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Mishra A, Zennami K, Velarde E, Thorek DLJ, Yegnasubramanian S, DeWeese TL, Lupold SE. Longitudinal measurement of subcutaneous and intratibial human prostate cancer xenograft growth and response to ionizing radiation by plasma Alu and LINE-1 ctDNA: A comparison to standard methods. Prostate 2021; 81:745-753. [PMID: 34032307 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current preclinical models of metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) require sophisticated technologies and/or genetically engineered cells for the noninvasive monitoring of tumors in remote sites, such as bone. Recent developments in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis provide an alternative method for noninvasive tumor monitoring at a low cost. Here, we sought to evaluate human Alu and LINE-1 ctDNA for the longitudinal measurement of subcutaneous and intratibial human PCa xenograft growth and response to ionizing radiation (IR) through comparison with standard slide caliper and bioluminescence measurements. MATERIAL AND METHODS Intratibial and subcutaneous xenografts were established in male athymic nude mice using LNCaP cells that stably express firefly luciferase. A subset of tumors was treated with a single dose of IR (CT-guided focal IR, 6 Gy). Tumor measurements were simultaneously taken by slide caliper (subcutaneous only), in vivo bioluminescence imaging, and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) of human-specific Alu and LINE-1 ctDNA for several weeks. RESULTS Levels of ctDNA and bioluminescence increased concordantly with subcutaneous and intratibial tumor growth. A statistically significant correlation (Spearman) was observed between ctDNA and subcutaneous tumor volume (LINE-1, r = .94 and Alu, r = .95, p < .0001), ctDNA and bioluminescence (LINE-1, r = .66 and Alu, r = .60, p < .002), and bioluminescence and tumor volume (r = .66, p = .0003). Bioluminescence and ctDNA were also significantly correlated in intratibial tumors (LINE-1, r = .82 and Alu, r = .81, p < .0001). Following external beam IR, the tumor responses varied briefly by method of measurement, but followed a similar trend. Statistically significant correlations were maintained between ctDNA and slide caliper measurement in irradiated subcutaneous tumors (LINE-1, r = .64 and Alu, r = .44, p < .02), and ctDNA and bioluminescence in intratibial tumors (LINE-1, r = .55, p = .018). CONCLUSIONS Real-time qPCR of circulating human Alu and LINE-1 DNA provides an accurate measurement of subcutaneous and intratibial xenograft burden that is comparable with conventional bioluminescence imaging and slide caliper measurement. Transient differences in measurements were observed following tumor-targeted IR, but overall all measurements mirrored tumor growth and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Mishra
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenji Zennami
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Esteban Velarde
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel L J Thorek
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Theodore L DeWeese
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shawn E Lupold
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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The anti-tumor effect of RANKL inhibition in malignant solid tumors - A systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 62:18-28. [PMID: 29154022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
At present, accumulating evidence suggests that inhibition of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) does not only induce an increase in bone mass and strength, but also has anti-tumor effects. Denosumab, an antibody targeting RANKL, is used to treat osteoporosis and to prevent skeletal related events (SREs) in patients with bone metastases originating from solid tumors. However, expression of RANKL and its receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK) is not solely restricted to cells involved in homeostasis of the bone and RANKL-RANK signalling appears to play a substantial role in many other processes in the body like mammary physiology, mammary tumorigenesis and the immune system. In pre-clinical models, RANKL inhibition has been shown to reduce skeletal tumor burden and distant metastases as well as to decrease mammary carcinogenesis. Clinically, RANKL inhibition improves bone-metastasis free survival in patients with prostate cancer and disease-free survival in patients with breast cancer. In addition, RANKL treatment may form a preventative strategy in patients at high risk for malignancies of the breast. Current clinical studies are evaluating the effect of denosumab on survival, the immune system and other biomarkers into a greater extent. To that purpose, a systematic review of the literature was performed and a narrative review synthesized, describing the present pre-clinical and clinical evidence of an anti-tumor effect of RANKL inhibition and the potential role of the immune system as one of the underlying mechanisms.
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Dai J, Lu Y, Roca H, Keller JM, Zhang J, McCauley LK, Keller ET. Immune mediators in the tumor microenvironment of prostate cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2017; 36:29. [PMID: 28292326 PMCID: PMC5351274 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-017-0198-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer tissue is composed of both cancer cells and host cells. The milieu of host components that compose the tumor is termed the tumor microenvironment (TME). Host cells can be those derived from the tissue in which the tumor originates (e.g., fibroblasts and endothelial cells) or those recruited, through chemotactic or other factors, to the tumor (e.g., circulating immune cells). Some immune cells are key players in the TME and represent a large proportion of non-tumor cells found within the tumor. Immune cells can have both anti-tumor and pro-tumor activity. In addition, crosstalk between prostate cancer cells and immune cells affects immune cell functions. In this review, we focus on immune cells and cytokines that contribute to tumor progression. We discuss T-regulatory and T helper 17 cells and macrophages as key modulators in prostate cancer progression. In addition, we discuss the roles of interleukin-6 and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand in modulating prostate cancer progression. This review highlights the concept that immune cells and cytokines offer a potentially promising target for prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlu Dai
- Department of Urology and Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 520021, P. R. China
| | - Hernan Roca
- Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jill M Keller
- Department of Urology and Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 520021, P. R. China
| | - Laurie K McCauley
- Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Evan T Keller
- Department of Urology and Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-8940, USA.
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Ou CC, Hsiao YM, Hou TY, Wu MF, Ko JL. Fungal immunomodulatory proteins alleviate docetaxel-induced adverse effects. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Deng X, He G, Liu J, Luo F, Peng X, Tang S, Gao Z, Lin Q, Keller JM, Yang T, Keller ET. Recent advances in bone-targeted therapies of metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 40:730-8. [PMID: 24767837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies affecting men worldwide, with bone being the most common site of metastasis in patients that progress beyond organ confinement. Bone metastases are virtually incurable and result in significant disease morbidity and mortality. Bone provides a unique microenvironment whose local interactions with tumor cells offer novel targets for therapeutic interventions. Several attractive molecules or pathways have been identified as new potential therapeutic targets for bone metastases caused by metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. In this review, we present the recent advances in molecular targeted therapies for prostate cancer bone metastasis focusing on therapies that target the bone cells and the bone microenvironment. The therapies covered in this review include agents that inhibit bone resorption, agents that stimulate bone formation, and agents that target the bone matrix. Suggestions to devise more effective molecular targeted therapies are proposed. Hopefully, with better understanding of the biology of the disease and the development of more robust targeted therapies, the survival and quality of life of the affected individuals could be significantly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyun Deng
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Changsha Microworld Biotech Company, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Guangchun He
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Junwen Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and Byproduct In-Depth Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Feijun Luo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and Byproduct In-Depth Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Xiaoning Peng
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Shigang Tang
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Qinlu Lin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and Byproduct In-Depth Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Jill M Keller
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and Byproduct In-Depth Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; Changsha Microworld Biotech Company, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China.
| | - Evan T Keller
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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RANKL inhibition combined with tamoxifen treatment increases anti-tumor efficacy and prevents tumor-induced bone destruction in an estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer bone metastasis model. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 135:771-80. [PMID: 22926264 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells in bone can induce the activation of osteoclasts, which mediate bone resorption and release of growth factors and calcium from the bone matrix, resulting in a cycle of tumor growth and bone breakdown. Targeting the bone microenvironment by the inhibition of RANKL, an essential mediator of osteoclast function, not only prevents tumor-induced osteolysis but also decreases skeletal tumor burden in preclinical models. The inhibition of skeletal tumor progression after the inhibition of osteoclasts is via interruption of the "vicious cycle" of tumor/bone interactions. The majority of breast cancer patients at risk for bone metastases harbor estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) tumors. We developed a mouse model for ER+ breast cancer bone metastasis and evaluated the effect of RANKL inhibition on tumor-induced osteolysis and skeletal tumor growth both alone and in combination with tamoxifen. Luciferase-labeled MCF-7 cells (MCF-7Luc) formed metastatic foci in the hind limbs following intracardiac injection and caused mixed osteolytic/osteoblastic lesions. RANKL inhibition by OPG-Fc treatment blocked osteoclast activity and prevented tumor-induced osteolysis, as well as caused a marked decrease in skeletal tumor burden. Tamoxifen as a single agent reduced MCF-7Luc tumor growth in the hind limbs. In a combination experiment, OPG-Fc plus tamoxifen resulted in significantly greater tumor growth inhibition than either single agent alone. Histologic analysis revealed a decrease in the proliferation of tumor cells by both single agents, which was enhanced in the combination treatment. Upon treatment with OPG-Fc alone or in combination with tamoxifen, there was a complete absence of osteolytic lesions, demonstrating the ability of RANKL inhibition to prevent skeletal related morbidity in an ER+ model. The combination approach of targeting osteoclasts and the bone microenvironment by RANKL inhibition and the tumor directly via hormonal therapy may provide additional benefit to reducing skeletal tumor progression in ER+ breast cancer patients.
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Schramek D, Sigl V, Penninger JM. RANKL and RANK in sex hormone-induced breast cancer and breast cancer metastasis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2011; 22:188-94. [PMID: 21470874 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) and its ligand RANKL are best known for their essential function in bone remodeling and bone-related pathologies such as osteoporosis and arthritis. In humans, dysregulation of the RANK-RANKL system is the major cause of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, appropriate RANKL signaling is also required for the formation of a lactating mammary gland. Both RANKL and RANK are expressed by mammary epithelial cells under the control of sex hormones. Recent data also indicate that RANK and RANKL control the preferential metastasis of breast cancer cells to the bone as well as sex hormone-driven primary mammary cancer. Here we critically review these data with special attention on mammary cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schramek
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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Virk MS, Alaee F, Petrigliano FA, Sugiyama O, Chatziioannou AF, Stout D, Dougall WC, Lieberman JR. Combined inhibition of the BMP pathway and the RANK-RANKL axis in a mixed lytic/blastic prostate cancer lesion. Bone 2011; 48:578-87. [PMID: 21073986 PMCID: PMC3039095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of combined inhibition of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) activity in a mixed lytic/blastic prostate cancer lesion in bone. Human prostate cancer cells (C4 2b) were injected into immunocompromised mice using an intratibial injection model to create mixed lytic/blastic lesions. RANK-Fc, a recombinant RANKL antagonist, was injected subcutaneously three times a week (10mg/kg) to inhibit RANKL and subsequent formation, function and survival of osteoclasts. Inhibition of BMP activity was achieved by transducing prostate cancer cells ex vivo with a retroviral vector expressing noggin (retronoggin; RN). There were three treatment groups (RANK-Fc treatment, RN treatment and combined RN and RANK-Fc treatment) and two control groups (untreated control and empty vector control for the RN treatment group). The progression of bone lesion and tumor growth was evaluated using plain radiographs, hindlimb tumor size, (18)F-Fluorodeoxyglucose and (18)F-fluoride micro PET-CT, histology and histomorphometry. Treatment with RANK-Fc alone inhibited osteolysis and transformed a mixed lytic/blastic lesion into an osteoblastic phenotype. Treatment with RN alone inhibited the osteoblastic component in a mixed lytic/blastic lesion and resulted in formation of smaller osteolytic bone lesion with smaller soft tissue size. The animals treated with both RN and RANK-Fc demonstrated delayed development of bone lesions, inhibition of osteolysis, small soft tissue tumors and preservation of bone architecture with less tumor induced new bone formation. This study suggests that combined inhibition of the RANKL and the BMP pathway may be an effective biologic therapy to inhibit the progression of established mixed lytic/blastic prostate cancer lesions in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep S. Virk
- New England Musculoskeletal Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-5456, USA
| | - Farhang Alaee
- New England Musculoskeletal Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-5456, USA
| | - Frank A. Petrigliano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Center for Health Sciences 76-134, 10833 LeConte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Osamu Sugiyama
- New England Musculoskeletal Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-5456, USA
| | - Arion F. Chatziioannou
- The Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles, 700 Westwood Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David Stout
- The Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles, 700 Westwood Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - William C. Dougall
- Department of Hematology and Oncology Research, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98119-3105
| | - Jay R. Lieberman
- New England Musculoskeletal Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-5456, USA
- Corresponding author’s address: Jay R. Lieberman, M.D., The New England Musculoskeletal Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-5456, Tel: 860-679-2640; Fax: 860-679-2109,
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Akiyama T, Dass CR, Shinoda Y, Kawano H, Tanaka S, Choong PFM. Systemic RANK-Fc protein therapy is efficacious against primary osteosarcoma growth in a murine model via activity against osteoclasts. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 62:470-6. [PMID: 20604836 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.04.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumour, and mainly affects adolescents and young adults. Although there has been substantial improvement in management of OS with surgery and chemotherapy, further survival increase has not been achieved over the past two decades. METHODS We focused on the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL)-osteoclast (OCL) system as a biological target for OS. RANKL is a critical factor for OCL formation and bone resorption activity. The primary lesion in bone and ensuing metastasis in OS both require the induction of OCLs. RANK-Fc is a potent RANKL antagonist and inhibitor of OCL formation and activity. KEY FINDINGS In an orthotopic model in Balb/c nu/nu mice, a twice weekly dosing regimen of 350 microg of RANK-Fc per mouse subcutaneously (n= 5) reduced lung metastasis (P > 0.05), preserved bone structure and reduced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)(+) OCLs (P < 0.005) in OS-bearing bone. In vitro, RANK-Fc suppressed OCL formation (P < 0.005), bone resorption activity (P < 0.005) and RANKL-induced anti-apoptosis (P < 0.5) of OCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Akiyama
- Department of Orthopaedics and Surgery, University of Melbourne, Australia
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Canon J, Bryant R, Roudier M, Osgood T, Jones J, Miller R, Coxon A, Radinsky R, Dougall WC. Inhibition of RANKL increases the anti-tumor effect of the EGFR inhibitor panitumumab in a murine model of bone metastasis. Bone 2010; 46:1613-9. [PMID: 20215062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastases cause severe skeletal complications and are associated with osteoclast-mediated bone destruction. RANKL is essential for osteoclast formation, function, and survival, and is the primary effector of tumor-induced osteoclastogenesis and osteolysis. RANKL inhibition by its soluble decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) prevents tumor-induced osteolysis and decreases skeletal tumor burden. Because osteoclast-mediated bone resorption releases growth factors from the bone matrix, the host bone microenvironment induces a vicious cycle of bone destruction and tumor proliferation and survival. A prediction of this vicious cycle hypothesis is that targeting the host bone microenvironment by osteoclast inhibition would reduce tumor growth and survival and may enhance the anti-tumor effects of targeted therapies. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway regulates critical processes such as cell growth and survival, and anti-EGFR therapies can cause tumor cell arrest and apoptosis. We evaluated whether reduction of osteolysis by RANKL inhibition could enhance the anti-tumor effects of an anti-EGFR antibody (panitumumab) in a novel murine model of human A431 epidermoid carcinoma bone metastasis. Skeletal tumor progression was assessed longitudinally by bioluminescence imaging. RANKL inhibition by OPG-Fc treatment resulted in a reduction in tumor progression in bony sites. OPG-Fc treatment also caused a dose-dependent reduction in tumor-induced osteolysis, supporting the essential role of RANKL in this process. In combination, RANKL inhibition increased the anti-tumor efficacy of an anti-EGFR antibody, and completely blocked tumor-induced bone breakdown, demonstrating that addition of the indirect anti-tumor effect of RANKL inhibition increases the anti-tumor efficacy of panitumumab, a targeted anti-EGFR antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Canon
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.
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Akiyama T, Choong PFM, Dass CR. RANK-Fc inhibits malignancy via inhibiting ERK activation and evoking caspase-3-mediated anoikis in human osteosarcoma cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2010; 27:207-15. [PMID: 20383567 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-010-9319-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumour, mainly afflicting the young. While there has been substantial improvement in treatment of OS with surgery and chemotherapy in the past two decades, this disease remains a significant health problem, warranting efforts to find better therapeutic options. In this study, we examined the RANK/RANKL axis in OS cells, using a RANK-Fc protein to perturb this coupling in an effort to reduce OS cell growth. RANK-Fc suppressed OS cell migration (P < 0.005), invasion ability (P < 0.05), and anchorage-independent ability in collagen-1 gel (P < 0.005) following induction of anoikis and activation of caspase-3. OS cell proliferation was not perturbed by RANK-Fc. The anti-invasion and anti-metastasis capability of RANK-Fc is attributed to reduced extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) signaling via RANK-Fc, though activation of NFkappaB, and altered expression of Akt, p38, JNK, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 were ruled out. In vivo, activity of the RANK-Fc against OS cell migration and invasion was confirmed in a model strictly monitoring metastasis. Thus, RANK-Fc, given its ability to directly reduce OS aggression, is a potential drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Akiyama
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Surgery, St. Vincent's Health, University of Melbourne,Fitzroy, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
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Jiang R, Xia Y, Li J, Deng L, Zhao L, Shi J, Wang X, Sun B. High expression levels of IKKalpha and IKKbeta are necessary for the malignant properties of liver cancer. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:1263-74. [PMID: 19728335 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
IKK-NF-kappaB signaling is regarded as an important factor in hepatocarcinogenesis and a potential target for liver cancer therapy. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the expression of mRNAs encoding components and targets of NF-kappaB signaling including IKKalpha, IKKbeta, RANK, RANKL, OPG, CyclinD3, mammary serine protease inhibitor (Maspin), CyclinD1, c-FLIP, Bcl-xl, Stat3, Cip1 and Cip2 by real-time PCR in 40 patients with liver cancer. After statistical analysis, 7 indices including IKKalpha, IKKbeta, RANK, Maspin, c-FLIP, Cip2 and cyclinD1 were found to show significant differences between tumor tissue and its corresponding adjacent tissue. When IKKalpha and IKKbeta were downregulated in the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines of MHCC-97L and MHCC-97H in vitro, the numbers of BrdU positive cells were decreased in both IKKalpha and IKKbeta knockdown cells. Levels of apoptosis were also investigated in IKKalpha and IKKbeta knockdown cells. The growth of HCC was inhibited in the subcutaneous implantation model, and lung metastatogenesis was also significantly inhibited in the kidney capsule transplantation model. Downregulation of IKKalpha and IKKbeta in HCC cultured in vitro revealed that increased Maspin, OPG and RANKL expression was associated with metastasis of HCC. These findings were associated with downregulation of Bcl-XL and c-FLIP, which may be the reason for increased apoptosis. The therapeutic effect of IKKalpha and IKKbeta downregulation depends on extent of NF-kappaB inhibition and the malignant nature of the HCC. We anticipate that IKK-targeted gene therapy can be used in the treatment of HCC, a cancer that is notoriously resistant to radiation and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqiu Jiang
- Liver Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital and Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Terpos E, Efstathiou E, Christoulas D, Roussou M, Katodritou E, Dimopoulos MA. RANKL inhibition: clinical implications for the management of patients with multiple myeloma and solid tumors with bone metastases. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 9:465-79. [PMID: 19344283 DOI: 10.1517/14712590902845610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) binds to RANK on the surface of osteoclast precursors and enhances their differentiation, survival and fusion, activates mature osteoclasts and inhibits their apoptosis. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is the decoy receptor of RANKL. Disruption of the RANK/RANKL/OPG axis is implicated in bone metastases. OBJECTIVE/METHODS A review of the role of RANKL signaling in bone development and the rationale for targeting RANKL in treatment of bone metastases and myeloma bone disease. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS In preclinical models of solid tumors and myeloma, RANKL inhibition reduced osteoclast numbers and subsequent bone resorption, prevented development of osteolytic lesions and decreased tumor burden. Preliminary clinical studies with denosumab, an anti-RANKL fully human monoclonal antibody, in patients with solid tumors with bone metastases and myeloma showed that targeting RANKL reduces osteoclastogenesis, bone resorption markers and skeletal-related events, supporting further study of this molecule and others with anti-RANKL activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Terpos
- Alexandra University Hospital, University of Athens School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, 5 Marathonomahon street, Drosia Attikis, 14572, Athens, Greece.
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Dasatinib inhibits the growth of prostate cancer in bone and provides additional protection from osteolysis. Br J Cancer 2009; 101:263-8. [PMID: 19603032 PMCID: PMC2720213 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dasatinib is a small molecule kinase inhibitor that has recently been shown to inhibit Src family kinases (SFK) and also has activity against CaP. Of importance to metastatic CaP, which frequently metastasises to bone, SFK are also vital to the regulation of bone remodelling. We sought to determine the ability of dasatinib to inhibit growth of CaP in bone. Methods: C4-2B CaP cells were injected into tibiae of SCID mice and treated with dasatinib, alone or in combination with docetaxel. Serum prostate-specific antigen levels, bone mineral density, radiographs and histology were analysed. Results: Treatment with dasatinib alone significantly lowered sacrifice serum prostate-specific antigen levels compared to control, 2.3±0.4 vs 9.2±2.1 (P=0.004). Combination therapy improved efficacy over dasatinib alone (P=0.010). Dasatinib increased bone mineral density in tumoured tibiae by 25% over control tumoured tibiae (P<0.001). Conclusion: Dasatinib inhibits growth of C4-2B cells in bone with improved efficacy when combined with docetaxel. Additionally, dasatinib inhibits osteolysis associated with CaP. These data support further study of dasatinib in clinical trials for men with CaP bone metastases.
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DeHaan A, Wolters N, Keller E, Ignatoski K. EGFR ligand switch in late stage prostate cancer contributes to changes in cell signaling and bone remodeling. Prostate 2009; 69:528-37. [PMID: 19143022 PMCID: PMC2766509 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone metastasis occurs frequently in advanced prostate cancer (PCa) patients; however, it is not known why this happens. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligand EGF is available to early stage PCa; whereas, TGF-alpha is available when PCa metastasizes. Since the microenvironment of metastases has been shown to play a role in the survival of the tumor, we examined whether the ligands had effects on cell survival and proliferation in early and late PCa. METHODS We used LNCaP cells as a model of early stage, non-metastatic PCa and the isogenic C4-2B cells as a model of late stage, metastatic PCa. RESULTS We found that the proliferation factor MAPK and the survival factor AKT were differentially activated in the presence of different ligands. TGF-alpha induced growth of C4-2B cells and not of the parental LNCaP cells; however, LNCaP cells expressing a constitutively active AKT did proliferate with TGF-alpha. Therefore, AKT appeared to be the TGF-alpha-responsive factor for survival of the late stage PCa cells. LNCaP cells exposed to EGF produced more osteoprotegerin (OPG), an inhibitor of bone remodeling, than C4-2B cells with TGF-alpha, which had increased expression of RANKL, an activator of bone remodeling. In concordance, TGF-alpha-treated C4-2B conditioned medium was able to differentiate an osteoclast precursor line to a greater extent than EGF-treated C4-2B or TGF-alpha-treated LNCaP conditioned media. CONCLUSION The switch in EGFR ligand availability as PCa progresses affects cell survival and contributes to bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N.M. Wolters
- new address van Andel Research Institute 333 Bostwick Ave. Grand Rapids, MI 49503
| | | | - K.M.W. Ignatoski
- Corresponding author: Kathleen M. Woods Ignatoski new address Department of Surgery University of Michigan Health Systems A556 MSRB II 1500 E. Medical Center Dr Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0654 (734) 764-3759
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Inhibition of mammary tumor growth and metastases to bone and liver by dietary grape polyphenols. Clin Exp Metastasis 2009; 26:505-16. [PMID: 19294520 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-009-9250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cancer preventive properties of grape products such as red wine have been attributed to polyphenols enriched in red wine. However, much of the studies on cancer preventive mechanisms of grape polyphenols have been conducted with individual compounds at concentrations too high to be achieved via dietary consumption. We recently reported that combined grape polyphenols at physiologically relevant concentrations are more effective than individual compounds at inhibition of ERalpha(-), ERbeta(+) MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and primary mammary tumor growth (Schlachterman et al., Transl Oncol 1:19-27, 2008). Herein, we show that combined grape polyphenols induce apoptosis and are more effective than individual resveratrol, quercetin, or catechin at inhibition of cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and cell migration in the highly metastatic ER (-) MDA-MB-435 cell line. The combined effect of dietary grape polyphenols (5 mg/kg each resveratrol, quercetin, and catechin) was tested on progression of mammary tumors in nude mice created from green fluorescent protein-tagged MDA-MB-435 bone metastatic variant. Fluorescence image analysis of primary tumor growth demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in tumor area by dietary grape polyphenols. Molecular analysis of excised tumors demonstrated that reduced mammary tumor growth may be due to upregulation of FOXO1 (forkhead box O1) and NFKBIA (IkappaBalpha), thus activating apoptosis and potentially inhibiting NfkappaB (nuclear factor kappaB) activity. Image analysis of distant organs for metastases demonstrated that grape polyphenols reduced metastasis especially to liver and bone. Overall, these results indicate that combined dietary grape polyphenols are effective at inhibition of mammary tumor growth and site-specific metastasis.
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Virk MS, Petrigliano FA, Liu NQ, Chatziioannou AF, Stout D, Kang CO, Dougall WC, Lieberman JR. Influence of simultaneous targeting of the bone morphogenetic protein pathway and RANK/RANKL axis in osteolytic prostate cancer lesion in bone. Bone 2009; 44:160-7. [PMID: 18929692 PMCID: PMC2657045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 09/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis to bone is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in advanced prostate cancer patients. Considering the complex reciprocal interactions between the tumor cells and the bone microenvironment, there is increasing interest in developing combination therapies targeting both the tumor growth and the bone microenvironment. In this study, we investigated the effect of simultaneous blockade of BMP pathway and RANK/RANKL axis in an osteolytic prostate cancer lesion in bone. We used a retroviral vector encoding noggin (RetroNoggin) to antagonize the effect of BMPs and RANK:Fc, which is a recombinant RANKL antagonist was used to inhibit RANK/RANKL axis. The tumor growth and bone loss were evaluated using plain radiographs, hind limb tumor measurements, micro PET/CT ((18)FDG and (18)F-fluoride tracer), and histology. Tibias implanted with PC-3 cells developed pure osteolytic lesions at 2-weeks with progressive increase in cortical bone destruction at successive time points. Tibias implanted with PC-3 cells over expressing noggin (RetroNoggin) resulted in reduced tumor size and decreased bone loss compared to the implanted tibias in untreated control animals. RANK:Fc administration inhibited the formation of osteoclasts, delayed the development of osteolytic lesions, decreased bone loss and reduced tumor size in tibias implanted with PC-3 cells. The combination therapy with RANK:Fc and noggin over expression effectively delayed the radiographic development of osteolytic lesions, and decreased the bone loss and tumor burden compared to implanted tibias treated with noggin over expression alone. Furthermore, the animals treated with the combination strategy exhibited decreased bone loss (micro CT) and lower tumor burden (FDG micro PET) compared to animals treated with RANK:Fc alone. Combined blockade of RANK/RANKL axis and BMP pathway resulted in reduced tumor burden and decreased bone loss compared to inhibition of either individual pathway alone in osteolytic prostate cancer lesion in bone. These results suggest that simultaneous targeting of tumor cells and osteoclasts may be the most effective method of inhibiting the progression of established osteolytic metastatic lesions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep S. Virk
- New England Musculoskeletal Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-5456, USA
| | - Frank A. Petrigliano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Center for Health Sciences 76-134, 10833 LeConte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nancy Q. Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Center for Health Sciences 76-134, 10833 LeConte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arion F. Chatziioannou
- The Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 700 Westwood Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - David Stout
- The Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 700 Westwood Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Christine O. Kang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Center for Health Sciences 76-134, 10833 LeConte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - William C. Dougall
- Department of Hematology and Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington
| | - Jay R. Lieberman
- New England Musculoskeletal Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-5456, USA
- Corresponding author’s address: Jay R. Lieberman, M.D., Professor and Chairman, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-5456, Tel: 860-679-2640; Fax: 860-679-2109, E-mail:
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