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James C, Whitehead A, Plummer JT, Thompson R, Badal S. Failure to progress: breast and prostate cancer cell lines in developing targeted therapies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024:10.1007/s10555-024-10202-w. [PMID: 39060878 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10202-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Developing anticancer drugs from preclinical to clinical takes approximately a decade in a cutting-edge biomedical lab and still 97% of most fail at clinical trials. Cell line usage is critical in expediting the advancement of anticancer therapies. Yet developing appropriate cell lines has been challenging and overcoming these obstacles whilst implementing a systematic approach of utilizing 3D models that recapitulate the tumour microenvironment is prudent. Using a robust and continuous supply of cell lines representing all ethnic groups from all locales is necessary to capture the evolving tumour landscape in culture. Next, the conversion of these models to systems on a chip that can by way of high throughput cytotoxic assays identify drug leads for clinical trials should fast-track drug development while markedly improving success rates. In this review, we describe the challenges that have hindered the progression of cell line models over seven decades and methods to overcome this. We outline the gaps in breast and prostate cancer cell line pathology and racial representation alongside their involvement in relevant drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsi James
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences Teaching and Research Complex, The University of the West Indies, Mona, West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Akeem Whitehead
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences Teaching and Research Complex, The University of the West Indies, Mona, West Indies, Jamaica
| | | | - Rory Thompson
- Department of Pathology, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Simone Badal
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences Teaching and Research Complex, The University of the West Indies, Mona, West Indies, Jamaica.
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Valentine H, Aiken W, Morrison B, Zhao Z, Fowle H, Wasserman JS, Thompson E, Chin W, Young M, Clarke S, Gibbs D, Harrison S, McLaughlin W, Kwok T, Jin F, Campbell KS, Horvath A, Thompson R, Lee NH, Zhou Y, Graña X, Ragin C, Badal S. Expanding the prostate cancer cell line repertoire with ACRJ-PC28, an AR-negative neuroendocrine cell line derived from an African-Caribbean patient. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:1355-1371. [PMID: 36643868 PMCID: PMC9836004 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cell lines from diverse backgrounds are important to addressing disparities in prostate cancer (PCa) incidence and mortality rates among Black men. ACRJ-PC28 was developed from a transrectal needle biopsy and established via inactivation of the CDKN2A locus and simultaneous expression of human telomerase. Characterization assays included growth curve analysis, immunoblots, IHC, 3D cultures, immunofluorescence imaging, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, WGS, and RNA-Seq. ACRJ-PC28 has been passaged more than 40 times in vitro over 10 months with a doubling time of 45 hours. STR profiling confirmed the novelty and human origin of the cell line. RNA-Seq confirmed the expression of prostate specific genes alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) and NKX3.1 and Neuroendocrine specific markers synaptophysin (SYP) and enolase 2 (ENO2) and IHC confirmed the presence of AMACR. Immunoblots indicated the cell line is of basal-luminal type; expresses p53 and pRB and is AR negative. WGS confirmed the absence of exonic mutations and the presence of intronic variants that appear to not affect function of AR, p53, and pRB. RNA-Seq data revealed numerous TP53 and RB1 mRNA splice variants and the lack of AR mRNA expression. This is consistent with retention of p53 function in response to DNA damage and pRB function in response to contact inhibition. Soft agar anchorage-independent analysis indicated that the cells are transformed, confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA) where ACRJ-PC28 cells cluster alongside other PCa tumor tissues, yet was distinct. The novel methodology described should advance prostate cell line development, addressing the disparity in PCa among Black men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henkel Valentine
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences Teaching and Research Complex, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, West Indies
| | - William Aiken
- Department of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Section of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Belinda Morrison
- Department of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Section of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ziran Zhao
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Holly Fowle
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason S. Wasserman
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elon Thompson
- Department of Urology Kingston Public Hospital, North Street, Kingston
| | - Warren Chin
- Department of Urology Kingston Public Hospital, North Street, Kingston
| | - Mark Young
- Department of Urology Kingston Public Hospital, North Street, Kingston
| | - Shannique Clarke
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences Teaching and Research Complex, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, West Indies
| | - Denise Gibbs
- African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sharon Harrison
- African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wayne McLaughlin
- CARIGEN, Faculty of Medical Sciences Teaching and Research Complex, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Tim Kwok
- Cell Culture Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fang Jin
- Cell Culture Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kerry S. Campbell
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program and Cell Culture Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anelia Horvath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Rory Thompson
- African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Norman H. Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, GW Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Yan Zhou
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xavier Graña
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Camille Ragin
- African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Simone Badal
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences Teaching and Research Complex, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, West Indies
- African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Corresponding Author: Simone Ann Marie Badal, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica, West Indies. Phone: 876-325-7366; Fax: 876-977-9285; E-mail:
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Tostivint V, Racaud-Sultan C, Roumiguié M, Soulié M, Gamé X, Beauval JB. [Progress in prostate cancer study: 3D cell culture enables the ex vivo reproduction of tumor characteristics]. Presse Med 2017; 46:954-965. [PMID: 28967525 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite new therapeutics options, Prostate Cancer (PCa) remains a public health challenge because of its high incidence and mortality. Limits in PCa research come from the lack of in vitro and in vivo models that mimic the human disease. Currently, 2D in vitro tissue culture models of PCa are widely used but they present numerous limits. They do not reproduce cellular morphology, tissue architecture, inter-patients and intratumor heterogeneity. Furthermore, they lack two key components of PCa tumors, the tumoral microenvironment and the cancer stem cells. In vivo murine models of PCa cannot be representative of all the genetic alterations known in prostate tumors and they hardly reproduce the pathophysiology of human metastatic progression. Consequently, the physiology of these in vitro and in vivo models do not well represent patients tumors. 3D cell cultures overcome many of these limits by sharing morphologic characteristics with in vivo tumors as well as reproducibility of in vitro models. 3D models of PCa include spheroids derived from tumor cell lines, and organoids, derived from patient. In 3D cell cultures, cell fitness is maintained, the physiological cells-cells and cell-matrix interactions are restored and an extracellular matrix surrounds the cells. Organoids, generated from PCa primary tumors or metastases, allow studies on cancer stem cells and their microenvironment. Moreover, organoids retain genetic integrity of PCa tumors. PCa organoid model is an innovative tool that offers great perspectives of therapeutic screening. In the future, organoids generated from patients' biopsies may also lead to personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Tostivint
- Hôpital Rangueil, TSA 50032, 1, avenue du professeur Jean-Poulhès, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Claire Racaud-Sultan
- IRSD, université de Toulouse, Inserm, Inra, ENVT, UPS, CS 60039, place du docteur Baylac, 31024 Toulouse cedex 3, France.
| | - Mathieu Roumiguié
- Hôpital Rangueil, TSA 50032, 1, avenue du professeur Jean-Poulhès, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Michel Soulié
- Hôpital Rangueil, TSA 50032, 1, avenue du professeur Jean-Poulhès, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Xavier Gamé
- Hôpital Rangueil, TSA 50032, 1, avenue du professeur Jean-Poulhès, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Beauval
- Hôpital Rangueil, TSA 50032, 1, avenue du professeur Jean-Poulhès, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
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Yap TA, Smith AD, Ferraldeschi R, Al-Lazikani B, Workman P, de Bono JS. Drug discovery in advanced prostate cancer: translating biology into therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:699-718. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Frame FM, Pellacani D, Collins AT, Maitland NJ. Harvesting Human Prostate Tissue Material and Culturing Primary Prostate Epithelial Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1443:181-201. [PMID: 27246341 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3724-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to fully explore the biology of a complex solid tumor such as prostate cancer, it is desirable to work with patient tissue. Only by working with cells from a tissue can we take into account patient variability and tumor heterogeneity. Cell lines have long been regarded as the workhorse of cancer research and it could be argued that they are of most use when considered within a panel of cell lines, thus taking into account specified mutations and variations in phenotype between different cell lines. However, often very different results are obtained when comparing cell lines to primary cells cultured from tissue. It stands to reason that cells cultured from patient tissue represents a close-to-patient model that should and does produce clinically relevant data. This chapter aims to illustrate the methods of processing, storing and culturing cells from prostate tissue, with a description of potential uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Frame
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Davide Pellacani
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Anne T Collins
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Norman J Maitland
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK.
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Establishment of highly tumorigenic human colorectal cancer cell line (CR4) with properties of putative cancer stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99091. [PMID: 24921652 PMCID: PMC4055451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) has the third highest mortality rates among the US population. According to the most recent concept of carcinogenesis, human tumors are organized hierarchically, and the top of it is occupied by malignant stem cells (cancer stem cells, CSCs, or cancer-initiating cells, CICs), which possess unlimited self-renewal and tumor-initiating capacities and high resistance to conventional therapies. To reflect the complexity and diversity of human tumors and to provide clinically and physiologically relevant cancer models, large banks of characterized patient-derived low-passage cell lines, and especially CIC-enriched cell lines, are urgently needed. Principal Findings Here we report the establishment of a novel CIC-enriched, highly tumorigenic and clonogenic colon cancer cell line, CR4, derived from liver metastasis. This stable cell line was established by combining 3D culturing and 2D culturing in stem cell media, subcloning of cells with particular morphology, co-culture with carcinoma associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and serial transplantation to NOD/SCID mice. Using RNA-Seq complete transcriptome profiling of the tumorigenic fraction of the CR4 cells in comparison to the bulk tumor cells, we have identified about 360 differentially expressed transcripts, many of which represent stemness, pluripotency and resistance to treatment. Majority of the established CR4 cells express common markers of stemness, including CD133, CD44, CD166, EpCAM, CD24 and Lgr5. Using immunocytochemical, FACS and western blot analyses, we have shown that a significant ratio of the CR4 cells express key markers of pluripotency markers, including Sox-2, Oct3/4 and c-Myc. Constitutive overactivation of ABC transporters and NF-kB and absence of tumor suppressors p53 and p21 may partially explain exceptional drug resistance of the CR4 cells. Conclusions The highly tumorigenic and clonogenic CIC-enriched CR4 cell line may provide an important new tool to support the discovery of novel diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers as well as the development of more effective therapeutic strategies.
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Pellacani D, Kestoras D, Droop AP, Frame FM, Berry PA, Lawrence MG, Stower MJ, Simms MS, Mann VM, Collins AT, Risbridger GP, Maitland NJ. DNA hypermethylation in prostate cancer is a consequence of aberrant epithelial differentiation and hyperproliferation. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:761-73. [PMID: 24464224 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) is mostly composed of luminal-like differentiated cells, but contains a small subpopulation of basal cells (including stem-like cells), which can proliferate and differentiate into luminal-like cells. In cancers, CpG island hypermethylation has been associated with gene downregulation, but the causal relationship between the two phenomena is still debated. Here we clarify the origin and function of CpG island hypermethylation in CaP, in the context of a cancer cell hierarchy and epithelial differentiation, by analysis of separated basal and luminal cells from cancers. For a set of genes (including GSTP1) that are hypermethylated in CaP, gene downregulation is the result of cell differentiation and is not cancer specific. Hypermethylation is however seen in more differentiated cancer cells and is promoted by hyperproliferation. These genes are maintained as actively expressed and methylation-free in undifferentiated CaP cells, and their hypermethylation is not essential for either tumour development or expansion. We present evidence for the causes and the dynamics of CpG island hypermethylation in CaP, showing that, for a specific set of genes, promoter methylation is downstream of gene downregulation and is not a driver of gene repression, while gene repression is a result of tissue-specific differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pellacani
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - D Kestoras
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - A P Droop
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - F M Frame
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - P A Berry
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - M G Lawrence
- Prostate Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - M J Stower
- York District Hospital, Wigginton Road, City Centre, York, UK
| | - M S Simms
- 1] Castle Hill Hospital, Castle Rd, Cottingham, East Yorkshire, UK [2] Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - V M Mann
- 1] Castle Hill Hospital, Castle Rd, Cottingham, East Yorkshire, UK [2] Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - A T Collins
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - G P Risbridger
- Prostate Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - N J Maitland
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK
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Botchkina GI, Zuniga ES, Rowehl RH, Park R, Bhalla R, Bialkowska AB, Johnson F, Golub LM, Zhang Y, Ojima I, Shroyer KR. Prostate cancer stem cell-targeted efficacy of a new-generation taxoid, SBT-1214 and novel polyenolic zinc-binding curcuminoid, CMC2.24. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69884. [PMID: 24086245 PMCID: PMC3782470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among men. Multiple evidence suggests that a population of tumor-initiating, or cancer stem cells (CSCs) is responsible for cancer development and exceptional drug resistance, representing a highly important therapeutic target. The present study evaluated CSC-specific alterations induced by new-generation taxoid SBT-1214 and a novel polyenolic zinc-binding curcuminoid, CMC2.24, in prostate CSCs. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The CD133(high)/CD44(high) phenotype was isolated from spontaneously immortalized patient-derived PPT2 cells and highly metastatic PC3MM2 cells. Weekly treatment of the NOD/SCID mice bearing PPT2- and PC3MM3-induced tumors with the SBT-1214 led to dramatic suppression of tumor growth. Four of six PPT2 and 3 of 6 PC3MM2 tumors have shown the absence of viable cells in residual tumors. In vitro, SBT-1214 (100 nM-1 µM; for 72 hr) induced about 60% cell death in CD133(high)/CD44(+/high) cells cultured on collagen I in stem cell medium (in contrast, the same doses of paclitaxel increased proliferation of these cells). The cytotoxic effects were increased when SBT-1214 was combined with the CMC2.24. A stem cell-specific PCR array assay revealed that this drug combination mediated massive inhibition of multiple constitutively up-regulated stem cell-related genes, including key pluripotency transcription factors. Importantly, this drug combination induced expression of p21 and p53, which were absent in CD133(high)/CD44(high) cells. Viable cells that survived this treatment regimen were no longer able to induce secondary spheroids, exhibited significant morphological abnormalities and died in 2-5 days. CONCLUSIONS We report here that the SBT-1214 alone, or in combination with CMC2.24, possesses significant activity against prostate CD133(high)/CD44(+/high) tumor-initiating cells. This drug combination efficiently inhibits expression of the majority of stem cell-related genes and pluripotency transcription factors. In addition, it induces a previously absent expression of p21 and p53 ("gene wake-up"), which can potentially reverse drug resistance by increasing sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina I. Botchkina
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Development, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Edison S. Zuniga
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Development, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Rebecca H. Rowehl
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Rosa Park
- Department of Urology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Rahuldev Bhalla
- Department of Urology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Agnieszka B. Bialkowska
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Francis Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Chem-Master Int. Inc., Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Lorne M. Golub
- Department of Oral Biology & Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Iwao Ojima
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Development, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Kenneth R. Shroyer
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
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Chauchereau A, Al Nakouzi N, Gaudin C, Le Moulec S, Compagno D, Auger N, Bénard J, Opolon P, Rozet F, Validire P, Fromont G, Fizazi K. Stemness markers characterize IGR-CaP1, a new cell line derived from primary epithelial prostate cancer. Exp Cell Res 2010; 317:262-75. [PMID: 20974126 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering molecular pathways involved in the early steps of prostate oncogenesis requires both in vitro and in vivo models derived from human primary tumors. However the few recognized models of human prostate epithelial cancer originate from metastases. To date, very few models are proposed from primary tumors and immortalizing normal human prostate cells does not recapitulate the natural history of the disease. By culturing human prostate primary tumor cells onto human epithelial extra-cellular matrix, we successfully selected a new prostate cancer cell line, IGR-CaP1, and clonally-derived subclones. IGR-CaP1 cells, that harbor a tetraploid karyotype, high telomerase activity and mutated TP53, rapidly induced subcutaneous xenografts in nude mice. Furthermore, IGR-CaP1 cell lines, all exhibiting negativity for the androgen receptor and PSA, express the specific prostate markers alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase and a low level of the prostate-specific membrane antigen PSMA, along with the prostate basal epithelial markers CK5 and CK14. More importantly, these clones express high CD44, CD133, and CXCR4 levels associated with high expression of α2β1-integrin and Oct4 which are reported to be prostate cancer stemness markers. RT-PCR data also revealed high activation of the Sonic Hedgehog signalling pathway in these cells. Additionally, the IGR-CaP1 cells possess a 3D sphere-forming ability and a renewal capacity by maintaining their CSC potential after xenografting in mice. As a result, the hormone-independent IGR-CaP1 cellular clones exhibit the original features of both basal prostate tissue and cancer stemness. Tumorigenic IGR-CaP1 clones constitute invaluable human models for studying prostate cancer progression and drug assessment in vitro as well as in animals specifically for developing new therapeutic approaches targeting prostate cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Chauchereau
- Prostate Cancer Group, INSERM U981, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif F-94805, France.
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