1
|
Chistiakov DA, Myasoedova VA, Melnichenko AA, Grechko AV, Orekhov AN. Role of androgens in cardiovascular pathology. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2018; 14:283-290. [PMID: 30410343 PMCID: PMC6198881 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s173259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular effects of android hormones in normal and pathological conditions can lead to either positive or negative effects. The reason for this variation is unknown, but may be influenced by gender-specific effects of androids, heterogeneity of the vascular endothelium, differential expression of the androgen receptor in endothelial cells (ECs) and route of androgen administration. Generally, androgenic hormones are beneficial for ECs because these hormones induce nitric oxide production, proliferation, motility, and growth of ECs and inhibit inflammatory activation and induction of procoagulant, and adhesive properties in ECs. This indeed prevents endothelial dysfunction, an essential initial step in the development of vascular pathologies, including atherosclerosis. However, androgens can also activate endothelial production of some vasoconstrictors, which can have detrimental effects on the vascular endothelium. Androgens also activate proliferation, migration, and recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), thereby contributing to vascular repair and restoration of the endothelial layer. In this paper, we consider effects of androgen hormones on EC and EPC function in physiological and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Neurochemistry, Division of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Veronika A Myasoedova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia,
| | - Alexandra A Melnichenko
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia,
| | - Andrey V Grechko
- Federal Scientific Clinical Center for Resuscitation and Rehabilitation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia, .,Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Androgen actions on endothelium functions and cardiovascular diseases. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2016; 13:183-96. [PMID: 27168746 PMCID: PMC4854959 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The roles of androgens on cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology are controversial as both beneficial and detrimental effects have been reported. Although the reasons for this discrepancy are unclear, multiple factors such as genetic and epigenetic variation, sex-specificity, hormone interactions, drug preparation and route of administration may contribute. Recently, growing evidence suggests that androgens exhibit beneficial effects on cardiovascular function though the mechanism remains to be elucidated. Endothelial cells (ECs) which line the interior surface of blood vessels are distributed throughout the circulatory system, and play a crucial role in cardiovascular function. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are considered an indispensable element for the reconstitution and maintenance of an intact endothelial layer. Endothelial dysfunction is regarded as an initiating step in development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. The modulation of endothelial functions by androgens through either genomic or nongenomic signal pathways is one possible mechanism by which androgens act on the cardiovascular system. Obtaining insight into the mechanisms by which androgens affect EC and EPC functions will allow us to determine whether androgens possess beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. This in turn may be critical in the prevention and therapy of cardiovascular diseases. This article seeks to review recent progress in androgen regulation of endothelial function, the sex-specificity of androgen actions, and its clinical applications in the cardiovascular system.
Collapse
|
3
|
Wen J, Zhao Y, Li J, Weng C, Cai J, Yang K, Yuan H, Imperato-McGinley J, Zhu YS. Suppression of DHT-induced paracrine stimulation of endothelial cell growth by estrogens via prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2013; 73:1069-81. [PMID: 23423946 PMCID: PMC3923318 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen modulation of angiogenesis in prostate cancer may be not directly mediated by androgen receptor (AR) as AR is not detected in the prostatic endothelial cells. METHODS We examined the paracrine stimulation of cell proliferation by prostate tumor cells and its modulation by androgen and estrogens in a murine endothelial cell line (MEC) that does not express AR. RESULTS Tumor cell conditioned media (TCM) collected from LAPC-4 or LNCaP prostatic tumor cells produced a time- and concentration-dependent induction of cell growth in MECs, which was parallel to the VEGF concentration in the TCM. This TCM-induced cell growth in MECs was enhanced by the treatment of prostatic tumor cells with dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Both the TCM-stimulation and DHT-enhancement effects in MECs were completely blocked by SU5416, a specific VEGF receptor antagonist. Co-administration of 17α-estradiol or 17β-estradiol with DHT in prostatic tumor cells completely inhibited the DHT-enhancement effect while treatment with DHT, 17α-estradiol or 17β-estradiol did not produce any significant direct effect in MECs. Moreover, administration of 17α-estradiol or 17β-estradiol in xenograft animals with LAPC-4 or LNCaP prostate tumor significantly decreased the microvessel number in the tumor tissues. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicated that prostate tumor cells regulate endothelial cell growth through a paracrine mechanism, which is mainly mediated by VEGF; and DHT is able to modulate endothelial cell growth via tumor cells, which is inhibited by 17α-estradiol and 17β-estradiol. Thus, both17α-estradiol and 17β-estradiol are potential agents for anti-angiogenesis therapy in androgen-responsive prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wen
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical
College, NewYork, NewYork
- The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South
University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical
College, NewYork, NewYork
| | - Jinghe Li
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical
College, NewYork, NewYork
| | - Chunyan Weng
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical
College, NewYork, NewYork
- The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South
University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical
College, NewYork, NewYork
- The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South
University, Changsha, China
| | - Kan Yang
- Department of Cardiology of the Third Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South
University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Yuan-Shan Zhu
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical
College, NewYork, NewYork
- The Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South
University, Changsha, China
- Correspondence to: Yuan-Shan Zhu, Department of Medicine, Weill
Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 149, New York, NY 10065.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
WENG CHUNYAN, CAI JINGJING, WEN JUAN, YUAN HONG, YANG KAN, IMPERATO-McGINLEY JULIANNE, ZHU YUANSHAN. Differential effects of estrogen receptor ligands on regulation of dihydrotestosterone-induced cell proliferation in endothelial and prostate cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:327-37. [PMID: 23135751 PMCID: PMC3583656 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy of prostate cancer with estrogens shows significant cardiovascular side-effects. To develop effective prostate cancer therapeutic agent(s) with minimal cardiovascular side-effects, we compared the effects of various estrogen receptor (ER) ligands on the modulation of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) actions in LAPC-4 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells and human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). DHT stimulated the proliferation of HAEC, LAPC-4 and LNCaP cells and induced PSA mRNA expression in LAPC-4 cells. These DHT actions were differentially modulated by ER ligands in a cell-dependent manner. In LAPC-4 cells, knockdown of ERβ expression partially eliminated the βE2 inhibition of DHT-induced LAPC-4 cell proliferation, and a parallel change was observed between ER ligand modulation of DHT-induced cell proliferation and cyclin A expression. The obtained data suggest that it is feasible to develop effective agent(s) for prostate cancer therapy with minimal cardiovascular side-effects and 17α-estradiol and genistein are such potential agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - JINGJING CAI
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065,
USA
- The Center of Clinical Pharmacology
| | - JUAN WEN
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065,
USA
- The Center of Clinical Pharmacology
| | | | - KAN YANG
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital
| | | | - YUAN-SHAN ZHU
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065,
USA
- The Center of Clinical Pharmacology
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha,
P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cai LQ, Cai J, Wu W, Zhu YS. 17α-Estradiol and Genistein Inhibit High Fat Diet Induced Prostate Gene Expression and Prostate Growth in the Rat. J Urol 2011; 186:1489-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qun Cai
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Wendy Wu
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Yuan-Shan Zhu
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cai J, Cai LQ, Hong Y, Zhu YS. Functional characterisation of a natural androgen receptor missense mutation (N771H) causing human androgen insensitivity syndrome. Andrologia 2011; 44 Suppl 1:523-9. [PMID: 21950590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2011.01219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is an X-linked disorder due to mutations of androgen receptor (AR) gene. Various AR mutations have been identified, and the characterisation of these mutations greatly facilitates our understanding of AR structure-function. In this study, we have analysed an AR missense mutation (N771H) identified in patients with AIS. Functional analysis of the mutant AR was performed by in vitro mutagenesis-cotransfection assays. Compared to the wild-type AR, the dose-response curve of dihydrotestosterone-induced transactivation activity in the mutant AR was greatly shifted to the right and significantly decreased. However, the maximal efficacy of transactivation activity in the mutant AR was similar to that of the wild type. Receptor binding assay indicated that the mutant AR had an approximately 2.5-fold lower binding affinity to dihydrotestosterone compared to the wild type. Western blot analysis showed that the size and the expression level of mutant AR in transfected cells were comparable to the wild type. These data underscore the importance of asparagine at amino acid position 771 of human AR in normal ligand binding and normal receptor function, and a mutation at this position results in androgen insensitivity in affected subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Cai
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cai J, Hong Y, Weng C, Tan C, Imperato-McGinley J, Zhu YS. Androgen stimulates endothelial cell proliferation via an androgen receptor/VEGF/cyclin A-mediated mechanism. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 300:H1210-21. [PMID: 21257919 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01210.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidences support that androgen displays beneficial effects on cardiovascular functions although the mechanism of androgen actions remains to be elucidated. Modulation of endothelial cell growth and function is a potential mechanism of androgen actions. We demonstrated in the present study that androgens [dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone], but not 17β-estradiol, produced a time- and dose-dependent induction of cell proliferation in primary human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) as evident by increases in viable cell number and DNA biosynthesis. Real-time qRT-PCR analysis showed that DHT induced androgen receptor (AR), cyclin A, cyclin D1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The addition of casodex, a specific AR antagonist, or transfection of a specific AR siRNA blocked DHT-induced cell proliferation and target gene expression, indicating that the DHT effects are mediated via AR. Moreover, coadministration of SU5416 to block VEGF receptors, or transfection of a specific VEGF-A siRNA to knockdown VEGF expression, produced a dose-dependent blockade of DHT induction of cell proliferation and cyclin A gene expression. Interestingly, roscovitine, a selective cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, also blocked the DHT stimulation of cell proliferation with a selective inhibition of DHT-induced VEGF-A expression. These results indicate that androgens acting on AR stimulate cell proliferation through upregulation of VEGF-A, cyclin A, and cyclin D1 in HAECs, which may be beneficial to cardiovascular functions since endothelial cell proliferation could assist the repair of endothelial injury/damage in cardiovascular system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cai
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Qiao Y, Wang L, Cai LQ, Tan C, Imperato-McGinley J, Zhu YS. Inhibition of aberrant androgen receptor induction of prostate specific antigen gene expression, cell proliferation and tumor growth by 17α-estradiol in prostate cancer. J Urol 2011; 185:305-14. [PMID: 21075385 PMCID: PMC3039213 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Androgen independent prostate cancer growth and metastasis are a major cause of prostate cancer death. Aberrant androgen receptor activation due to androgen receptor mutation is an important mechanism of androgen independence. We determined the effectiveness and mechanism of 17α-estradiol (Sigma®) in blocking aberrant androgen receptor activation due to androgen receptor mutation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used LNCaP and MDA Pca-2b prostatic tumor cells (ATCC®) containing a mutated androgen receptor and WT estrogen receptor β to test 17α-estradiol inhibition of aberrant androgen receptor activation of prostate specific antigen gene expression and cell growth. Cotransfection analysis was used to further elucidate the mechanism of 17α-estradiol action. Xenograft animals with an LNCaP prostate tumor were prepared to study the in vivo effect of 17α-estradiol on tumor growth inhibition. RESULTS In LNCaP cells 17α-estradiol produced a dose dependent inhibition of cyproterone acetate (Sigma) or dihydrotestosterone induced prostate specific antigen gene expression. In MDA Pca-2b cells 17α-estradiol inhibited cortisol (Sigma) induced prostate specific antigen expression and blocked dihydrotestosterone and cortisol induced cell proliferation in LNCaP and MDA Pca-2b cells, respectively. Cotransfection analysis showed that 17α-estradiol inhibition of aberrant androgen receptor activation of prostate specific antigen gene expression was medicated via estrogen receptors. In xenograft mice with LNCaP prostate cancer 17α-estradiol but not 17β-estradiol (Sigma) significantly inhibited tumor growth, although each estrogen tended to decrease tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that 17α-estradiol with less classic estrogenic activity is a potential therapeutic agent for androgen independent prostate cancer due to androgen receptor mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Qiao
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lopez-Barcons LA. Serially heterotransplanted human prostate tumours as an experimental model. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14:1385-95. [PMID: 19874422 PMCID: PMC3829006 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
* Introduction * Serially heterotransplanted human tumours in immunosuppressed mice: similarity to the tumour of origin - Cytological and histological analysis - Karyotype - Marker expression - Other PC markers - Tumour cell proliferation and frequency of mitosis - Vasculature - Stromal compartment - Heterotransplant hormone dependency - Androgen dependent - Partially androgen dependent - Androgen independent - Metastases * Conclusions Preclinical research on prostate cancer (PC) therapies uses several models to represent the human disease accurately. A common model uses patient prostate tumour biopsies to develop a cell line by serially passaging and subsequent implantation, in immunodeficient mice. An alternative model is direct implantation of patient prostate tumour biopsies into immunodeficient mice, followed by serial passage in vivo. The purpose of this review is to compile data from the more than 30 years of human PC serial heterotransplantation research. Serially heterotransplanted tumours are characterized by evaluating the histopathology of the resulting heterotransplants, including cellular differentiation, karyotype, marker expression, hormone sensitivity, cellular proliferation, metastatic potential and stromal and vascular components. These data are compared with the initial patient tumour specimen and, depending on available information, the patient's clinical outcome was compared with the heterotransplanted tumour. The heterotansplant model is a more accurate preclinical model than older generation serially passaged or genetic models to investigate current and newly developed androgen-deprivation agents, antitumour compounds, anti-angiogenic drugs and positron emission tomography radiotracers, as well as new therapeutic regimens for the treatment of PC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lluis-A Lopez-Barcons
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhu YS, Imperato-McGinley JL. 5alpha-reductase isozymes and androgen actions in the prostate. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1155:43-56. [PMID: 19250191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Androgens acting via the androgen receptor play critical roles in prostate development, growth, and pathogenesis. There are two potent androgens, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), in humans and mammals. DHT is converted from testosterone by 5alpha-reductase isozymes. Two 5alpha-reductase isozymes have been identified. Although both isozymes are expressed, 5alpha-reductase-2 is the predominant isozyme in the human prostate. Mutations in 5alpha-reductase-2 gene cause the 5alpha-reductase-2 deficiency syndrome. Affected 46, XY individuals have a small, nonpalpable, and rudimentary prostate in adulthood. Neither benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) nor prostate cancer has been reported in these patients. The prostate is small in animals with 5alpha-reductase-2 gene knockout or treated with specific 5alpha-reductase inhibitors. 5alpha-reductase isozymes are molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of BPH and prostate cancer. Moreover, androgen actions on prostate gene expression and cell growth are directly modulated by estrogen receptor ligands via protein-protein interactions. The studies of 5alpha-reductases and androgen actions highlight the importance of 5alpha-reductase isozymes in male sexual differentiation and prostate physiology and pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Shan Zhu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|