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Block one, unleash a hundred. Mechanisms of DAB2IP inactivation in cancer. Cell Death Differ 2016; 24:15-25. [PMID: 27858941 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most defining features of cancer is aberrant cell communication; therefore, a molecular understanding of the intricate network established among tumor cells and their microenvironment could significantly improve comprehension and clinical management of cancer. The tumor suppressor DAB2IP (Disabled homolog 2 interacting protein), also known as AIP1 (ASK1 interacting protein), has an important role in this context, as it modulates signal transduction by multiple inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. DAB2IP is a Ras-GAP, and negatively controls Ras-dependent mitogenic signals. In addition, acting as a signaling adaptor, DAB2IP modulates other key oncogenic pathways, including TNFα/NF-κB, WNT/β-catenin, PI3K/AKT, and androgen receptors. Therefore, DAB2IP inactivation can provide a selective advantage to tumors initiated by a variety of driver mutations. In line with this role, DAB2IP expression is frequently impaired by methylation in cancer. Interestingly, recent studies reveal that tumor cells can employ other sophisticated mechanisms to disable DAB2IP at the post-transcriptional level. We review the mechanisms and consequences of DAB2IP inactivation in cancer, with the purpose to support and improve research aimed to counteract such mechanisms. We suggest that DAB2IP reactivation in cancer cells could be a strategy to coordinately dampen multiple oncogenic pathways, potentially limiting progression of a wide spectrum of tumors.
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Yun EJ, Zhou J, Lin CJ, Hernandez E, Fazli L, Gleave M, Hsieh JT. Targeting Cancer Stem Cells in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:670-9. [PMID: 26490309 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinical evidence suggests increased cancer stem cells (CSCs) in a tumor mass may contribute to the failure of conventional therapies because CSCs seem to be more resistant than differentiated tumor cells. Thus, unveiling the mechanism regulating CSCs and candidate target molecules will provide new strategy to cure the patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The stem-like cell properties were determined by a prostasphere assay and dye exclusion assay. To find critical stem cell marker and reveal regulation mechanism, basic biochemical and molecular biologic methods, such as quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot, reporter gene assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, were used. In addition, to determine the effect of combination therapy targeting both CSCs and its progeny, in vitro MTT assay and in vivo xenograft model was used. RESULTS We demonstrate immortalized normal human prostate epithelial cells, appeared nontumorigenic in vivo, become tumorigenic, and acquire stem cell phenotype after knocking down a tumor suppressor gene. Also, those stem-like cells increase chemoresistance to conventional anticancer reagent. Mechanistically, we unveil that Wnt signaling is a key pathway regulating well-known stem cell marker CD44 by directly interacting to the promoter. Thus, by targeting CSCs using Wnt inhibitors synergistically enhances the efficacy of conventional drugs. Furthermore, the in vivo mouse model bearing xenografts showed a robust inhibition of tumor growth after combination therapy. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study provides strong evidence of CSC in castration-resistant prostate cancer. This new combination therapy strategy targeting CSC could significantly enhance therapeutic efficacy of current chemotherapy regimen only targeting non-CSC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Yun
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jiancheng Zhou
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chun-Jung Lin
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Elizabeth Hernandez
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Vancouver Prostate Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Bitting RL, Schaeffer D, Somarelli JA, Garcia-Blanco MA, Armstrong AJ. The role of epithelial plasticity in prostate cancer dissemination and treatment resistance. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2014; 33:441-68. [PMID: 24414193 PMCID: PMC4230790 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-013-9483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 30,000 men die annually in the USA of prostate cancer, nearly uniformly from metastatic dissemination. Despite recent advances in hormonal, immunologic, bone-targeted, and cytotoxic chemotherapies, treatment resistance and further dissemination are inevitable in men with metastatic disease. Emerging data suggests that the phenomenon of epithelial plasticity, encompassing both reversible mesenchymal transitions and acquisition of stemness traits, may underlie this lethal biology of dissemination and treatment resistance. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of this cellular plasticity from preclinical models of prostate cancer and from biomarker studies of human metastatic prostate cancer has provided clues to novel therapeutic approaches that may delay or prevent metastatic disease and lethality over time. This review will discuss the preclinical and clinical evidence for epithelial plasticity in this rapidly changing field and relate this to clinical phenotype and resistance in prostate cancer while suggesting novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda L. Bitting
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, DUMC Box 102002, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daneen Schaeffer
- Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jason A. Somarelli
- Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mariano A. Garcia-Blanco
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew J. Armstrong
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, DUMC Box 102002, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Tsai YS, Lai CL, Lai CH, Chang KH, Wu K, Tseng SF, Fazli L, Gleave M, Xiao G, Gandee L, Sharifi N, Moro L, Tzai TS, Hsieh JT. The role of homeostatic regulation between tumor suppressor DAB2IP and oncogenic Skp2 in prostate cancer growth. Oncotarget 2014; 5:6425-36. [PMID: 25115390 PMCID: PMC4171641 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered DAB2IP gene expression often detected in prostate cancer (PCa) is due to epigenetic silencing. In this study, we unveil a new mechanism leading to the loss of DAB2IP protein; an oncogenic S-phase kinase-associated protein-2 (Skp2) as E3 ubiquitin ligase plays a key regulator in DAB2IP degradation. In order to unveil the role of Skp2 in the turnover of DAB2IP protein, both prostate cell lines and prostate cancer specimens with a variety of molecular and cell biologic techniques were employed. We demonstrated that DAB2IP is regulated by Skp2-mediated proteasome degradation in the prostate cell lines. Further analyses identified the N-terminal DAB2IP containing the ubiquitination site. Immunohistochemical study exhibited an inverse correlation between DAB2IP and Skp2 protein expression in the prostate cancer tissue microarray. In contrast, DAB2IP can suppressSkp2 protein expression is mediated through Akt signaling. The reciprocal regulation between DAB2IP and Skp2 can impact on the growth of PCa cells. This reciprocal regulation between DAB2IP and Skp2 protein represents a unique homeostatic balance between tumor suppressor and oncoprotein in normal prostate epithelia, which is apparently altered in cancer cells. The outcome of this study has identified new potential targets for developing new therapeutic strategy for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Shyan Tsai
- Department of Urology, Medical College and Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chen-Li Lai
- Department of Urology, Medical College and Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- School of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hsiung Chang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kaijie Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shu-Fen Tseng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Ladan Fazli
- VancouverProstate Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Gleave
- VancouverProstate Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Guanghua Xiao
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Leah Gandee
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Loredana Moro
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council (C.N.R.), Bari, Italy
| | - Tzong-Shin Tzai
- Department of Urology, Medical College and Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Lili LN, Matyunina LV, Walker LD, Wells SL, Benigno BB, McDonald JF. Molecular profiling supports the role of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in ovarian cancer metastasis. J Ovarian Res 2013; 6:49. [PMID: 23837907 PMCID: PMC3726281 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-6-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While metastasis ranks among the most lethal of all cancer-associated processes, on the molecular level, it remains one of the least well understood. One model that has gained credibility in recent years is that metastasizing cells at least partially recapitulate the developmental process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in their transit from primary to metastatic sites. While experimentally supported by cell culture and animal model studies, the lack of unambiguous confirmatory evidence in cancer patients has led to persistent challenges to the model’s relevance in humans. Methods Gene expression profiling (Affymetrix, U133) was carried out on 14 matched sets of primary (ovary) and metastatic (omentum) ovarian cancer (serous adenocarcinoma) patient samples. Hierarchical clustering and functional pathway algorithms were used in the data analysis. Results While histological examination reveled no morphological distinction between the matched sets of primary and metastatic samples, gene expression profiling clearly distinguished two classes of metastatic samples. One class displayed expression patterns statistically indistinguishable from primary samples isolated from the same patients while a second class displayed expression patterns significantly different from primary samples. Further analyses focusing on genes previously associated with EMT clearly distinguished the primary from metastatic samples in all but one patient. Conclusion Our results are consistent with a role of EMT in most if not all ovarian cancer metastases and demonstrate that identical morphologies between primary and metastatic cancer samples is insufficient evidence to negate a role of EMT in the metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukia N Lili
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, School of Biology, and Parker H, Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr,, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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Freire-de-Lima L, Gelfenbeyn K, Ding Y, Mandel U, Clausen H, Handa K, Hakomori SI. Involvement of O-glycosylation defining oncofetal fibronectin in epithelial-mesenchymal transition process. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:17690-5. [PMID: 22006308 PMCID: PMC3203762 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1115191108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The process termed "epithelial-mesenchymal transition" (EMT) was originally discovered in ontogenic development, and has been shown to be one of the key steps in tumor cell progression and metastasis. Recently, we showed that the expression of some glycosphingolipids (GSLs) is down-regulated during EMT in human and mouse cell lines. Here, we demonstrate the involvement of GalNAc-type (or mucin-type) O-glycosylation in EMT process, induced with transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in human prostate epithelial cell lines. We found that: (i) TGF-β treatment caused up-regulation of oncofetal fibronectin (onfFN), which is defined by mAb FDC6, and expressed in cancer or fetal cells/tissues, but not in normal adult cells/tissues. The reactivity of mAb FDC6 requires the addition of an O-glycan at a specific threonine, inside the type III homology connective segment (IIICS) domain of FN. (ii) This change is associated with typical EMT characteristics; i.e., change from epithelial to fibroblastic morphology, enhanced cell motility, decreased expression of a typical epithelial cell marker, E-cadherin, and enhanced expression of mesenchymal markers. (iii) TGF-β treatment up-regulated mRNA level of FN containing the IIICS domain and GalNAc-T activity for the IIICS domain peptide substrate containing the FDC6 onfFN epitope. (iv) Knockdown of GalNAc-T6 and T3 inhibited TGF-β-induced up-regulation of onfFN and EMT process. (v) Involvement of GSLs was not detectable with the EMT process in these cell lines. These findings indicate the important functional role of expression of onfFN, defined by site-specific O-glycosylation at IIICS domain, in the EMT process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirill Gelfenbeyn
- Division of Biomembrane Research, Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98122
| | - Yao Ding
- Division of Biomembrane Research, Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98122
| | - Ulla Mandel
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; and
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; and
| | - Kazuko Handa
- Division of Biomembrane Research, Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98122
| | - Sen-itiroh Hakomori
- Division of Biomembrane Research, Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98122
- Departments of Pathobiology and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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Saar M, Kamradt J, Jung V, Stöckle M, Unteregger G. [From tumor tissue via primary cultures to xenograft models: a functional approach in prostate cancer research]. Urologe A 2011; 50:961-7. [PMID: 21728008 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-011-2630-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The clinical course of prostate cancer, the most common cancer in men, is very variable. Despite intense research activities over the years and besides histopathological criteria, prognostic markers that reliably predict tumor behavior and the necessity for treatment are still missing. A likely explanation for this fact is the lack of good tumor models, mimicking the in vivo situation. These models are not only essential for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of prostate cancer but also play an important role in the development of new therapeutic strategies. Since results of permanent cell culture experiments reflect only in part real tumor behavior and primary cultures from patient material cannot be grown indefinitely, novel approaches need to be developed to achieve reliable and clinically relevant prostate cancer research.In this work the development of several approaches for culturing primary prostate cancer tissue is illustrated and a forecast of future research plans utilizing xenograft models in mice is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saar
- Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie , Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Deutschland
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