high-score (≥ -95.798) group (n = 37), NCHT treatment led to significantly longer bPFS (P< 0.0001), with a clear and early separation of the Kaplan-Meier curves. In the low-score (< -95.798) group (n = 27), NHT also led to significantly longer bPFS (P=0.0025). Conclusions In this study, we proposed the first predictive transcriptomic signature might potentially guide the effective selection of neoadjuvant therapy in LAPCa and might provide precise guidance toward future personalized adjuvant therapy. Trial registration The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Ky2019-087).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Xue
- *Correspondence: Baijun Dong, ; Wei Xue,
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Cardoso HJ, Figueira MI, Carvalho TM, Serra CD, Vaz CV, Madureira PA, Socorro S. Androgens and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol interplay in modulating prostate cancer cell fate and metabolism. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 240:154181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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4
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Lipid Metabolism and Epigenetics Crosstalk in Prostate Cancer. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040851. [PMID: 35215499 PMCID: PMC8874497 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed malignant neoplasm in men in the Western world. Localized low-risk PCa has an excellent prognosis thanks to effective local treatments; however, despite the incorporation of new therapeutic strategies, metastatic PCa remains incurable mainly due to disease heterogeneity and the development of resistance to therapy. The mechanisms underlying PCa progression and therapy resistance are multiple and include metabolic reprogramming, especially in relation to lipid metabolism, as well as epigenetic remodelling, both of which enable cancer cells to adapt to dynamic changes in the tumour. Interestingly, metabolism and epigenetics are interconnected. Metabolism can regulate epigenetics through the direct influence of metabolites on epigenetic processes, while epigenetics can control metabolism by directly or indirectly regulating the expression of metabolic genes. Moreover, epidemiological studies suggest an association between a high-fat diet, which can alter the availability of metabolites, and PCa progression. Here, we review the alterations of lipid metabolism and epigenetics in PCa, before focusing on the mechanisms that connect them. We also discuss the influence of diet in this scenario. This information may help to identify prognostic and predictive biomarkers as well as targetable vulnerabilities.
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5
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Scaglia N, Frontini-López YR, Zadra G. Prostate Cancer Progression: as a Matter of Fats. Front Oncol 2021; 11:719865. [PMID: 34386430 PMCID: PMC8353450 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.719865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced prostate cancer (PCa) represents the fifth cause of cancer death worldwide. Although survival has improved with second-generation androgen signaling and Parp inhibitors, the benefits are not long-lasting, and new therapeutic approaches are sorely needed. Lipids and their metabolism have recently reached the spotlight with accumulating evidence for their role as promoters of PCa development, progression, and metastasis. As a result, interest in targeting enzymes/transporters involved in lipid metabolism is rapidly growing. Moreover, the use of lipogenic signatures to predict prognosis and resistance to therapy has been recently explored with promising results. Despite the well-known association between obesity with PCa lethality, the underlying mechanistic role of diet/obesity-derived metabolites has only lately been unveiled. Furthermore, the role of lipids as energy source, building blocks, and signaling molecules in cancer cells has now been revisited and expanded in the context of the tumor microenvironment (TME), which is heavily influenced by the external environment and nutrient availability. Here, we describe how lipids, their enzymes, transporters, and modulators can promote PCa development and progression, and we emphasize the role of lipids in shaping TME. In a therapeutic perspective, we describe the ongoing efforts in targeting lipogenic hubs. Finally, we highlight studies supporting dietary modulation in the adjuvant setting with the purpose of achieving greater efficacy of the standard of care and of synthetic lethality. PCa progression is "a matter of fats", and the more we understand about the role of lipids as key players in this process, the better we can develop approaches to counteract their tumor promoter activity while preserving their beneficial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Scaglia
- Biochemistry Research Institute of La Plata "Professor Doctor Rodolfo R. Brenner" (INIBIOLP), National University of La Plata/National Council of Scientific and Technical Research of Argentina, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Yesica Romina Frontini-López
- Biochemistry Research Institute of La Plata "Professor Doctor Rodolfo R. Brenner" (INIBIOLP), National University of La Plata/National Council of Scientific and Technical Research of Argentina, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Giorgia Zadra
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia, Italy
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6
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Pliss A, Kuzmin AN, Lita A, Kumar R, Celiku O, Atilla-Gokcumen GE, Gokcumen O, Chandra D, Larion M, Prasad PN. A Single-Organelle Optical Omics Platform for Cell Science and Biomarker Discovery. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8281-8290. [PMID: 34048235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Research in fundamental cell biology and pathology could be revolutionized by developing the capacity for quantitative molecular analysis of subcellular structures. To that end, we introduce the Ramanomics platform, based on confocal Raman microspectrometry coupled to a biomolecular component analysis algorithm, which together enable us to molecularly profile single organelles in a live-cell environment. This emerging omics approach categorizes the entire molecular makeup of a sample into about a dozen of general classes and subclasses of biomolecules and quantifies their amounts in submicrometer volumes. A major contribution of our study is an attempt to bridge Raman spectrometry with big-data analysis in order to identify complex patterns of biomolecules in a single cellular organelle and leverage discovery of disease biomarkers. Our data reveal significant variations in organellar composition between different cell lines. We also demonstrate the merits of Ramanomics for identifying diseased cells by using prostate cancer as an example. We report large-scale molecular transformations in the mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum that accompany the development of prostate cancer. Based on these findings, we propose that Ramanomics datasets in distinct organelles constitute signatures of cellular metabolism in healthy and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Pliss
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics and Department of Chemistry, Natural Science Complex, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Andrey N Kuzmin
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics and Department of Chemistry, Natural Science Complex, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Adrian Lita
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
| | - Orieta Celiku
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - G Ekin Atilla-Gokcumen
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Science Complex, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Omer Gokcumen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cooke Hall, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Dhyan Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
| | - Mioara Larion
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Paras N Prasad
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics and Department of Chemistry, Natural Science Complex, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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7
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Dłubek J, Rysz J, Jabłonowski Z, Gluba-Brzózka A, Franczyk B. The Correlation between Lipid Metabolism Disorders and Prostate Cancer. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2048-2061. [PMID: 32767911 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200806103744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer affecting the male population all over the world. The existence of a correlation between lipid metabolism disorders and cancer of the prostate gland has been widely known for a long time. According to hypotheses, cholesterol may contribute to prostate cancer progression as a result of its participation as a signaling molecule in prostate growth and differentiation via numerous biologic mechanisms including Akt signaling and de novo steroidogenesis. The results of some studies suggest that increased cholesterol levels may be associated with a higher risk of a more aggressive course of the disease. The aforementioned alterations in the synthesis of fatty acids are a unique feature of cancer and, therefore, constitute an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of prostate cancer. Pharmacological or gene therapy aims to reduce the activity of enzymes involved in de novo synthesis of fatty acids, FASN, ACLY (ATP citrate lyase) or SCD-1 (Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase) in particular, that may result in cells growth arrest. Nevertheless, not all cancers are unequivocally associated with hypocholesterolaemia. It cannot be ruled out that the relationship between prostate cancer and lipid disorders is not a direct quantitative correlation between carcinogenesis and the amount of circulating cholesterol. Perhaps the correspondence is more sophisticated and connected to the distribution of cholesterol fractions or even sub-fractions of e.g. HDL cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Dłubek
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Rysz
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Jabłonowski
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Gluba-Brzózka
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Franczyk
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
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8
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Metabolic regulation of prostate cancer heterogeneity and plasticity. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 82:94-119. [PMID: 33290846 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is one of the main hallmarks of cancer cells. It refers to the metabolic adaptations of tumor cells in response to nutrient deficiency, microenvironmental insults, and anti-cancer therapies. Metabolic transformation during tumor development plays a critical role in the continued tumor growth and progression and is driven by a complex interplay between the tumor mutational landscape, epigenetic modifications, and microenvironmental influences. Understanding the tumor metabolic vulnerabilities might open novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches with the potential to improve the efficacy of current tumor treatments. Prostate cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease harboring different mutations and tumor cell phenotypes. While the increase of intra-tumor genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity is associated with tumor progression, less is known about metabolic regulation of prostate cancer cell heterogeneity and plasticity. This review summarizes the central metabolic adaptations in prostate tumors, state-of-the-art technologies for metabolic analysis, and the perspectives for metabolic targeting and diagnostic implications.
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9
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Cardoso HJ, Carvalho TMA, Fonseca LRS, Figueira MI, Vaz CV, Socorro S. Revisiting prostate cancer metabolism: From metabolites to disease and therapy. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:1499-1538. [PMID: 33274768 DOI: 10.1002/med.21766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa), one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide, still presents important unmet clinical needs concerning treatment. In the last years, the metabolic reprogramming and the specificities of tumor cells emerged as an exciting field for cancer therapy. The unique features of PCa cells metabolism, and the activation of specific metabolic pathways, propelled the use of metabolic inhibitors for treatment. The present work revises the knowledge of PCa metabolism and the metabolic alterations that underlie the development and progression of the disease. A focus is given to the role of bioenergetic sources, namely, glucose, lipids, and glutamine sustaining PCa cell survival and growth. Moreover, it is described as the action of oncogenes/tumor suppressors and sex steroid hormones in the metabolic reprogramming of PCa. Finally, the status of PCa treatment based on the inhibition of metabolic pathways is presented. Globally, this review updates the landscape of PCa metabolism, highlighting the critical metabolic alterations that could have a clinical and therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique J Cardoso
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago M A Carvalho
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Lara R S Fonseca
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Marília I Figueira
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cátia V Vaz
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Socorro
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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10
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Mah CY, Nassar ZD, Swinnen JV, Butler LM. Lipogenic effects of androgen signaling in normal and malignant prostate. Asian J Urol 2019; 7:258-270. [PMID: 32742926 PMCID: PMC7385522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is an androgen-dependent cancer with unique metabolic features compared to many other solid tumors, and typically does not exhibit the “Warburg effect”. During malignant transformation, an early metabolic switch diverts the dependence of normal prostate cells on aerobic glycolysis for the synthesis of and secretion of citrate towards a more energetically favorable metabolic phenotype, whereby citrate is actively oxidised for energy and biosynthetic processes (i.e. de novo lipogenesis). It is now clear that lipid metabolism is one of the key androgen-regulated processes in prostate cells and alterations in lipid metabolism are a hallmark of prostate cancer, whereby increased de novo lipogenesis accompanied by overexpression of lipid metabolic genes are characteristic of primary and advanced disease. Despite recent advances in our understanding of altered lipid metabolism in prostate tumorigenesis and cancer progression, the intermediary metabolism of the normal prostate and its relationship to androgen signaling remains poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the fundamental metabolic relationships that are distinctive in normal versus malignant prostate tissues, and the role of androgens in the regulation of lipid metabolism at different stages of prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui Yan Mah
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Zeyad D Nassar
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Johannes V Swinnen
- KU Leuven- University of Leuven, LKI- Leuven Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
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11
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Tousignant KD, Rockstroh A, Taherian Fard A, Lehman ML, Wang C, McPherson SJ, Philp LK, Bartonicek N, Dinger ME, Nelson CC, Sadowski MC. Lipid Uptake Is an Androgen-Enhanced Lipid Supply Pathway Associated with Prostate Cancer Disease Progression and Bone Metastasis. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1166-1179. [PMID: 30808729 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
De novo lipogenesis is a well-described androgen receptor (AR)-regulated metabolic pathway that supports prostate cancer tumor growth by providing fuel, membrane material, and steroid hormone precursor. In contrast, our current understanding of lipid supply from uptake of exogenous lipids and its regulation by AR is limited, and exogenous lipids may play a much more significant role in prostate cancer and disease progression than previously thought. By applying advanced automated quantitative fluorescence microscopy, we provide the most comprehensive functional analysis of lipid uptake in cancer cells to date and demonstrate that treatment of AR-positive prostate cancer cell lines with androgens results in significantly increased cellular uptake of fatty acids, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein particles. Consistent with a direct, regulatory role of AR in this process, androgen-enhanced lipid uptake can be blocked by the AR-antagonist enzalutamide, but is independent of proliferation and cell-cycle progression. This work for the first time comprehensively delineates the lipid transporter landscape in prostate cancer cell lines and patient samples by analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics data, including the plasma membrane proteome. We show that androgen exposure or deprivation regulates the expression of multiple lipid transporters in prostate cancer cell lines and tumor xenografts and that mRNA and protein expression of lipid transporters is enhanced in bone metastatic disease when compared with primary, localized prostate cancer. Our findings provide a strong rationale to investigate lipid uptake as a therapeutic cotarget in the fight against advanced prostate cancer in combination with inhibitors of lipogenesis to delay disease progression and metastasis. IMPLICATIONS: Prostate cancer exhibits metabolic plasticity in acquiring lipids from uptake and lipogenesis at different disease stages, indicating potential therapeutic benefit by cotargeting lipid supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylyn D Tousignant
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anja Rockstroh
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Atefeh Taherian Fard
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melanie L Lehman
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chenwei Wang
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen J McPherson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lisa K Philp
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nenad Bartonicek
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marcel E Dinger
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Colleen C Nelson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin C Sadowski
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
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12
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Akinboye ES, Brennen WN, Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT. Albumin-linked prostate-specific antigen-activated thapsigargin- and niclosamide-based molecular grenades targeting the microenvironment in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Asian J Urol 2018; 6:99-108. [PMID: 30775253 PMCID: PMC6363604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Localized prostate cancer is curable via annihilation of the entire cancer neighborhood by surgery or local radiation. Unfortunately, once metastatic, no available therapy is curative. The vast majority will die despite aggressive systemic combinational androgen-ablation therapies. Thus, there is an urgent need for effective systemic therapeutics that sterilize the entire microenvironment in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). To accomplish this goal, advantage can be taken of the unique biology of mCRPC cells. Like their normal cell of origin, mCRPCs retain expression of the prostate-specific differentiation protein, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), which they abundantly secrete into their extracellular fluid (ECF). This unique, and essentially universal, secretion of enzymatically active PSA into the ECF by mCRPCs creates an exploitable therapeutic index for activation of systemically delivered highly lipophilic toxins as “molecular grenades” covalently linked to cysteine-34 of human serum albumin (HSA) via a stable maleimide containing PSA cleavable peptide such that PSA-dependent hydrolysis (i.e., “detonation”) releases the grenades restrictively within the ECF of mCRPC. This approach decreases dose-limiting host toxicity while enhancing plasma half-life from minutes to days (i.e., pharmacokinetic effect) and increasing the tissue concentration of the maleimide coupled albumin delivery (MAD) in the ECF at sites of cancer due to the enhanced permeability of albumin at these sites (i.e., enhanced permeability and retention effect). This allows the MAD-PSA detonated grenades to circulate throughout the body in a non-toxic form. Only within sites of mCRPC is there a sufficiently high level of enzymatically active PSA to efficiently “pull the pin” on the grenades releasing their lipophilic cell-penetrant toxins from HSA. Thus, if a sufficient level of “detonation” occurs, this will kill mCRPC cells, and sterilize the entire PSA-rich metastatic sites via a bystander effect. In this review, two examples of such MAD-PSA detonated molecular grenades are presented—one based upon thapsigagin and the other on niclosamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel S Akinboye
- Department of Oncology, Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- Department of Oncology, Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Awad D, Pulliam TL, Lin C, Wilkenfeld SR, Frigo DE. Delineation of the androgen-regulated signaling pathways in prostate cancer facilitates the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 41:1-11. [PMID: 29609138 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is initially effective for the treatment of progressive prostate cancer, it inevitably fails due to the onset of diverse resistance mechanisms that restore androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Thus, AR remains a desired therapeutic target even in the relapsed stages of the disease. Given the difficulties in stopping all AR reactivation mechanisms, we propose that the identification of the driver signaling events downstream of the receptor offer viable, alternative therapeutic targets. Here, we summarize recently described, AR-regulated processes that have been demonstrated to promote prostate cancer. By highlighting these signaling events and describing some of the ongoing efforts to pharmacologically modulate these pathways, our goal is to advocate potential new therapeutic targets that would represent an alternative approach for blocking AR actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Awad
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas L Pulliam
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chenchu Lin
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sandi R Wilkenfeld
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel E Frigo
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Molecular Medicine Program, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
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14
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Al Fayi MS, Gou X, Forootan SS, Al-Jameel W, Bao Z, Rudland PR, Cornford PA, Hussain SA, Ke Y. The increased expression of fatty acid-binding protein 9 in prostate cancer and its prognostic significance. Oncotarget 2018; 7:82783-82797. [PMID: 27779102 PMCID: PMC5347732 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to numerous studies conducted to investigate the crucial role of fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) in prostate cancer, investigations on the possible involvement of other FABPs are rare. Here we first measured the mRNA levels of 10 FABPs in benign and malignant prostate cell lines and identified the differentially expressed FABP6 and FABP9 mRNAs whose levels in all malignant cell lines were higher than those in the benign cells. Thereafter we assessed the expression status of FABP6 and FABP9 in both prostate cell lines and in human tissues. FABP6 protein was overexpressed only in 1 of the 5 malignant cell lines and its immunostaining intensities were not significantly different between benign and malignant prostate tissues. In contrast, FABP9 protein was highly expressed in highly malignant cell lines PC-3 and PC3-M, but its level in the benign PNT-2 and other malignant cell lines was not detectable. When analysed in an archival set of human prostate tissues, immunohistochemical staining intensity for FABP9 was significantly higher in carcinomas than in benign cases and the increase in FABP9 was significantly correlated with reduced patient survival times. Moreover, the increased level of staining for FABP9 was significantly associated with the increased joint Gleason scores (GS) and androgen receptor index (AR). Suppression of FABP9 expression in highly malignant PC3-M cells inhibited their invasive potential. Our results suggest that FABP9 is a valuable prognostic marker to predict the outcomes of prostate cancer patients, perhaps by playing an important role in prostate cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Saad Al Fayi
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool University, the Cancer Research Centre Building, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaojun Gou
- Sichuan Antibiotics Industrial Institute, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiva S Forootan
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool University, the Cancer Research Centre Building, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Waseem Al-Jameel
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool University, the Cancer Research Centre Building, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Zhengzheng Bao
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool University, the Cancer Research Centre Building, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philip R Rudland
- Department of Biochemistry, Liverpool University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philip A Cornford
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool University, the Cancer Research Centre Building, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Syed A Hussain
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool University, the Cancer Research Centre Building, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Youqiang Ke
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool University, the Cancer Research Centre Building, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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15
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Butler LM, Centenera MM, Swinnen JV. Androgen control of lipid metabolism in prostate cancer: novel insights and future applications. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:R219-27. [PMID: 27130044 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the most typical hallmarks of prostate cancer cells is their exquisite dependence on androgens, which is the basis of the widely applied androgen deprivation therapy. Among the variety of key cellular processes and functions that are regulated by androgens, lipid metabolism stands out by its complex regulation and its many intricate links with cancer cell biology. Here, we review our current knowledge on the links between androgens and lipid metabolism in prostate cancer, and highlight recent developments and insights into the links between key oncogenic stimuli and altered lipid synthesis and/or uptake that may hold significant potential for biomarker development and provide new vulnerabilities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Butler
- School of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Margaret M Centenera
- School of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Johannes V Swinnen
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and CancerDepartment of Oncology, LKI - Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Dueregger A, Schöpf B, Eder T, Höfer J, Gnaiger E, Aufinger A, Kenner L, Perktold B, Ramoner R, Klocker H, Eder IE. Differential Utilization of Dietary Fatty Acids in Benign and Malignant Cells of the Prostate. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135704. [PMID: 26285134 PMCID: PMC4540467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells adapt via metabolic reprogramming to meet elevated energy demands due to continuous proliferation, for example by switching to alternative energy sources. Nutrients such as glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies and amino acids may be utilized as preferred substrates to fulfill increased energy requirements. In this study we investigated the metabolic characteristics of benign and cancer cells of the prostate with respect to their utilization of medium chain (MCTs) and long chain triglycerides (LCTs) under standard and glucose-starved culture conditions by assessing cell viability, glycolytic activity, mitochondrial respiration, the expression of genes encoding key metabolic enzymes as well as mitochondrial mass and mtDNA content. We report that BE prostate cells (RWPE-1) have a higher competence to utilize fatty acids as energy source than PCa cells (LNCaP, ABL, PC3) as shown not only by increased cell viability upon fatty acid supplementation but also by an increased ß-oxidation of fatty acids, although the base-line respiration was 2-fold higher in prostate cancer cells. Moreover, BE RWPE-1 cells were found to compensate for glucose starvation in the presence of fatty acids. Of notice, these findings were confirmed in vivo by showing that PCa tissue has a lower capacity in oxidizing fatty acids than benign prostate. Collectively, these metabolic differences between benign and prostate cancer cells and especially their differential utilization of fatty acids could be exploited to establish novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dueregger
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Oncotyrol GmbH, Center for Personalized Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernd Schöpf
- Oncotyrol GmbH, Center for Personalized Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Oroboros Instruments, High-Resolution Respirometry, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Theresa Eder
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julia Höfer
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Erich Gnaiger
- Oroboros Instruments, High-Resolution Respirometry, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, D. Swarovski Research Laboratory, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66/6, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Astrid Aufinger
- Clinical Institute for Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Clinical Institute for Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Perktold
- Diätologie, FHG-Zentrum Für Gesundheitsberufe Tirol GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reinhold Ramoner
- Diätologie, FHG-Zentrum Für Gesundheitsberufe Tirol GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helmut Klocker
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Oncotyrol GmbH, Center for Personalized Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Iris E. Eder
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail:
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17
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Bao Z, Malki MI, Forootan SS, Adamson J, Forootan FS, Chen D, Foster CS, Rudland PS, Ke Y. A novel cutaneous Fatty Acid-binding protein-related signaling pathway leading to malignant progression in prostate cancer cells. Genes Cancer 2013; 4:297-314. [PMID: 24167657 DOI: 10.1177/1947601913499155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous fatty acid-binding protein (C-FABP), a cancer promoter and metastasis inducer, is overexpressed in the majority of prostatic carcinomas. Investigation of molecular mechanisms involved in tumor-promoting activity of C-FABP has established that there is a fatty acid-initiated signaling pathway leading to malignant progression of prostatic cancer cells. Increased C-FABP expression plays an important role in this novel signaling pathway. Thus, when C-FABP expression is increased, excessive amounts of fatty acids are transported into the nucleus where they act as signaling molecules to stimulate their nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). The activated PPARγ then modulates the expression of its downstream target regulatory genes, which eventually lead to enhanced tumor expansion and aggressiveness caused by an overgrowth of cells with reduced apoptosis and an increased angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzheng Bao
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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18
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Paschos A, Pandya R, Duivenvoorden WCM, Pinthus JH. Oxidative stress in prostate cancer: changing research concepts towards a novel paradigm for prevention and therapeutics. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2013; 16:217-25. [PMID: 23670256 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2013.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A mounting body of evidence suggests that increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is linked to aging processes and to the etiopathogenesis of aging-related diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis and degenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Excess ROS are deleterious to normal cells, while in cancer cells, they can lead to accelerated tumorigenesis. In prostate cancer (PC), oxidative stress, an innate key event characterized by supraphysiological ROS concentrations, has been identified as one of the hallmarks of the aggressive disease phenotype. Specifically, oxidative stress is associated with PC development, progression and the response to therapy. Nevertheless, a thorough understanding of the relationships between oxidative stress, redox homeostasis and the activation of proliferation and survival pathways in healthy and malignant prostate remains elusive. Moreover, the failure of chemoprevention strategies targeting oxidative stress reduced the level of interest in the field after the recent negative results of the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) trial. Therefore, a revisit of the concept is warranted and several key issues need to be addressed: The consequences of changes in ROS levels with respect to altered redox homeostasis and redox-regulated processes in PC need to be established. Similarly, the key molecular events that cause changes in the generation of ROS in PC and the role for therapeutic strategies aimed at ameliorating oxidative stress need to be identified. Moreover, the issues whether genetic/epigenetic susceptibility for oxidative stress-induced prostatic carcinogenesis is an individual phenomenon and what measurements adequately quantify prostatic oxidative stress are also crucial. Addressing these matters will provide a more rational basis to improve the design of redox-related clinical trials in PC. This review summarizes accepted concepts and principles in redox research, and explores their implications and limitations in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paschos
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University and Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Shi Y, Han JJ, Tennakoon JB, Mehta FF, Merchant FA, Burns AR, Howe MK, McDonnell DP, Frigo DE. Androgens promote prostate cancer cell growth through induction of autophagy. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 27:280-95. [PMID: 23250485 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens regulate both the physiological development of the prostate and the pathology of prostatic diseases. However, the mechanisms by which androgens exert their regulatory activities on these processes are poorly understood. In this study, we have determined that androgens regulate overall cell metabolism and cell growth, in part, by increasing autophagy in prostate cancer cells. Importantly, inhibition of autophagy using either pharmacological or molecular inhibitors significantly abrogated androgen-induced prostate cancer cell growth. Mechanistically, androgen-mediated autophagy appears to promote cell growth by augmenting intracellular lipid accumulation, an effect previously demonstrated to be necessary for prostate cancer cell growth. Further, autophagy and subsequent cell growth is potentiated, in part, by androgen-mediated increases in reactive oxygen species. These findings demonstrate a role for increased fat metabolism and autophagy in prostatic neoplasias and highlight the potential of targeting underexplored metabolic pathways for the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
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