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Nascimento-Gonçalves E, Seixas F, Palmeira C, Martins G, Fonseca C, Duarte JA, Faustino-Rocha AI, Colaço B, Pires MJ, Neuparth MJ, Moreira-Gonçalves D, Fardilha M, Henriques MC, Patrício D, Pelech S, Ferreira R, Oliveira PA. Lifelong exercise training promotes the remodelling of the immune system and prostate signalome in a rat model of prostate carcinogenesis. GeroScience 2024; 46:817-840. [PMID: 37171559 PMCID: PMC10828357 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to understand how lifelong exercise training promotes the remodelling of the immune system and prostate signalome in a rat model of PCa. Fifty-five male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control sedentary, control exercised, induced PCa sedentary and induced PCa exercised. Exercised animals were trained in a treadmill for 53 weeks. Pca induction consisted on the sequential administration of flutamide, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and testosterone propionate implants. Serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) were not different among groups. Peripheral levels of γδ T cells were higher in Pca exercised group than in the PCa sedentary group (p < 0.05). Exercise training also induced Oestrogen Receptor (ESR1) upregulation and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase 13 (MAPK13) downregulation, changed the content of the phosphorylated (at Ser-104) form of this receptor (coded by the gene ESR1) and seemed to increase Erα phosphorylation and activity in exercised PCa rats when compared with sedentary PCa rats. Our data highlight the exercise-induced remodelling of peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations and lymphocyte infiltration in prostate tissue. Moreover, exercise training promotes the remodelling prostate signalome in this rat model of prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Nascimento-Gonçalves
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), UTAD, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro (UA), 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Seixas
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science - AL4AnimalS, UTAD, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos Palmeira
- Clinical Pathology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- School of Health Science Fernando Pessoa and FP-i3iD, 4200-253, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Martins
- Clinical Pathology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carolina Fonseca
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), UTAD, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Alberto Duarte
- CIAFEL, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana I Faustino-Rocha
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), UTAD, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, 7004-516, Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre, 7004-516, Évora, Portugal
| | - Bruno Colaço
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science - AL4AnimalS, UTAD, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Zootechnics, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria João Pires
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), UTAD, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria João Neuparth
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL)-Faculty of Sports-University of Porto (FADEUP), Portugal and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Daniel Moreira-Gonçalves
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL)-Faculty of Sports-University of Porto (FADEUP), Portugal and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED - Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Magda C Henriques
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED - Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Daniela Patrício
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED - Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Steven Pelech
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C, Canada
- Kinexus Bioinformatics Corporation, Suite 1 - 8755 Ash Street, Vancouver, BC, V6P 6T3, Canada
| | - Rita Ferreira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), UTAD, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
- Clinical Academic Center of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
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Esteves M, Silva C, Bovolini A, Pereira SS, Morais T, Moreira Â, Costa MM, Monteiro MP, Duarte JA. Regular Voluntary Running is Associated with Increased Tumor Vascularization and Immune Cell Infiltration and Decreased Tumor Growth in Mice. Int J Sports Med 2023. [PMID: 36931293 DOI: 10.1055/a-2008-7732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Tumors present dysfunctional vasculature that limits blood perfusion and hinders immune cells delivery. We aimed to investigate if regular voluntary running promotes tumor vascular remodelling, improves intratumoral immune cells infiltration and inhibits tumor growth. Tumors were induced in C57BL/6 male mice (n=28) by subcutaneous inoculation in the dorsal region with a suspension of RM1 cells (1.5×105 cells/500 µL PBS) and randomly allocated into two groups: sedentary (n=14) and voluntarily exercised on a wheel (n=14). Seven mice from each group were sacrificed 14 and 28 days after cells' inoculation to evaluate tumor weight, microvessel density, vessels' lumen regularity and the intratumoral quantity of NKG2D receptors, CD4+and CD8+T cells, by immunohistochemistry. The statistical inference was done through a two-way ANOVA. Exercised mice developed smaller tumors at 14 (0.17±0.1 g vs. 0.48±0.2 g, p<0.05) and 28 (0.92±0.7 g vs. 2.09±1.3 g, p<0.05) days, with higher microvessel density (21.20±3.2 vs. 15.86±4.0 vessels/field, p<0.05), more regular vessels' lumen (1.06±0.2 vs. 1.43±0.2, p<0.05), and higher CD8+T cells (464.95±48.0 vs. 364.70±49.4 cells/mm2, p<0.01), after 28 days. NKG2D expression was higher in exercised mice at 14 (263.27±25.8 cells/mm2, p<0.05) and 28 (295.06±56.2 cells/mm2, p<0.001) days. Regular voluntary running modulates tumor vasculature, increases immune cells infiltration and attenuates tumor growth, in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Esteves
- Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento Fernando Pessoa (FP-I3ID), Escola Superior de Saude Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Experimental Morphology, CIAFEL, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carina Silva
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Experimental Morphology, CIAFEL, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Bovolini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Experimental Morphology, CIAFEL, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia S Pereira
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, University of Porto Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Morais
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, University of Porto Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângela Moreira
- Communication Unit, Universidade do Porto Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena M Costa
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, University of Porto Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Monteiro
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, University of Porto Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jose Alberto Duarte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Experimental Morphology, CIAFEL, Porto, Portugal.,TOXRUN, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, Gandra, Portuga
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Brown M, Rébillard A, Hart NH, O'Connor D, Prue G, O'Sullivan JM, Jain S. Modulating Tumour Hypoxia in Prostate Cancer Through Exercise: The Impact of Redox Signalling on Radiosensitivity. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:48. [PMID: 35394236 PMCID: PMC8993953 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a complex disease affecting millions of men globally. Radiotherapy (RT) is a common treatment modality although treatment efficacy is dependent upon several features within the tumour microenvironment (TME), especially hypoxia. A hypoxic TME heightens radioresistance and thus disease recurrence and treatment failure continues to pose important challenges. However, the TME evolves under the influence of factors in systemic circulation and cellular crosstalk, underscoring its potential to be acutely and therapeutically modified. Early preclinical evidence suggests exercise may affect tumour growth and some of the benefits drawn, could act to radiosensitise tumours to treatment. Intracellular perturbations in skeletal muscle reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulate the production of numerous factors that can exert autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine effects on the prostate. However, findings supporting this notion are limited and the associated mechanisms are poorly understood. In light of this preclinical evidence, we propose systemic changes in redox signalling with exercise activate redox-sensitive factors within the TME and improve tumour hypoxia and treatment outcomes, when combined with RT. To this end, we suggest a connection between exercise, ROS and tumour growth kinetics, highlighting the potential of exercise to sensitise tumour cells to RT, and improve treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Brown
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, Belfast, UK.
| | - Amélie Rébillard
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, Université Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Dominic O'Connor
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, UK
| | - Gillian Prue
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, Belfast, UK
| | - Joe M O'Sullivan
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Suneil Jain
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Weegh N, Zentrich E, Zechner D, Struve B, Wassermann L, Talbot SR, Kumstel S, Heider M, Vollmar B, Bleich A, Häger C. Voluntary wheel running behaviour as a tool to assess the severity in a mouse pancreatic cancer model. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261662. [PMID: 34941923 PMCID: PMC8699632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Laboratory animals frequently undergo routine experimental procedures such as handling, restraining and injections. However, as a known source of stress, these procedures potentially impact study outcome and data quality. In the present study, we, therefore, performed an evidence-based severity assessment of experimental procedures used in a pancreatic cancer model including surgical tumour induction and subsequent chemotherapeutic treatment via repeated intraperitoneal injections. Cancer cell injection into the pancreas was performed during a laparotomy under general anaesthesia. After a four-day recovery phase, mice received either drug treatment (galloflavin and metformin) or the respective vehicle substances via daily intraperitoneal injections. In addition to clinical scoring, an automated home-cage monitoring system was used to assess voluntary wheel running (VWR) behaviour as an indicator of impaired well-being. After surgery, slightly elevated clinical scores and minimal body weight reductions, but significantly decreased VWR behaviour were observed. During therapy, body weight declined in response to chemotherapy, but not after vehicle substance injection, while VWR activity was decreased in both cases. VWR behaviour differed between treatment groups and revealed altered nightly activity patterns. In summary, by monitoring VWR a high impact of repeated injections on the well-being of mice was revealed and substance effects on well-being were distinguishable. However, no differences in tumour growth between treatment groups were observed. This might be due to the severity of the procedures uncovered in this study, as exaggerated stress responses are potentially confounding factors in preclinical studies. Finally, VWR was a more sensitive indicator of impairment than clinical scoring in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Weegh
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Zentrich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dietmar Zechner
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Birgitta Struve
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Wassermann
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Steven Roger Talbot
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Simone Kumstel
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Miriam Heider
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Häger
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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5
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Dufresne S, Richard C, Dieumegard A, Orfila L, Delpon G, Chiavassa S, Martin B, Rouvière L, Escoffre JM, Oujagir E, Denis de Senneville B, Bouakaz A, Rioux-Leclercq N, Potiron V, Rébillard A. Voluntary Wheel Running Does Not Enhance Radiotherapy Efficiency in a Preclinical Model of Prostate Cancer: The Importance of Physical Activity Modalities? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215402. [PMID: 34771565 PMCID: PMC8582584 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity is increasingly recognized as a strategy able to improve cancer patient outcome, and its potential to enhance treatment response is promising, despite being unclear. In our study we used a preclinical model of prostate cancer to investigate whether voluntary wheel running (VWR) could improve tumor perfusion and enhance radiotherapy (RT) efficiency. Nude athymic mice were injected with PC-3 cancer cells and either remained inactive or were housed with running wheels. Apparent microbubble transport was enhanced with VWR, which we hypothesized could improve the RT response. When repeating the experiments and adding RT, however, we observed that VWR did not influence RT efficiency. These findings contrasted with previous results and prompted us to evaluate if the lack of effects observed on tumor growth could be attributable to the physical activity modality used. Using PC-3 and PPC-1 xenografts, we randomized mice to either inactive controls, VWR, or treadmill running (TR). In both models, TR (but not VWR) slowed down tumor growth, suggesting that the anti-cancer effects of physical activity are dependent on its modalities. Providing a better understanding of which activity type should be recommended to cancer patients thus appears essential to improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Dufresne
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory (M2S)-EA7470, University of Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (S.D.); (C.R.); (A.D.); (L.O.); (B.M.)
| | - Cindy Richard
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory (M2S)-EA7470, University of Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (S.D.); (C.R.); (A.D.); (L.O.); (B.M.)
| | - Arthur Dieumegard
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory (M2S)-EA7470, University of Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (S.D.); (C.R.); (A.D.); (L.O.); (B.M.)
| | - Luz Orfila
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory (M2S)-EA7470, University of Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (S.D.); (C.R.); (A.D.); (L.O.); (B.M.)
| | - Gregory Delpon
- Centre René Gauducheau, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, F-44805 Saint Herblain, France; (G.D.); (S.C.)
| | - Sophie Chiavassa
- Centre René Gauducheau, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, F-44805 Saint Herblain, France; (G.D.); (S.C.)
| | - Brice Martin
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory (M2S)-EA7470, University of Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (S.D.); (C.R.); (A.D.); (L.O.); (B.M.)
| | - Laurent Rouvière
- IRMAR-UMR CNRS 6625, University of Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (L.R.); (V.P.)
| | - Jean-Michel Escoffre
- UMR 1253, iBrain, INSERM, Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours, France; (J.-M.E.); (E.O.); (A.B.)
| | - Edward Oujagir
- UMR 1253, iBrain, INSERM, Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours, France; (J.-M.E.); (E.O.); (A.B.)
| | | | - Ayache Bouakaz
- UMR 1253, iBrain, INSERM, Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours, France; (J.-M.E.); (E.O.); (A.B.)
| | - Nathalie Rioux-Leclercq
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Cytology, Université Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France;
| | - Vincent Potiron
- IRMAR-UMR CNRS 6625, University of Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (L.R.); (V.P.)
- LaBCT, CRCINA INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes, Université d’Angers, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Amélie Rébillard
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory (M2S)-EA7470, University of Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (S.D.); (C.R.); (A.D.); (L.O.); (B.M.)
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75231 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-29-009-1587
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Regular Voluntary Running Inhibits Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Growth in Mice. J Phys Act Health 2021; 18:653-659. [PMID: 33848979 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2020-0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Benefits of regular physical exercise were demonstrated as preventive and coadjuvant nonpharmacological anticancer therapy. However, the role of exercise in modulating prostate cancer behavior has yet to be established. METHODS Prostate tumors were induced in C57BL/6 male mice (n = 28) by subcutaneous inoculation of a suspension of murine androgen-independent RM1 cells (1.5 × 105 cells/500 μL phosphate-buffered saline) in the dorsal region. Mice were randomly allocated into 2 study groups: sedentary tumor-induced (n = 14) and exercised tumor-induced (n = 14). Exercise consisted of voluntary running in wheeled cages. Mice (n = 7 per group) were sacrificed either 14 or 28 days after cell inoculation to evaluate tumor weight and percentage of area occupied by immunohistochemistry stained cells for Ki-67 and TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling, used as surrogate markers of cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. RESULTS Compared with sedentary tumor-induced mice, the tumors developed by exercised tumor-induced mice were significantly smaller at 14 days (0.17 [0.12] g vs 0.48 [0.24] g, P < .05) and at 28 days (0.92 [0.73] g vs 2.09 [1.31] g, P < .05), with smaller Ki-67 and greater TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling stained areas (P < .05). CONCLUSION These results suggest that regular voluntary running inhibits prostate cancer cell growth by reducing cell proliferation and enhancing apoptosis.
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Hao S, Zhu J, Zhang X, Qiu J, Xuan Q, Ye L. Comprehensive Analysis of Aerobic Exercise-Related Genes Identifies CDCA4 That Promotes the Progression of Osteosarcoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:637755. [PMID: 33613651 PMCID: PMC7886999 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.637755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise has a positive impact on patients with osteosarcoma, improving function, reducing disability, maintaining independence and quality of life. Exercise may also directly affect the effectiveness of cancer treatment. Cell division cycle-associated protein 4 (CDCA4) is reported to function importantly during numerous human cancers development. Nevertheless, the details toward CDCA4 function are still to be investigated. Methods This study comprehensively analyzed the GSE74194 database and obtained aerobic exercise-related genes. Protein-protein interaction network (PPI) and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis were performed on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and tumor genome atlas (TCGA) data mining were applied to measure aerobic exercise-related gene CDCA4 level in osteosarcoma tissue. We conducted lots of functional experiments to uncover CDCA4 function and its corresponding mechanism in osteosarcoma. Results We screened a total of 547 DEGs related to aerobic exercise, of which 373 were up-regulated and 174 were down-regulated. PPI analysis revealed 90 genes that might play key roles. GO analysis showed that aerobic exercise-related DEGs were significantly enriched during the mitotic cell cycle, cell division, mitotic nuclear division and sister chromatid segregation, nuclear division, microtubule cytoskeleton organization involved protein, microtubule-based process, spindle organization, G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle. Our results indicated that CDCA4 was increased in osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines, and its level had association with high mortality of osteosarcoma patients. Further studies revealed that absence of CDCA4 largely hindered osteosarcoma cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Conclusion Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis improves our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of aerobic exercise on osteosarcoma. This provides evidence for the effect of aerobic exercise on CDCA4 expression. Our data suggested that CDCA4 could facilitate osteosarcoma development, and gave a hint that CDCA4 was a candidate target in the treatment of osteosarcoma, aerobic exercise might help the treatment and prognosis of patients with osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyu Hao
- Shuangwu Information Technical Company Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Administrative Office, Shanghai Basilica Clinic, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyue Qiu
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Xuan
- School of Sports Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Ye
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Taylor RA, Farrelly SG, Clark AK, Watt MJ. Early intervention exercise training does not delay prostate cancer progression in Pten -/- mice. Prostate 2020; 80:906-914. [PMID: 32519789 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is convincing evidence that men with advanced prostate cancer experience improved quality of life as a result of exercise therapy, although there is limited preclinical, and no clinical, data to directly support the notion that exercise training improves prostate cancer prognosis or outcome. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of regular exercise training on the early stages of prostate cancer progression, as well as assessing whether alterations to prostate cancer metabolism are induced by exercise. METHODS Mice with prostate-specific deletion of Pten (Pten-/- ) remained sedentary or underwent 6 weeks of endurance exercise training or high-intensity exercise training involving treadmill running. At the conclusion of the training period, the prostate lobes were excised. A portion of fresh tissue was used to assess glucose, glutamine, and fatty acid metabolism by radiometric techniques and a second portion was fixed for histopathology. RESULTS Despite the implementation of an effective exercise regime, as confirmed by improvements in running capacity, neither prostate mass, cell proliferation or the incidence of high-grade prostate intraepithelial hyperplasia or noninvasive carcinoma in situ were significantly different between groups. Similarly, neither glucose uptake, oxidation and de novo lipogenesis, glutamine oxidation, or fatty acid uptake, oxidation and storage into various lipids were significantly different in prostate tissue obtained from untrained and exercise trained mice. CONCLUSIONS These results show that 6 weeks of moderate or high-intensity exercise training does not alter substrate metabolism in the prostate or slow the progression of Pten-null prostate cancer. These results question whether exercise is a useful therapy to prevent or delay prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renea A Taylor
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Prostate Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon G Farrelly
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashlee K Clark
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Saedmocheshi S, Saghebjoo M, Vahabzadeh Z, Sheikholeslami-Vatani D. Aerobic Training and Green Tea Extract Protect against N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced Prostate Cancer. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2210-2216. [PMID: 31626054 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aerobic training and green tea extract can be used to reduce the risk of prostate cancer. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of 8-wk aerobic exercise training and administration of green tea extract on the level of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and p53 tumor suppressor protein (p53) in prostate of rats which were stimulated by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea to induce the prostate cancer. METHODS Sixty adult male Wistar rats were assigned into six groups including healthy control, cancer control (CCt), cancer training (CTr: 45 min·d at low to moderate intensity, five times per week, 8 wk), cancer extract (CEx: 1.34 mL of green tea extract, three times per week, 8 wk), cancer training+ cancer extract (CTr + CEx) and sham groups. Rats were sacrificed 48 h after the last intervention session, and the prostate tissue was isolated to measure the levels of NF-kB, COX-2, and p53. RESULTS The NF-kB level in CCt group was increased significantly compared to the healthy control (P = 0.02). In the CTr group, NF-kB level was decreased significantly compared to the CCt and CEx groups (P = 0.001 and 0.05, respectively). In addition, the levels of P53 protein were reduced in CTr, CEx, and CTr + CEx groups compared to CCt group (P = 0.001, 0.02 and 0.004, respectively). No significant changes were found in the level of COX-2 between groups. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a long-term exercise training combined with the intake of green tea extract may reduce levels of NF-kB and p53 in rats with prostate cancer. Given the importance of recognizing complementary therapies in this regard, future studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Saedmocheshi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, IRAN
| | - Marziyeh Saghebjoo
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, IRAN
| | - Zakaria Vahabzadeh
- Liver and Digestive Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IRAN.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IRAN
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10
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Dufresne S, Guéritat J, Chiavassa S, Noblet C, Assi M, Rioux‐Leclercq N, Rannou‐Bekono F, Lefeuvre‐Orfila L, Paris F, Rébillard A. Exercise training improves radiotherapy efficiency in a murine model of prostate cancer. FASEB J 2020; 34:4984-4996. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901728r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Dufresne
- Movement, Sport, and Health Sciences Laboratory EA 1274 Université Rennes 2 ENS Rennes Bruz France
| | - Jordan Guéritat
- Movement, Sport, and Health Sciences Laboratory EA 1274 Université Rennes 2 ENS Rennes Bruz France
| | - Sophie Chiavassa
- CRCINA INSERM Université de Nantes Université d'Angers Nantes France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest Centre René Gauducheau Saint Herblain France
| | - Caroline Noblet
- CRCINA INSERM Université de Nantes Université d'Angers Nantes France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest Centre René Gauducheau Saint Herblain France
| | - Mohamad Assi
- Movement, Sport, and Health Sciences Laboratory EA 1274 Université Rennes 2 ENS Rennes Bruz France
| | | | - Françoise Rannou‐Bekono
- Movement, Sport, and Health Sciences Laboratory EA 1274 Université Rennes 2 ENS Rennes Bruz France
| | - Luz Lefeuvre‐Orfila
- Movement, Sport, and Health Sciences Laboratory EA 1274 Université Rennes 2 ENS Rennes Bruz France
| | - François Paris
- CRCINA INSERM Université de Nantes Université d'Angers Nantes France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest Centre René Gauducheau Saint Herblain France
| | - Amélie Rébillard
- Movement, Sport, and Health Sciences Laboratory EA 1274 Université Rennes 2 ENS Rennes Bruz France
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11
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Cormie P, Zopf EM. Exercise medicine for the management of androgen deprivation therapy-related side effects in prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2020; 38:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Nexrutine and exercise similarly prevent high grade prostate tumors in transgenic mouse model. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226187. [PMID: 31856170 PMCID: PMC6922346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to compare the antitumorigenic effects of the natural product Nexrutine to voluntary wheel running (VWR) in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. Forty-five, 10-week old TRAMP mice were randomized to either receive free access to the running wheel, Nexrutine pelleted into chow at 600 mg/kg or no treatment control. Mice were serially sacrificed at weeks 4, 8,12 and 20 weeks. Palpable tumors, body weight, food consumption and running wheel activity were monitored weekly. At necropsy, tumors and serum were harvested and stored for analysis. Serum was used to quantify circulating cytokines in 4 and 20 week time points. Nexrutine supplementation led to a 66% protection against high grade tumors. Exercise resulted in a 60% protection against high grade tumors. Both interventions reduced concentrations of IL-1α. Exercise also significantly lowered concentrations of eotaxin, IL-5, IL-12(p40) and VEGF. While there were no significant differences at baseline, exercise mice had significantly lower IL-5 and VEGF compared to control at the 20 week time point. Nexrutine also significantly reduced circulating IL-9 concentrations. No significant differences were observed when compared to the control group. Immunohistochemistry of tumor sections showed significantly lower expression of pAkt in Nexrutine fed mice with no visible differences for NFκB. In conclusion, both Nexrutine and exercise suppressed tumor growth. Though similar outcomes were seen in this comparative effectiveness study, the mechanisms by which exercise and Nexrutine exert this benefit may focus on different pathways.
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13
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Campos C, Sotomayor P, Jerez D, González J, Schmidt CB, Schmidt K, Banzer W, Godoy AS. Exercise and prostate cancer: From basic science to clinical applications. Prostate 2018; 78:639-645. [PMID: 29569731 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a disease of increasing medical significance worldwide. In developed countries, PCa is the most common non-skin cancer in men, and one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Exercise is one of the environmental factors that have been shown to influence cancer risk. Moreover, systemic reviews and meta-analysis have suggested that total physical activity is related to a decrease in the risk of developing PCa. In addition, epidemiological studies have shown that exercise, after diagnosis, has benefits regarding PCa development, and positive outcome in patients under treatment. The standard treatment for locally advanced or metastatic PCa is Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). ADT produces diverse side effects, including loss of libido, changes in body composition (increase abdominal fat), and reduced muscle mass, and muscle tone. Analysis of numerous research publications showed that aerobic and/or resistance training improve patient's physical condition, such us, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, physical function, body composition, and fatigue. Therefore, exercise might counteract several ADT treatment-induced side effects. In addition of the aforementioned benefits, epidemiological, and in vitro studies have shown that exercise might decrease PCa development. Thus, physical activity might attenuate the risk of PCa and supervised exercise intervention might improve deleterious effects of cancer treatment, such as ADT side effects. This review article provides evidence indicating that exercise could complement, and potentiate, the current standard treatments for advanced PCa, probably by creating an unfavorable microenvironment that can negatively affect tumor development, and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Campos
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago de, Chile
| | - Paula Sotomayor
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago de, Chile
| | - Daniel Jerez
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago de, Chile
| | - Javier González
- Department of Sport Medicine, Institute of Sport Science, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Camila B Schmidt
- Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago de, Chile
| | - Katharina Schmidt
- Department of Sport Medicine, Institute of Sport Science, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Winfried Banzer
- Department of Sport Medicine, Institute of Sport Science, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alejandro S Godoy
- Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago de, Chile
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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14
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Hanson ED, Sakkal S, Evans WS, Violet JA, Battaglini CL, McConell GK, Hayes A. Altered stress hormone response following acute exercise during prostate cancer treatment. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:1925-1933. [PMID: 29668082 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exercise training reduces the side effects of cancer treatments; however, the stress hormone response to acute exercise during prostate cancer (PCa) treatment is unclear. The study purpose was to examine the effects of acute exercise on circulating cortisol, epinephrine (Epi), and norepinephrine (NE) concentrations during PCa treatment with and without androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Men with PCa (n = 11), with PCa on ADT (n = 11), and with non-cancer controls (n = 8) had blood samples for stress hormones collected before and immediately (0 hour), 2 hours, and 24 hours after 45 minutes of intermittent cycling at 60% of peak wattage. NE increased by 385% (P < .001) at 0 hour and remained elevated at 2 hours (P < .05) with no group differences. Overall, cortisol significantly increased at 0 hour (36%, P < .012) and then significantly decreased below baseline at 2 hours (-24%, P < .001) before returning to resting levels at 24 hours. Cortisol levels during ADT were 32% lower than PCa (P = .006) with no differences vs controls. Epi increased immediately after exercise more in controls (817%, P < .001) than with ADT (700%) and PCa (333%) patients, and both cancer groups' absolute levels were attenuated relative to controls (ADT: -54%, PCa: -52%, P = .004). Compared with age-matched controls, PCa and ADT patients exhibited similar stress hormone responses with acute exercise for NE and cortisol but an attenuated EPI response that suggests altered adrenal function. Future studies should examine the physical stress of multiple exercise bouts to verify these findings and to explore the functional hormonal effects, such as immune and metabolic responses, during cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Hanson
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - S Sakkal
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - W S Evans
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J A Violet
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - C L Battaglini
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - G K McConell
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - A Hayes
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medicine - Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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15
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Lonkvist CK, Lønbro S, Vinther A, Zerahn B, Rosenbom E, Primdahl H, Hojman P, Gehl J. Progressive resistance training in head and neck cancer patients during concomitant chemoradiotherapy -- design of the DAHANCA 31 randomized trial. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:400. [PMID: 28578654 PMCID: PMC5457597 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3388-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Head and neck cancer patients undergoing concomitant chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) frequently experience loss of muscle mass and reduced functional performance. Positive effects of exercise training are reported for many cancer types but biological mechanisms need further elucidation. This randomized study investigates whether progressive resistance training (PRT) may attenuate loss of muscle mass and functional performance. Furthermore, biochemical markers and muscle biopsies will be investigated trying to link biological mechanisms to training effects. Methods At the Departments of Oncology at Herlev and Aarhus University Hospitals, patients with stage III/IV squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, scheduled for CCRT are randomized 1:1 to either a 12-week PRT program or control group, both with 1 year follow-up. Planned enrollment is 72 patients, and stratification variables are study site, sex, p16-status, and body mass index. Primary endpoint is difference in change in lean body mass (LBM) after 12 weeks of PRT, assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The hypothesis is that 12 weeks of PRT can attenuate the loss of LBM by at least 25%. Secondary endpoints include training adherence, changes in body composition, muscle strength, functional performance, weight, adverse events, dietary intake, self-reported physical activity, quality of life, labor market affiliation, blood biochemistry, plasma cytokine concentrations, NK-cell frequency in blood, sarcomeric protein content in muscles, as well as muscle fiber type and fiber size in muscle biopsies. Muscle biopsies are optional. Discussion This randomized study investigates the impact of a 12-week progressive resistance training program on lean body mass and several other physiological endpoints, as well as impact on adverse events and quality of life. Furthermore, a translational approach is integrated with extensive biological sampling and exploration into cytokines and mechanisms involved. The current paper discusses decisions and methods behind exercise in head and neck cancer patients undergoing concomitant chemoradiotherapy. Trial registration Approved by the Regional Ethics Committee for the Capital Region of Denmark (protocol id: H-15003725) and registered retrospectively at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02557529) September 11th 2015. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3388-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla K Lonkvist
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Simon Lønbro
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Section for Sports Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Vinther
- Department of Rehabilitation, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Bo Zerahn
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Eva Rosenbom
- Nutritional Research Unit, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Hanne Primdahl
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Pernille Hojman
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM) and Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Gehl
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
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16
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KRUK J, ABOUL-ENEIN H. What Are the Links of Prostate Cancer with Physical Activity and Nutrition? : A Systematic Review Article. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 45:1558-1567. [PMID: 28053921 PMCID: PMC5207096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common malignancy in men worldwide. The purpose of this study was to provide a brief synthesis the current knowledge for the effects of physical activity (PA) and nutrition on PCa risk. METHODS A systematic review of English languages reviews, meta-analysis, and original articles published from 2009 to 2015 extracted from the following websites: MEDLINE, Web of Science, Health Source, Science Direct, and their references. RESULTS The review of the literature led to the selection of 12 review or meta-analysis studies and 15 lately published observational studies. Most of studies reported relationship of recreational and occupational PA and vegetables, fruits, vitamins, red/processed meats, and fats consumption with risk of PCa. Decreased risk for PCa associated with exercise was reported in seven of the ten articles on this topic. The inverse association of vegetables and/or fruit intake with PCa risk was reported in eight of 13 papers. The effect of meat/fat intake on PCa was estimated in four articles finding increased risk. There was heterogeneity between studies, and findings are inconsistent. CONCLUSION Physical activity does not significantly reduce the risk of PCa; however, vigorous exercise may reduce the risk of aggressive tumor. Besides, there is a lack of definitive evidence supporting the preventive role of diet against PCa. Due to many other benefits of regular moderate-vigorous PA and a diet high in vegetables and fruits and low in red/processed meats and fats, these lifestyle patterns may be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna KRUK
- Dept. of Prevention and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland,Corresponding Author:
| | - Hassan ABOUL-ENEIN
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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17
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Liu X, Huang G, Chen P, Li Y, Xiang J, Chen T, Wang R. Comparative effects of Yi Jin Jing versus Tai Chi exercise training on benign prostatic hyperplasia-related outcomes in older adults: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2016; 17:319. [PMID: 27422168 PMCID: PMC4947249 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1448-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and its associated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) occur very commonly in older men. BPH and LUTS cause substantial physical and psychological impairment that could seriously affect the quality of late life and greatly cost the health-care systems. Current surgical and pharmacological therapies are expensive, may not effectively improve prostate function and health but cause adverse effects. There is an urgent need to find new and effective non-pharmacological preventions and treatments. Yi Jin Jing and Tai Chi are two common traditional Chinese mind-body exercises with different movements and techniques, but both emphasize regulating functional homeostasis and keeping whole body harmony. Yi Jin Jing and Tai Chi have not been studied much for potentially use in the treatment of BPH-related problems. The primary purpose of this protocol is to assess the effectiveness of Yi Jin Jing versus Tai Chi on the monographic and functional changes of prostate in older men. METHODS/DESIGN A prospective single-center randomized controlled trial will be conducted. A total of 150 old men (60-70 years old) will be recruited from the urban tertiary of Shanghai, China. Of these, 50 eligible participants will be randomly assigned to a control group and two intervention groups with either Yi Jin Jing or Tai Chi exercise training. They will undergo 30 minutes for each exercise for five times a week for 6 months. The primary outcomes are changes of signs and symptoms in BPH and lower urinary tract from baseline to post-intervention. The main secondary outcomes are exercise-induced effects on the circulating levels of estrogen and androgen. All the outcome measures will be assessed at baseline, immediately after the 6-month intervention, and at the 3-month post-intervention follow-up. DISCUSSION This proposed study will be the first comparative randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of Yi Jin Jing versus Tai Chi exercise on prostate health among older adults. The results will provide an evidence-based recommendation for Chinese older men on the use of Yi Jin Jing and Tai Chi training to promote prostatic function and health. Potential mechanisms for the regulatory effect of the two exercises elucidated by multiple outcomes are also explored. A clarification of the effects and mechanisms may provide information for the development of new strategies in the prevention and treatment of BPH-related conditions. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: ChiCTR-IOR-16007698 . This trial was registered on 4 January 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiangYun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education at the Shanghai University of Sport, 188 Hengren Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Guoyuan Huang
- Pott College of Science, Engineering & Education, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, USA
| | - Peijie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education at the Shanghai University of Sport, 188 Hengren Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yong Li
- FuDan University, 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - JiuLin Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education at the Shanghai University of Sport, 188 Hengren Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education at the Shanghai University of Sport, 188 Hengren Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education at the Shanghai University of Sport, 188 Hengren Road, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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Ashcraft KA, Peace RM, Betof AS, Dewhirst MW, Jones LW. Efficacy and Mechanisms of Aerobic Exercise on Cancer Initiation, Progression, and Metastasis: A Critical Systematic Review of In Vivo Preclinical Data. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4032-50. [PMID: 27381680 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A major objective of the emerging field of exercise-oncology research is to determine the efficacy of, and biological mechanisms by which, aerobic exercise affects cancer incidence, progression, and/or metastasis. There is a strong inverse association between self-reported exercise and the primary incidence of several forms of cancer; similarly, emerging data suggest that exercise exposure after a cancer diagnosis may improve outcomes for early-stage breast, colorectal, or prostate cancer. Arguably, critical next steps in the development of exercise as a candidate treatment in cancer control require preclinical studies to validate the biological efficacy of exercise, identify the optimal "dose", and pinpoint mechanisms of action. To evaluate the current evidence base, we conducted a critical systematic review of in vivo studies investigating the effects of exercise in cancer prevention and progression. Studies were evaluated on the basis of tumor outcomes (e.g., incidence, growth, latency, metastasis), dose-response, and mechanisms of action, when available. A total of 53 studies were identified and evaluated on tumor incidence (n = 24), tumor growth (n = 33), or metastasis (n = 10). We report that the current evidence base is plagued by considerable methodologic heterogeneity in all aspects of study design, endpoints, and efficacy. Such heterogeneity precludes meaningful comparisons and conclusions at present. To this end, we provide a framework of methodologic and data reporting standards to strengthen the field to guide the conduct of high-quality studies required to inform translational, mechanism-driven clinical trials. Cancer Res; 76(14); 4032-50. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralph M Peace
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Lee W Jones
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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19
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Faustino-Rocha AI, Silva A, Gabriel J, Gil da Costa RM, Moutinho M, Oliveira PA, Gama A, Ferreira R, Ginja M. Long-term exercise training as a modulator of mammary cancer vascularization. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 81:273-280. [PMID: 27261604 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer remains a leading cause of death by cancer worldwide. It is commonly accepted that angiogenesis and the expression of angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is associated with the increased risk of metastasis and poor patient outcome. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to evaluate the effects of long-term exercise training on the growth and vascularization of mammary tumors in a rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: two N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-exposed groups (exercised and sedentary) and two control groups (exercised and sedentary). MNU was administered once, intraperitoneally at 7 weeks-old. Animals were then exercised on a treadmill for 35 weeks. Mammary tumors were evaluated using thermography, ultrasonography [Power Doppler (PDI), B Flow and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)], and immunohistochemistry (VEGF-A). RESULTS Both, MNU sedentary and exercised groups showed 100% of tumor incidence, but exercised animals showed less tumors with an increased latency period. Exercise training also enhanced VEGF-A immunoexpression and vascularization (microvessel density, MVD) (p<0.05), and reduced histological aggressiveness. Ultrasound and thermal imaging analysis confirmed the enhanced vascularization of tumors on exercised animals. CONCLUSION Long-term exercise training increased VEGF-A expression, leading to enhanced tumor vascularization and reduced tumor burden, multiplicity and histological aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Faustino-Rocha
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal; Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal; Organic Chemistry, Natural Products and Foodstuffs (QOPNA), Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - A Silva
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Gabriel
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R M Gil da Costa
- Laboratory for Process Environment Biotechnology and Energy Engineering (LEPABE), FEUP, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, CI-IPOP, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Moutinho
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - P A Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - A Gama
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - R Ferreira
- Organic Chemistry, Natural Products and Foodstuffs (QOPNA), Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Ginja
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
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20
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Friedenreich CM, Wang Q, Neilson HK, Kopciuk KA, McGregor SE, Courneya KS. Physical Activity and Survival After Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2016; 70:576-585. [PMID: 26774959 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the high global prevalence of prostate cancer (PCa), few epidemiologic studies have assessed physical activity in relation to PCa survival. OBJECTIVE To evaluate different types, intensities, and timing of physical activity relative to PCa survival. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A prospective study was conducted in Alberta, Canada, in a cohort of 830 stage II-IV incident PCa cases diagnosed between 1997 and 2000 with follow-up to 2014 (up to 17 yr). Prediagnosis lifetime activity was self-reported at diagnosis. Postdiagnosis activity was self-reported up to three times during follow-up. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Cox proportional hazards models related physical activity to all-cause and PCa-specific deaths and to first recurrence/progression of PCa. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS A total of 458 deaths, 170 PCa-specific deaths, and, after first follow-up, 239 first recurrences/progressions occurred. Postdiagnosis total activity (>119 vs ≤42 metabolic equivalent [MET]-hours/week per year) was associated with a significantly lower all-cause mortality risk (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.42-0.79; p value for trend <0.01). Postdiagnosis recreational activity (>26 vs ≤4 MET-hours/week per year) was associated with a significantly lower PCa-specific mortality risk (HR: 0.56; 95% CI, 0.35-0.90; p value for trend = 0.01). Sustained recreational activity before and after diagnosis (>18-20 vs <7-8 MET-hours/week per year) was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 0.66; 95% CI, 0.49-0.88). Limitations included generalisability to healthier cases and an observational study design. CONCLUSIONS These findings support emerging recommendations to increase physical activity after the diagnosis of PCa and would inform a future exercise intervention trial examining PCa outcomes. PATIENT SUMMARY In a 17-yr prostate cancer (PCa) survival study, men who survived at least 2 yr who were more physically active postdiagnosis or performed more recreational physical activity before and after diagnosis survived longer. Recreational physical activity after diagnosis was associated with a lower risk of PCa death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Friedenreich
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Qinggang Wang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Heather K Neilson
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karen A Kopciuk
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - S Elizabeth McGregor
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Division of Population, Public and Aboriginal Health, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kerry S Courneya
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Van Blarigan EL, Gerstenberger JP, Kenfield SA, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, Jones LW, Clinton SK, Chan JM, Mucci LA. Physical Activity and Prostate Tumor Vessel Morphology: Data from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:962-967. [PMID: 26276753 PMCID: PMC4596787 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vigorous activity is associated with lower risk of prostate cancer progression, but the biologic mechanisms are unknown. Exercise affects vascularization of tumors in animal models, and small, irregularly shaped vessels in prostate tumors are associated with fatal prostate cancer. We hypothesized that men who engaged in vigorous activity or brisk walking would have larger, more regularly shaped vessels in their prostate tumors. We prospectively examined whether physical activity was associated with prostate tumor microvessel morphology among 571 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study using ordinal logistic regression. Vessel size (μm(2)), vessel lumen regularity (perimeter(2)/4 · Π · area), and microvessel density (number/high-powered field) were ascertained in tumor sections stained for endothelial cell marker CD34. Vigorous activity [metabolic equivalent task (MET) ≥ 6], nonvigorous activity (MET < 6), and walking pace were assessed a median of 14 months before diagnosis. Prostate tumors from men who reported a brisk walking pace (3+ mph) had larger, more regularly shaped blood vessels compared with those of men who walked at a less than brisk pace [vessel regularity OR, 1.59; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11-2.27; P value, 0.01; vessel size OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.04-2.12; P value, 0.03]. Brisk walking was not associated with microvessel density; total vigorous and nonvigorous activities were not associated with vessel size, shape, or number. Brisk walking may be associated with larger, more regularly shaped vessels in prostate tumors. Additional research elucidating the effect of physical activity on prostate tumor biology is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Van Blarigan
- Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco
- Dept. of Urology, University of California San Francisco
| | | | - Stacey A Kenfield
- Dept. of Urology, University of California San Francisco
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
- Dept. of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
- Dept. of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health
| | - Lee W Jones
- Dept. of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Steven K Clinton
- Ohio State University Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - June M Chan
- Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco
- Dept. of Urology, University of California San Francisco
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
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Piguet AC, Saran U, Simillion C, Keller I, Terracciano L, Reeves HL, Dufour JF. Regular exercise decreases liver tumors development in hepatocyte-specific PTEN-deficient mice independently of steatosis. J Hepatol 2015; 62:1296-303. [PMID: 25623824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Unhealthy lifestyles predispose people to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may further result in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although NASH patients benefit from physical activity, it is unknown whether regular exercise reduces the risk of developing HCC. Therefore, we studied the effect of regular exercise on the development of HCC in male hepatocyte-specific PTEN-deficient mice (AlbCrePten(flox/flox)), which develop steatohepatitis and HCC spontaneously. METHODS Mice were fed a standardized 10% fat diet and were randomly divided into exercise or sedentary groups. The exercise group ran on a motorized treadmill for 60 min/day, 5 days/week during 32 weeks. RESULTS After 32 weeks of regular exercise, 71% of exercised mice developed nodules larger than 15 mm(3)vs. 100% of mice in the sedentary group. The mean number of tumors per liver was reduced by exercise, as well as the total tumoral volume per liver. Exercise did not affect steatosis and had no effect on the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Activity Score (NAS). Exercise decreased tumor cell proliferation. Mechanistically, exercise stimulated the phosphorylation of AMPK and its substrate raptor, which decreased the kinase activity of mTOR. CONCLUSIONS These data show a beneficial effect of regular exercise on the development of HCC in an experimental model of NASH and offer a rationale for encouraging predisposed patients to increase their physical activity for the prevention of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Christine Piguet
- Hepatology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Uttara Saran
- Hepatology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Simillion
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Irene Keller
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helen L Reeves
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK; The Liver Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Jean-François Dufour
- Hepatology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland; University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
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23
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Wekesa A, Harrison M, Watson RW. Physical activity and its mechanistic effects on prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2015; 18:197-207. [PMID: 25800589 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2015.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Beneficial effects of physical activity have been illustrated in numerous aspects of health. With the increasing incidence of prostate cancer and changes in physical activity of men, understanding the link between the two has important implications for changing this cancer burden. Both positive and negative associations between physical activity and prostate cancer have been previously demonstrated in observational epidemiological studies. Elucidating the biological mechanisms would lead to a better understanding of how physical activity influences the progression of prostate cancer. This review was undertaken to: (1) identify evidence in literature that demonstrates the effects of physical activity on skeletal muscle secretomes, (2) indicate the plausible signaling pathways these proteins might activate, and (3) identify evidence in literature that demonstrates the roles of the signaling pathways in prostate cancer progression and regression. We also discuss proposed biological mechanisms and signaling pathways by which physical activity may prevent the development and progression of prostate cancer. We discuss proteins involved in the normal and aberrant growth and development of the prostate gland that may be affected by physical activity. We further identify future directions for research, including a better understanding of the biological mechanisms, the need to standardize physical activity and identify mechanistic end points of physical activity that can then be correlated with outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wekesa
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Harrison
- Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - R W Watson
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Gueritat J, Lefeuvre-Orfila L, Vincent S, Cretual A, Ravanat JL, Gratas-Delamarche A, Rannou-Bekono F, Rebillard A. Exercise training combined with antioxidant supplementation prevents the antiproliferative activity of their single treatment in prostate cancer through inhibition of redox adaptation. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 77:95-105. [PMID: 25236740 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In preclinical models, exercise training (ET) or pomegranate juice (PJ) prevents prostate cancer progression. Here, we hypothesized that physical exercise combined with antioxidants could induce synergistic effects through oxidative stress modulation. Forty male Copenhagen rats with prostate tumors were divided into four groups: control, PJ, ET, and PJ+ET. Rats from the PJ group consumed 750 µl of PJ daily, rats from the ET group ran on a treadmill 5 days per week, and PJ+ET rats received the combined treatment. Each week, tumor growth was evaluated. After 4 weeks of treatment, the rats were euthanized and blood, muscles, and tumors were collected. Tumor Ki67, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, Bcl-2 expression, and enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defenses, as well as oxidative stress markers (oxidized base, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation), were measured. PJ or ET significantly decreased prostate tumor proliferation (Ki67 staining, p<0.05) through the modulation of ERK phosphorylation, whereas the combination of treatments did not limit cancer progression. PJ significantly reduced Bcl-2 expression in tumors (p<0.05) and the combination of PJ and ET prevented this effect. PJ or ET increased enzymatic antioxidant defenses in muscle, PJ increased nonenzymatic antioxidant defenses in plasma and whole blood. In addition, PJ reduced TBARS and 8-oxodGuo levels in tumors as well as ET (p<0.05), whereas protein carbonyl levels were not affected by these two strategies. Paradoxically, association of PJ+ET did not increase antioxidant defenses and no reduction in oxidative stress markers was induced. Loading cancer cells with antioxidants blunts the positive effects of ET and interferes with important reactive oxygen species-mediated physiological processes such as antioxidant adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Gueritat
- EA 1274, Laboratoire "Mouvement, Sport, Santé," Université de Rennes 2-ENS Rennes, Bruz 35170, France
| | - Luz Lefeuvre-Orfila
- EA 1274, Laboratoire "Mouvement, Sport, Santé," Université de Rennes 2-ENS Rennes, Bruz 35170, France
| | - Sophie Vincent
- EA 1274, Laboratoire "Mouvement, Sport, Santé," Université de Rennes 2-ENS Rennes, Bruz 35170, France
| | - Armel Cretual
- EA 1274, Laboratoire "Mouvement, Sport, Santé," Université de Rennes 2-ENS Rennes, Bruz 35170, France
| | - Jean-Luc Ravanat
- Laboratoire "Lésions des Acides Nucléiques," Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1/CEA/Institut Nanoscience et Cryogénie/SCIB, UMR-E3, Grenoble, France
| | - Arlette Gratas-Delamarche
- EA 1274, Laboratoire "Mouvement, Sport, Santé," Université de Rennes 2-ENS Rennes, Bruz 35170, France
| | - Françoise Rannou-Bekono
- EA 1274, Laboratoire "Mouvement, Sport, Santé," Université de Rennes 2-ENS Rennes, Bruz 35170, France
| | - Amélie Rebillard
- EA 1274, Laboratoire "Mouvement, Sport, Santé," Université de Rennes 2-ENS Rennes, Bruz 35170, France.
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25
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Seo DY, Lee SR, Kim N, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Han J. Humanized animal exercise model for clinical implication. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:1673-87. [PMID: 24647666 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1496-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Exercise and physical activity function as a patho-physiological process that can prevent, manage, and regulate numerous chronic conditions, including metabolic syndrome and age-related sarcopenia. Because of research ethics and technical difficulties in humans, exercise models using animals are requisite for the future development of exercise mimetics to treat such abnormalities. Moreover, the beneficial or adverse outcomes of a new regime or exercise intervention in the treatment of a specific condition should be tested prior to implementation in a clinical setting. In rodents, treadmill running (or swimming) and ladder climbing are widely used as aerobic and anaerobic exercise models, respectively. However, exercise models are not limited to these types. Indeed, there are no golden standard exercise modes or protocols for managing or improving health status since the types (aerobic vs. anaerobic), time (morning vs. evening), and duration (continuous vs. acute bouts) of exercise are the critical determinants for achieving expected beneficial effects. To provide insight into the understanding of exercise and exercise physiology, we have summarized current animal exercise models largely based on aerobic and anaerobic criteria. Additionally, specialized exercise models that have been developed for testing the effect of exercise on specific physiological conditions are presented. Finally, we provide suggestions and/or considerations for developing a new regime for an exercise model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Yun Seo
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bok Ji-Ro 75, Busanjin-Gu, Busan, 613-735, Republic of Korea
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26
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Abstract
The etiology of prostate cancer (PCa) is still largely unknown and the only well-established risk factors are those that are non-modifiable (age, race, and family history). Therefore, the identification of lifestyle and dietary factors which might prevent PCa development and progression is of paramount importance from a public health point of view. Accumulating evidence indicates that obesity may have a dual effect on PCa: an increased risk of aggressive PCa and a decreased risk of localized PCa. Both occupational and leisure time physical activity have been observed to be associated with a reduced PCa risk. Different dietary factors including coffee have been examined in several epidemiological studies, but results have been mostly inconsistent. However, these inconsistencies can be, at least partly, explained by the fact that the majority of those studies examined total PCa risk only and, in addition, they did not take into account the different genetic characteristics within the study populations. Therefore, the future epidemiological studies should focus on the analysis of PCa subtypes separately in order to examine possible etiological heterogeneity of PCa in relation to some exposures. In addition, differences in the genetic characteristics of the study participants should be taken into account to explore the possibility of gene-environment interactions.
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McCullough DJ, Nguyen LMD, Siemann DW, Behnke BJ. Effects of exercise training on tumor hypoxia and vascular function in the rodent preclinical orthotopic prostate cancer model. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:1846-54. [PMID: 24177690 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00949.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular physical exercise is considered to be an integral component of cancer care strategies. However, the effect of exercise training on tumor microvascular oxygenation, hypoxia, and vascular function, all of which can affect the tumor microenvironment, remains unknown. Using an orthotopic preclinical model of prostate cancer, we tested the hypotheses that, after exercise training, in the tumor, there would be an enhanced microvascular Po2, increased number of patent vessels, and reduced hypoxia. We also investigated tumor resistance artery contractile properties. Dunning R-3327 AT-1 tumor cells (10(4)) were injected into the ventral prostate of 4-5-mo-old male Copenhagen or Nude rats, which were randomly assigned to tumor-bearing exercise trained (TB-Ex trained; n = 15; treadmill exercise for 5-7 wk) or sedentary groups (TB-Sedentary; n = 12). Phosphorescence quenching was used to measure tumor microvascular Po2, and Hoechst-33342 and EF-5 were used to measure patent vessels and tumor hypoxia, respectively. Tumor resistance artery function was assessed in vitro using the isolated microvessel technique. Compared with sedentary counterparts, tumor microvascular Po2 increased ∼100% after exercise training (TB-Sedentary, 6.0 ± 0.3 vs. TB-Ex Trained, 12.2 ± 1.0 mmHg, P < 0.05). Exercise training did not affect the number of patent vessels but did significantly reduce tumor hypoxia in the conscious, resting condition from 39 ± 12% of the tumor area in TB-Sedentary to 4 ± 1% in TB-Ex Trained. Exercise training did not affect vessel contractile function. These results demonstrate that after exercise training, there is a large increase in the driving force of O2 from the tumor microcirculation, which likely contributes to the considerable reduction in tumor hypoxia. These results suggest that exercise training can modulate the microenvironment of the tumor, such that a sustained reduction in tumor hypoxia occurs, which may lead to a less aggressive phenotype and improve patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J McCullough
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, Center for Exercise Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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29
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Vandersluis AD, Venier NA, Colquhoun AJ, Sugar L, Pollak M, Kiss A, Fleshner NE, Klotz LH, Venkateswaran V. Exercise does not counteract the effects of a "westernized" diet on prostate cancer xenografts. Prostate 2013; 73:1223-32. [PMID: 23630020 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationships between diet, exercise, and prostate cancer (PCa) remain unclear. We have previously reported that a "Western" diet promotes PCa tumor growth in vivo. Presently, we report the effects of sustained aerobic exercise on PCa progression in animals fed a high-fat diet versus a standard diet. METHODS Athymic mice (n = 43) were inoculated subcutaneously with human PCa (LNCaP) cells, fed ad libitum with either a high-fat or a standard diet, and randomized into forced exercising and non-exercising groups. Body weight, tumor volume, and food consumption were recorded tri-weekly. Terminal serum samples and tumor biopsies were obtained for analysis. RESULTS Body weight differences were not observed between the groups over time. The high-fat diet with exercise (HF-Ex) group showed significantly increased tumor growth rate compared to all other groups (P < 0.0007). Tumor growth rate of the standard diet with exercise (Std-Ex) group was reduced significantly compared to the high-fat diet without exercise (HF-No Ex) group (P = 0.0008). Significant differences (P ≤ 0.012) were observed in energy consumption (kcal) between the groups over time. Exercising mice consumed significantly more kcal than non-exercising mice, and the HF-Ex group consumed significantly more than each of the other three groups (P < 0.0007). The expression levels of p27 and p21 were increased in exercising animals, while AR expression was elevated in the HF-Ex group versus the Std-Ex and HF-No Ex groups. CONCLUSIONS Sustained aerobic exercise did not counteract the tumor-promotional effect of increased consumption of a high-fat diet, suggesting that diet is more influential in PCa progression than exercise. Combining exercise with a healthy diet reduced the rate of PCa progression in this model. This study may have implications for PCa risk reduction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi D Vandersluis
- Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Abstract
Physical exercise has systemic effects, and it can regulate all the organs. The relative maximal aerobic oxygen uptake (VO2max) could have been important in the evolution of humans, since higher VO2max meant better hunting abilities for the Stone Age man. However, it appears that high level of VO2max is also important today, in the 21st century to prevent cardiovascular diseases, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. High level of VO2max is not just preventive against a wide spectrum of diseases, but it associated with better function of many organs. Relevant data suggest that high level of VO2max is a key factor in prevention of diseases and survival even at the modern civilized world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyöngyvér Lacza
- Semmelweis Egyetem Testnevelési és Sporttudományi Kar Budapest Alkotás út 44. 1123
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31
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Rebillard A, Lefeuvre-Orfila L, Gueritat J, Cillard J. Prostate cancer and physical activity: adaptive response to oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 60:115-24. [PMID: 23462616 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer affecting men in the Western world. Its relative incidence increases exponentially with age and a steady increase is observed with extended life span. A sedentary lifestyle represents an important risk factor and a decrease in prostate cancer prevalence is associated with exercise. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this process remain unknown. We hypothesize that reactive oxygen species generated by physical exercise are a key regulatory factor in prostate cancer prevention. Aging is correlated with increased oxidative stress (OS), which in turn provides a favorable environment for tumorigenesis. Running training is known to enhance the antioxidant defense system, reducing oxidative stress. In this context, the decrease in OS induced by exercise may delay the development of prostate cancer. This review focuses on oxidative stress-based mechanisms leading to prostate cancer sensitization to exercise, which could have some impact on the development of novel cancer therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Rebillard
- EA 1274, Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé, University of Rennes 2-ENS Cachan Antenne de Bretagne, 35170 Bruz, France.
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32
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Wolff G, Esser KA. Scheduled exercise phase shifts the circadian clock in skeletal muscle. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 44:1663-70. [PMID: 22460470 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318255cf4c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been well established in mammals that circadian behavior as well as the molecular clockwork can be synchronized to the light-dark cycle via the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN). In addition to light, it has been demonstrated that nonphotic time cues, such as restricting the time of food availability, can alter circadian behavior and clock gene expression in selected peripheral tissues such as the liver. Studies have also suggested that scheduled physical activity (exercise) can alter circadian rhythms in behavior and clock gene expression; however, currently, the effects of exercise alone are largely unknown and have not been explored in skeletal muscle. METHODS Period2::Luciferase (Per2::Luc) mice were maintained under 12 h of light followed by 12 h of darkness then exposed to 2 h of voluntary or involuntary exercise during the light phase for 4 wk. Control mice were left in home cages or moved to the exercise environment (sham). A second group of mice had restricted access to food (4 h · d(-1) for 2 wk) to compare the effects of two nonphotic cues on PER2::LUC bioluminescence. Skeletal muscle, lung, and SCN tissue explants were cultured for 5-6 d to study molecular rhythms. RESULTS In the exercised mice, the phase of peak PER2::LUC bioluminescence was shifted in the skeletal muscle and lung explants but not in the SCN suggesting a specific synchronizing effect of exercise on the molecular clockwork in peripheral tissues. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that the molecular circadian clock in peripheral tissues can respond to the time of exercise suggesting that physical activity contributes important timing information for synchronization of circadian clocks throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Wolff
- Department of Physiology, Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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33
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Jones LW, Antonelli J, Masko EM, Broadwater G, Lascola CD, Fels D, Dewhirst MW, Dyck JRB, Nagendran J, Flores CT, Betof AS, Nelson ER, Pollak M, Dash RC, Young ME, Freedland SJ. Exercise modulation of the host-tumor interaction in an orthotopic model of murine prostate cancer. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:263-72. [PMID: 22604887 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01575.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of exercise on cancer progression, metastasis, and underlying mechanisms in an orthotopic model of murine prostate cancer. C57BL/6 male mice (6-8 wk of age) were orthotopically injected with transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate C-1 cells (5 × 10(5)) and randomly assigned to exercise (n = 28) or a non-intervention control (n = 31) groups. The exercise group was given voluntary access to a wheel 24 h/day for the duration of the study. Four mice per group were serially killed on days 14, 31, and 36; the remaining 38 mice (exercise, n = 18; control, n = 20) were killed on day 53. Before death, MRI was performed to assess tumor blood perfusion. Primary tumor growth rate was comparable between groups, but expression of prometastatic genes was significantly modulated in exercising animals with a shift toward reduced metastasis. Exercise was associated with increased activity of protein kinases within the MEK/MAPK and PI3K/mTOR signaling cascades with subsequent increased intratumoral protein levels of HIF-1α and VEGF. This was associated with improved tumor vascularization. Multiplex ELISAs revealed distinct reductions in plasma concentrations of several angiogenic cytokines in the exercise group, which was associated with increased expression of angiogenic and metabolic genes in the skeletal muscle. Exercise-induced stabilization of HIF-1α and subsequent upregulation of VEGF was associated with "productive" tumor vascularization with a shift toward suppressed metastasis in an orthotopic model of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee W Jones
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Abstract
The hormone leptin has a variety of functions. Originally known for its role in satiety and weight loss, leptin more recently has been shown to augment tumor growth in a variety of cancers. Within gliomas, there is a correlation between tumor grade and tumor expression of leptin and its receptor. This suggests that autocrine signaling within the tumor microenvironment may promote the growth of high-grade gliomas. Leptin does this through stimulation of cellular pathways that are also advantageous for tumor growth and recurrence: antiapoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, and migration. Conversely, a loss of leptin expression attenuates tumor growth. In animal models of colon cancer and melanoma, a decline in the expression and secretion of leptin resulted in a reduction of tumor growth. In these models, positive mental stimulation through environmental enrichment decreased leptin secretion and improved tumor outcome. This review explores the link between leptin and glioblastoma.
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Liu Y, Hu F, Li D, Wang F, Zhu L, Chen W, Ge J, An R, Zhao Y. Does physical activity reduce the risk of prostate cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol 2011; 60:1029-44. [PMID: 21802197 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Numerous observational epidemiologic studies have evaluated the association between physical activity and prostate cancer (PCa); however, the existing results are inconsistent. OBJECTIVE To determine the association between physical activity and risk of PCa. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A systematic search was performed using the Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases through 15 May 2011 to identify all English-language articles that examined the effect of physical activity on the risk of PCa. This meta-analysis was conducted according to the guidelines for the meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS This meta-analysis consisted of 88,294 cases from 19 eligible cohort studies and 24 eligible case-control studies. When data from both types of studies were combined, total physical activity (TPA) was significantly associated with a decreased risk of PCa (pooled relative risk [RR]: 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84-0.95). The pooled RR for occupational physical activity (OPA) and recreational physical activity (RPA) were 0.81 (95% CI, 0.73-0.91) and 0.95 (95% CI, 0.89-1.00), respectively. Notably, for TPA, we observed a significant PCa risk reduction for individuals between 20 and 45 yr of age (RR: 0.93; 95% CI, 0.89-0.97) and between 45 and 65 yr of age (RR: 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86-0.97) who performed activities but not for individuals <20 yr of age or >65 yr of age. CONCLUSIONS There appears to be an inverse association between physical activity and PCa risk, albeit a small one. Given that increasing physical activity has numerous other health benefits, men should be encouraged to increase their physical activity in both occupational and recreational time to improve their overall health and potentially decrease their risk of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuPeng Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
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Pang TYC, Hannan AJ. Environmental Enrichment: A Cure for Cancer? It's All in the Mind. J Mol Cell Biol 2010; 2:302-4. [DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjq027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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